Huánggǎngshān yùlǜ

Huanggangshan Yulü (Huánggǎngshān yùlǜ, 黄岗山玉绿) ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa kumapiri wa m’boma la Yanshan (铅山县) m’chigawo cha mzinda wa Shangrao kumpoto chakum’mawa kwa chigawo cha Jiangxi. Dzinalo limatanthauza “kubiriwira kwa miyala yamtengo wapatali ya phiri la Huanggang”: phiri la Huanggang (黄岗山) lomwe lili m’malire ndi Fujian ndilo phiri lalitali kwambiri ku East China, ndipo “yulü” (玉绿) ndi dzina lakale la tiyi wa ku Yanshan, limene mbiri yakale ya m’deralo imayika pamodzi ndi tiyi otchuka a m’boma la m’nthawi ya Ming. Kuyambira 2013 tiyiyu amatetezedwa ngati chinthu chaulimi chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo, kuyambira 2025 ngati chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo. Chikalata chotetezera chimagawanitsa tiyiyu m’mitundu isanu ndi iwiri malinga ndi nthawi yothyola, kuyambira pa mphukira imodzi yokha mpaka pa tsamba lalikulu la mochedwa.

1. Magulu ndi Chiyambi

Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá), wosafufuzika. Ukadaulo malinga ndi chikalata chotetezera ndi wobiriwira: kukhazikika, kupotoza, kuumitsa komaliza.
Gulu: Tiyi wobiriwira wa kumapiri wa kumpoto chakum’mawa kwa Jiangxi; chizindikiro cha malo chaulimi (2013) ndi chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo (2025).
Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Jiangxi (江西, Jiāngxī), chigawo cha mzinda wa Shangrao (上饶, Shàngráo), boma la Yanshan (铅山, Yánshān).
Malo otetezedwa: Malinga ndi kaundula wa zaulimi — zigawo zisanu ndi chimodzi za boma: tawuni ya Wuyishan (武夷山镇), mzinda wa Yingjiang (英将乡), mudzi wa Ehu wa tawuni ya Ehu (鹅湖镇鹅湖村), mizinda ya Taiyuan (太源乡), Huangbi (篁碧乡) ndi Tianzhushan (天柱山乡). Malo otetezedwa — 1333 ga, kuchuluka kwake — 300 t pachaka (2013). Zofunikira za 2025 zimasunga zigawo zomwezo zisanu ndi chimodzi ndi ma coordinates omwewo.
Ma coordinates a malo: Malinga ndi chikalata chotetezera — 117°44′33″–117°47′31″ kum’mawa ndi 27°48′19″–28°17′16″ kumpoto.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe

Mbiri:
- Song. Malinga ndi chikalata chotetezera, tiyi wa ku Yanshan anali kale msonkho ku nyumba yachifumu pa nthawi ya Song; “Mbiri ya boma la Yanshan” (《铅山县志》) m’kufotokoza kwake imatchula tiyi a Song 周山茶, 白水团茶 ndi 小龙凤团茶.
- Ming. M’zaka za Xuande — Zhengde (1426–1521) m’bomamo munapezeka tiyi otchuka 小种河红, 玉绿, 特贡, 贡毫, 贡玉 ndi 花香; gwero limatchedwa la Ming “铅书”. Malinga ndi kufotokozako komweko, ogulitsidwa kwambiri anali Hehong ndi Yulü.
- Qing. “Mbiri yaulimi ya Shangrao” (《上饶市农业志》) imatchula mawu akuti «纸外唯茶» — “kupatula pepala, tiyi yekha”. M’zaka za Guangxu (1875–1908) boma linkapereka pachaka mabokosi 40–50 zikwi a Hehong ndi mabokosi 20–30 zikwi a Yulü; kulemera kwa bokosi — 25 kg — ndiko komwe mbiri imatchula pa chiwerengero cha Hehong.
- 1953. Ku Shangrao adakhazikitsa komiti yosintha kupanga tiyi, ndipo idayamba kusintha kupanga kwa Hehong kofiira kukhala tiyi wobiriwira.
- 2013. Pa 15 April Unduna wa Zaulimi ndi chilengezo № 1925 udateteza “黄岗山玉绿” ngati chinthu chaulimi chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo (chizindikiro AGI01104).
- 2025. Ndi chilengezo cha State Intellectual Property Office (CNIPA) № 640 cha 16 July 2025 tiyiyu adadziwika ngati chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo pamndandanda wamba wa zinthu 1409; wopempha anali bungwe la makampani a tiyi la boma (铅山县茶行业协会).
- Mphotho. Malinga ndi tsamba lofotokoza, tiyi wa kampani ina yakumaloko adalandira dzina la “mfumu ya tiyi” (茶王) mu gulu la tiyi wobiriwira pakuyesa kukoma kwa “Hehong bei” (河红杯) ku Yanshan; chaka gwero silitchula.
Dzina: “Huanggangshan” (黄岗山) — phiri la Huanggang, “phiri loyamba la East China” (华东第一峰) mwa zolemba zakumaloko; “yulü” (玉绿) — “kubiriwira kwa miyala yamtengo wapatali”.
Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Chikalata chotetezera chimayika “yulü” wa Ming pafupi ndi chinthu chamakono, koma sichitsimikizira kuti ndi chofanana: limeneli ndi dzina lomwelo, osati tiyi yemweyo wotsimikiziridwa. Zolemba zakumaloko zimaonetsa Yulü ndi Hehong wofiira (河红茶) ngati tiyi awiri a boma omwe ali ndi chizindikiro cha malo chadziko lonse.

