I-Qisheshejing Cha (Qīshējìng chá, 七畲径茶) itiye eliluhlaza eligazingiwe lasesikhungweni saseMianyang (棉洋镇) esifundeni saseWuhua (五华县) kumasipala wedolobha iMeizhou empumalanga yesifundazwe saseGuangdong. Igama layo lisuselwa egameni lehlathi likahulumeni iQisheshejing, lapho kunensimu yetiye khona. Yenziwa kuphela ngamaqabunga asentwasahlobo, kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bendabuko bokugazinga itiye besizwe samaHakka; elinye igama layo lithi «kecha» (客茶), «itiye lamaHakka». Izidingo zobuchwepheshe zomkhiqizo ziphawula iphunga layo elikhethekile «lekhofi» ekunambithekeni kwalo. Kusukela ngo-2017, i-Qisheshejing Cha ingumkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
1. Izigaba kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Isigaba siqondiswa ubuchwepheshe obuvela ezidingweni zobuchwepheshe — ukunaba, ukuqinisa, ukusontela, ukomisa, ngaphandle kwe-oxidation; izincwadi zezohwebo ziyibiza ngqo ngokuthi itiye eliluhlaza eligazingiwe (炒青绿茶).
- Iqhuzu lohlobo: Olunye lwezinhlobo ezintathu lubizwa ngokuthi «i-oolong enamaqabunga amancane», kodwa isigaba sinqunywa ubuchwepheshe, hhayi igama lohlobo.
- Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza lasentabeni lesizwe samaHakka; umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo (2017).
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseGuangdong (广东, Guǎngdōng), umasipala wedolobha waseMeizhou (梅州, Méizhōu), isifunda saseWuhua, isikhungo saseMianyang.
- Indawo evikelwe: Yonke indawo yokuphatha yamanje yesikhungo saseMianyang.
- Ukubhalwa: Igama livela kokubili njengo-七輋径 kanye no-七畬径 — lokhu kungukuhluka kokubhalwa kohlamvu shē.
2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- I-Song. Uhulumeni wesifunda saseWuhua ubhala ukuthi «Incazelo yesifunda saseHuizhou» (《惠州府志》) iqukethe irekhodi «tiiye lendawo» (土茶) laseChangle (长乐) — igama lakudala lesifunda — futhi ulibeka phakathi kuka-960–1280.
- Ekuqaleni kwawo-1970. Ngokusho kwe-Guangdong Rural Development Association, «intsha efundile» ethunyelwe emaphandleni yafika ehlathini likahulumeni i-Qisheshejing futhi yasungula insimu yetiye. Uhulumeni wesifunda uyibiza ngokuthi insimu yaseSungangzhang (松岗嶂).
- 2006. Eduze kwensimu kwasungulwa umfelandawonye wetiye — inkampani esebenza ngohlelo «inkampani + umfelandawonye + isizinda + abalimi betiye».
- 2013. Isiqu «somkhiqizo owaziwayo wesifundazwe saseGuangdong» — ngokusho kukahulumeni wesifunda.
- 2017. Ngomhla ka-29 Disemba, i-General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine ngesimemezelo № 117 yathatha i-Qisheshejing Cha ngaphansi kokuvikelwa njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
- 2021. I-Meizhou Market Supervision Administration yagunyaza indinganiso yendawo i-DB4414/T 12-2021 «Umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo 七畲径茶»: yakhishwa ngomhla ka-17 Septhemba, yasebenza kusukela ngomhla ka-1 Okthoba.
- 2024. Ngesimemezelo № 597 se-State Intellectual Property Office sangomhla ka-27 Septhemba, ilungelo lokusebenzisa uphawu olukhethekile lwendawo lanikezwa imifelandawonye emibili yetiye.
- Igama: 七畲径 (Qīshējìng) yigama lehlathi likahulumeni kanye nendawo esezintabeni; 茶 (chá) lisho «itiye». Igama lesibili, «kecha», likhomba emsukeni wobuchwepheshe bamaHakka.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: I-Rural Development Association ibala i-Qisheshejing Cha njengegama «lomkhiqizo ovelele kakhulu wendawo waseGuangdong» kanye nendondo yegolide yomqhudelwano wetiye we-IV Asia-Pacific, kanye nensimu njengendawo «phakathi kwezintaba eziyishumi zetiye zaseMeizhou».
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe
- Izinhlobo / Ama-cultivar: Ngokwezidingo zobuchwepheshe — 白叶 (báiyè, «iqabunga elimhlophe»), 梅占 (méizhàn) kanye no-小叶乌龙 (xiǎoyè wūlóng, «i-oolong enamaqabunga amancane»).
- Ukusabalalisa: Ngama-cuttings; ukutshala «umugqa owodwa, izitshalo ezimbili», kungabi ngaphezu kwezihlahla ezingama-7000 nge-mu.