3. Kufotokozera kwa Zomera ndi Zinthu Zopangira

Mtundu / Cultivar: Malinga ndi chikalata chotetezera — makamaka mtundu wa anthu wamba (群体种, qúntǐzhǒng) wokhala ndi zokolola zokhazikika komanso kusakhwima kwa mphukira kwanthawi yayitali (持嫩性强). Chikalatichi sichitchula mtundu weniweni.
Kuthyola: Malinga ndi zofunikira za 2025 — kuyambira koyambirira kwa April mpaka kumapeto kwa May. Mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya tiyi imasiyana malinga ndi nthawi yothyola ndi kukhwima kwa zinthu:
- Yunhao (云毫, yúnháo): mphukira imodzi yokha pafupi ndi chikondwerero cha Qingming.
- Yunya ndi Yunzhen (云芽, 云针, yúnyá, yúnzhēn): mphukira yokhala ndi tsamba limodzi pafupi ndi Guyu.
- Yunwu (云雾, yúnwù): mphukira yokhala ndi masamba awiri, koyambirira kwa May.
- Yunyu ndi Yuncui (云玉, 云翠, yúnyù, yúncuì): mphukira yokhala ndi masamba atatu kapena anayi, pakati pa May.
- Yunpian (云片, yúnpiàn): “tiyi wamkulu” (大茶) wa pakati ndi kumapeto kwa May.
Muyezo wa kuthyola: Ndi manja, mwa njira ya “kuthyola kokweza” (提采法, tícǎifǎ), m’mawa wopanda mitambo; tsamba lomwe lili mu dengu la nsungwi limatengera nthawi yomweyo kukakonza.

4. Terroir ndi Zinthu Zomera

Dera: Yanshan kumwera kumalire ndi Fujian kudzera mu phiri la Wuyishan, kumpoto kumafikira ku mtsinje wa Xinjiang (信江).
Kutalika kwa kulima: Zikalata zonse zotetezera zimafuna madera oposa mamita 800. Kutalika kosiyana m’derali, malinga ndi lamulo la 2013, ndi kuyambira 300 mpaka 2157,7 m; chiwerengero chotsiriziracho chikalatachi chimapereka kwa malo okwera kwambiri, phiri la Huanggang.
Nyengo: Chinyezi chotentha cha subtropical chokhala ndi mawonekedwe a m’mapiri. Mapiri nthawi zambiri amakhala m’chifunga. Maola a dzuwa — 1694,5 okha pachaka, mvula — 2173,2 mm, chinyezi chamlengalenga — 83 %.
Dothi: Zofiira, zachikasu-zofiira ndi zachikasu-zofiirira, pansi pa zinyalala za nkhalango pali gawo la humus lokhala ndi organic pafupifupi 16 %, pH 4,8–5,5. Kwa minda chikalatachi chimafuna pH 4,8–5,5 ndi organic yoposa 5 %.
Kusamalira munda: Zomera za green manure pakati pa mizere ya minda yaying’ono, m’nyengo yozizira — organic yowola; kuteteza ku tizilombo — magetsi okopa (umodzi pa 50 mu), kudulira, adani achilengedwe ndi mankhwala achilengedwe.
Mfundo za chilengedwe: Malo ndi kupanga — malinga ndi mfundo zamakampani za “green product” (绿色食品) NY/T 391-2000 ndi NY/T 288-2002.

5. Ukadaulo Wopanga

Lamulo la chaulimi GI la 2013 limapereka njira yayifupi ya makina yokhala ndi ziwerengero; zofunikira za 2025 zimasunga ndondomeko yomweyo popanda manambala:

Kuyala (摊青, tānqīng): Tsamba latsopano limayalidwa pa mphasa za nsungwi kwa maola 4–8.
Kukhazikika (杀青, shāqīng): Mu ng’oma yodzichitira yokha pa 180–220 °C.
Kupotoza (揉捻, róuniǎn): Mu roller, mphindi 20.
Kuumitsa komaliza mwa kukazinga (炒干, chǎogān): Mu ng’oma, maola 4–5.
Kusankha ndi kulongedza: Tiyi amagawidwa m’mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ndipo amalongedza; palongedwe payenera kukhala chizindikiro cha “黄岗山玉绿”.

6. Makhalidwe a Kumverera

Kufotokozera kumene kuli m’munsiku kunaperekedwa ndi chikalata chotetezera.

Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: Lopyapyala, lopota mwamphamvu, lopindika pang’ono, lobiriwira bwino, lokhala ndi tsitsi lowoneka bwino (细紧微卷，绿润显毫).
Kununkhira kwa tsamba louma: Palibe kufotokozera kwapadera; chikalatachi chimati kununkhira kwake ndi koyera ndi kokhazikika, osati kutsimikizira ngati ndi kwa tsamba louma kapena kwa madzi.
Kununkhira kwa madzi: Koyera ndi kokhazikika (清香持久).
Kukoma: Kwatsopano, kofewa, kokhala ndi kutsitsimuka kotsekemera (鲜醇甘爽).
Mtundu wa madzi: Wobiriwira wonyezimira ndi wowala (嫩绿明亮).
Tsamba lotsalira (tsamba lopangidwa): Lobiriwira lonyezimira, lofanana, lokhala ndi mphukira zowoneka bwino (嫩绿、显芽匀整).

7. Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala

Lamulo la 2013 ndi zofunikira za 2025 zimapereka ziwerengero zomwezo:

Chizindikiro	Mtengo
Chinyezi	2,5–6,6 %
Zinthu zosungunuka m’madzi	43–47 %
Phulusa lonse	5–6 %
Phulusa losungunuka m’madzi	3–4 %
Ma polyphenols a tiyi	17,5–20,8 %
Catechins (chiwerengero chonse)	15,2–17,1 %
Caffeine	3,4–4,3 %
Fiber yosaphika	8,2–10,2 %

Izi ndi mizere yosonyeza makhalidwe, osati miyeso yoletsa; njira yake gwero silitchula. Nambala ya muyezo wa tiyi weniweni m’mabuku opezeka kulibe.

8. Kupanga Tiyi

Njira yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa tiyi wobiriwira.

Kutentha kwa madzi: 80–85 °C.
Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml.
Zombo: Kapu yagalasi kapena gaiwan yoyera.
Njira:
1. Tenthetsa chombo.
2. Ikani tiyi ndikutsanulira madzi m’mbali mwa chombo.
3. Kupanga koyamba — pakadutsa masekondi 40–60.
4. Imwani, kusiya gawo la madzi.
5. Onjezerani madzi.
6. Kupanga kawiri kapena katatu.

9. Kusunga

Njira yamakalasi. M’paketi yotsekedwa bwino, m’firiji pa 0–5 °C, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo; bwino kumwa mkati mwa chaka chimodzi. Zomwezo chikalata chotetezera chimafuna kuchokera ku nyumba zosungira: kuuma, mdima, palibe fungo lachilendo, kusunga m’magulu.

10. Mtengo ndi Zinthu Zabodza

Palibe deta ya mitengo m’mabuku opezeka.

Momwe mungapewere zinthu zabodza:
- Fufuzani chizindikiro cha malo.
- Onetsetsani kuti wopanga akuchokera ku zigawo zisanu ndi chimodzi zatchulidwa za boma la Yanshan — malowa amatchulidwa ndi zikalata zonse zotetezera.
- Osasokoneza ndi Hehong — tiyi wofiira wa boma lomwelo wokhala ndi chizindikiro chake cha malo.

11. Zinthu Zosangalatsa

Mawu akale akuti «纸外唯茶» amaika tiyi ngati ntchito yachiwiri ya Yanshan pambuyo pa pepala.
Mayina a mitundu yonse isanu ndi iwiri amayamba ndi chilembo 云 — “mtambo”.

12. Kuyerekeza ndi Tiyi Ena

He Hong Cha (河红茶): Tiyi wofiira wa boma lomwelo; mndandanda wa Ming uli pafupi ndi Yulü.
Shangrao Bai Mei (上饶白眉): Tiyi wobiriwira wa chigawo chomwecho cha mzinda wa Shangrao.
Wuyuan Lücha (婺源绿茶): Tiyi wobiriwira wa kumpoto chakum’mawa kwa Jiangxi, nayenso wochokera ku chigawo cha Shangrao.
Lushan Yun Wu (庐山云雾): Mmodzi mwa tiyi obiriwira odziwika kwambiri a ku Jiangxi; ndi Yulü amangofanana chabe ndi liwu “yunwu” mu dzina la mtundu umodzi.

Pomaliza:

Huanggangshan Yulü ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa kumapiri wa boma la Yanshan wokhala ndi lamulo latsatanetsatane: minda yoposa 800 m, mtundu wa anthu wamba, mitundu isanu ndi iwiri malinga ndi nthawi yothyola, kukhazikika kwa makina pa 180–220 °C ndi kuumitsa kwanthawi yayitali mu ng’oma. Maonekedwe ake — tsamba lopyapyala lolimba lokhala ndi tsitsi, madzi obiriwira onyezimira, kukoma kwatsopano kofewa. Dzina lakale limamugwirizanitsa ndi mndandanda wa Ming wa tiyi a boma, koma kutsatana kwake sikunatsimikiziridwe.