- Umquba: Ikakhulukazi umquba wemvelo: umquba oyisisekelo — okungenani amakhilogremu angama-300 nge-mu ngonyaka, ukukhulisa — okungenani kathathu ngonyaka, okungenani amakhilogremu ayikhulu nge-mu.
- Isikhathi sokuvuna: Kuphela ukuvuna kwasentwasahlobo — kusukela ekuqaleni kukaMashi kuya maphakathi noMeyi; itiye lasehlobo nelasekwindla ngokwezidingo alikho.
- Indinganiso yokuvuna: Iqabunga elilodwa noma iqabunga elilodwa elinamacembe amabili.
4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala
- Ukuphakama kokutshala: Okungenani amamitha angama-700 — ngokwezidingo zobuchwepheshe.
- Inhlabathi: Inhlabathi ebomvu kanye nenhlabathi enezimbangela, i-pH 5.4–6.7, izinto eziphilayo okungenani 1.5%, ukujiya kwesendlalelo senhlabathi okungenani 1.5 m, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ajule kuno-1 m. Uhulumeni wesifunda ubhala ngenhlabathi ebomvu ye-laterite, ecebile ngezinto eziphilayo, izakhi ezincane kanye ne-selenium.
- Isimo sezulu: Ngokwencazelo yesifunda — i-subtropical marine monsoon, nehlobo elide, ubusika obufushane, inkathi ende yemvula kanye nelanga eliningi; umswakama wonyaka omaphakathi ungama-82.3%, entwasahlobo izinga lokushisa lihlala phakathi kuka-12 no-23 °C.
- Indawo: Ngokusho kwe-Rural Development Association, insimu ingaphakathi kwehlathi likahulumeni, ehlathini nasenkungwini evamile.
- Indawo: Imithombo ibala ngokuhlukile: uhulumeni wesifunda ubhala ngokutshala okungaphezu kwama-7000 mu, i-Rural Development Association ngo-2023 ibala ama-2740.91 mu. Lezi zibalo akukwazanga ukuqhathaniswa.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Izidingo zobuchwepheshe zomkhiqizo zibeka ukulandelana okulandelayo:
- Ukunaba (摊青, tānqīng): Isendlalelo seqabunga elisha — akukho ukujiya okungaphezu kwamasentimitha ayi-10, akukho ngaphezu kwamahora ayisithupha.
- Ukuqinisa (杀青, shāqīng): Ku-220–260 °C, kuze kuphele iphunga lotshani futhi kuvele iphunga, futhi iqabunga libe luhlaza okotshani obumnyama, lithambe futhi linwebeka.
- Ukusontela (揉捻, róuniǎn): Kuze kube okungenani amaphesenti angama-70 amaqabunga asontelwe abe izintambo.
- Ukomisa (干燥, gānzào): Ukugazinga ku-120–150 °C cishe kuze kube yishumi nesishiyagalolunye komile.
- Ukuhlunga nokukomisa kabusha (拣剔和复火, jiǎntī hé fùhuǒ).
I-Rural Development Association ibiza lobu buchwepheshe ngokuthi ukugazinga kwendabuko kwamaHakka (客家炒茶). Phakathi kwemiklomelo, i-association ibala nendondo yegolide yomqhudelwano wamazwe ngamazwe wetiye elibomvu lika-2019 — ngokusho kwalokhu, itiye elibomvu nalo lakhiqizwa ngaphansi kwaleli gama. Kodwa izidingo zobuchwepheshe zichaza kuphela itiye eliluhlaza.
6. Izici Zokunambitheka Nokubonakala
Incazelo engezansi ivela ezidingweni zobuchwepheshe zomkhiqizo.
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Izintambo ezincane ezithambile, ezilinganayo futhi ezisontelwe ngokuqinile, zombala oluhlaza okotshani obumnyama ngokumpunga okucwebezelayo (条索细嫩、均匀紧结、色泽深灰绿润).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho idatha emithonjeni etholakele.
- Iphunga lokunambitheka: «Ikhofi» elikhethekile (咖啡香气), elihlala njalo.
- Ukunambitheka: Okugcwele, okuthambile, okumnandi nokusha, kuhlala emanzini amaningi; ngemuva kwetiye kunobumnandi obuhlala isikhathi eside.
- Umbala wokunambitheka: Oluhlaza okotshani obumnyama, okukhanyayo (深绿明亮).
- Iqabunga elithelelwe (iqabunga elibilisiwe): Ayikho idatha emithonjeni etholakele.
I-Rural Development Association ichaza ukunambitheka kwetiye eliphelele njengokugcwele nokumnandi nokusha, kanye nephunga njengelithi «elihlanzekile neliphezulu».
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Izidingo zobuchwepheshe zinikeza ithebula lapho izinhlobo eziphakeme kakhulu neziphambili zihlanganiswe kukholomu eyodwa, kanti uhlobo lwesibili luhlukanisiwe: umswakama — akukho ngaphezu kwe-6.5% kuzo zonke; izinto ezikhiphekayo ezincibilikayo emanzini — okungenani ama-34% ezinhlotsheni eziphakeme kakhulu neziphambili kanye nokungenani ama-33% kweyesibili; i-crude fiber — akukho ngaphezu kwe-16% kanye ne-17.5% ngokulandelana.
Izincazelo zomkhiqizo zikhuluma nge-selenium enhlabathini naseqabungeni, kodwa izilinganiso zokuqukethwe kwe-selenium azikho emithonjeni etholakele.
8. Ukuphisa
Umkhuba wesigaba wetiye eliluhlaza.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
- Inani letiye: amagremu ama-3 nge-150 ml.
- Isitsha: Ingilazi yengilazi noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
- Inqubo:
- Shisisa isitsha.
- Faka itiye bese uthela amanzi ngasodongeni.
- Ukuphisa kokuqala — ngemva kwemizuzwana engama-40–60.
- Phuza, ushiya ingxenye yokuphisa, bese wengeza amanzi.
- Ukuphisa okuphindwe kabili noma kathathu.
9. Ukugcina
Umkhuba wesigaba. Emaphaketheni avaliwe, endaweni epholile emnyama noma esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle komswakama namaphunga angaphandle. Izikhathi zokugcina zaleli tiye azikho emithonjeni etholakele.
10. Intengo kanye Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi
Ayikho idatha yezintengo emithonjeni etholakele. Ngokusho kwe-Rural Development Association, ngo-2020 ukukhiqizwa kwaba ngamathani angama-220 ngenani elingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-30 zamayuan, ngo-2023 — amathani angama-247 ngezigidi ezingama-54.27 zamayuan.
- Indlela yokugwema imikhiqizo yomgunyathi:
- Izinto ezingavuthiwe kufanele zivela esikhungweni saseMianyang esifundeni saseWuhua.
- Itiye — kuphela elasentwasahlobo, elivela eqabungeni elilodwa noma amabili.
- Leli yitiye eliluhlaza eligazingiwe ngezintambo ezincane ezisontelwe, hhayi i-oolong noma itiye elibomvu.
- Isici esihlukanisayo ngokwezidingo zobuchwepheshe — iphunga «lekhofi» ekunambithekeni kanye nokunambitheka okuluhlaza okotshani obumnyama.
- Bheka uphawu olukhethekile lwendawo futhi uhlole umkhiqizi ngezimemezelo ze-State Intellectual Property Office; esimemezelweni № 597 uphawu luvunyelwe emfelandawonye ethi «万福春» kanye ne-«溯源天柱山».
- Azikho izimpawu zomgunyathi ezichazwa yimithombo etholakele.
11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo
- Itiye eliluhlaza elinephunga «lekhofi» liyisici esibhalwe ngqo ezidingweni zobuchwepheshe zophawu lwendawo.
- Insimu yasungulwa ekuqaleni kwawo-1970 «yintsha efundile», kwathi ngo-2006 kwasungulwa umfelandawonye eduze kwayo.
- Ngokusho kwe-Rural Development Association, ngo-2020 imboni yetiye yaseQisheshejing yayinikeza umsebenzi kubantu abangaphezu kwama-2800.
12. Ukuqhathanisa namanye amatiye aseMeizhou
- I-Meixian Lvcha (梅县绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda saseMeixian kumasipala ofanayo, elinokwehliswa isikhathi eside ngemuva kokomisa; kwi-Qisheshejing Cha iphunga «lekhofi» liwumongo.
- I-Matu Lvcha (马图绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza eligazingiwe eliphakeme kwezintaba lesifunda saseFengshun kumasipala ofanayo.
- I-Xingning Dan Cong (兴宁单丛): I-oolong enephunga elimnandi kumasipala ofanayo — olunye uhlobo.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Qisheshejing Cha itiye eliluhlaza eligazingiwe lasentwasahlobo lesifunda samaHakka saseWuhua, elitshalwe ekuphakameni okungaphezu kwamamitha angama-700 ezinsimini zehlathi likahulumeni. Izidingo zobuchwepheshe zophawu lwendawo ziyichaza kabanzi: izinhlobo ze-oolong, ukugazinga okufushane kwamaHakka, izintambo ezincane eziluhlaza okotshani obumnyama kanye nephunga «lekhofi» elingavamile etiyeni eliluhlaza. Izincwadi ezizimele zokunambitha nezesayensi azitholakalanga, ngakho-ke isithombe saleli tiye sisekelwe emibhalweni yokuvikela kanye nezincazelo zesifunda.
Imithombo
Amazinga
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo