Méixiàn lǜchá

IMéixiàn Lǜchá (Méixiàn lǜchá, 梅县绿茶) itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda iMéixiàn (梅县区) kumasipala wedolobha iMéizhōu empumalanga yesifundazwe iGuangdong. Isici sayo esikhulu sisebucikweni: ngemva kokomiswa itiye liphumula inyanga, bese liphinde lishiselwe ngo-130–180 °C kuze kube «nephunga lamabele» bese liphinde linikwe inyanga yokuphumula. Izinto zokusetshenziswa — uhlobo lwasendaweni lwamaqabunga amancane, olubizwa ngabantu ngokuthi «ulimi lwenyoni», kanye nezinhlobo eziqanjwe embhalweni 金宣 kanye neMéizhàn (梅占); kusuka kuMéizhàn endaweni engumakhelwane iDàbù kwenziwa iwulong. Igama livikelwa njengesibonakaliso sezolimo sendawo, kanti kusukela ngo-2025 — futhi njengomkhiqizo onesibonakaliso sendawo.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

• Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá) — elingavutshelwanga. Isigaba siqanjwe egameni, ubuciko bombhalo buluhlaza: ukumiswa, ukusontwa, ukomiswa ebhodweni, ukushiswa kabusha.
• Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza elosiwe laseHakka Méizhōu; umkhiqizo onesibonakaliso sendawo (2025) kanye nesibonakaliso sezolimo sendawo.
• Imvelaphi: IChina, isifundazwe iGuangdong (广东, Guǎngdōng), umasipala wedolobha iMéizhōu (梅州, Méizhōu), isifunda iMéixiàn (梅县, Méixiàn).
• Indawo evikelwe: Ngokombhalo ka-2025 — amalokishi angu-17: iChéngjiāng (程江), iNánkǒu (南口), iShējiāng (畲江), iShuǐchē (水车), iMéinán (梅南), iMéixī (梅西), iShíkēng (石坑), iDàpíng (大坪), iChéngdōng (城东), iShíshàn (石扇), iBáidù (白渡), iBǐngcūn (丙村), iYànyáng (雁洋), iSōngkǒu (松口), iLóngwén (隆文), iTáoyáo (桃尧) kanye neSōngyuán (松源). Kuwo kukhona amakomidi asemaphandleni angu-355 kanye namakomidi emigwaqo angu-33.
• Izixhumanisi zendawo: 115°47′–116°33′ empumalanga, 23°55′–24°48′ enyakatho.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

• Umlando:
  • Ubufakazi obudala. I-athikili ye-«Nánfāng+» (2025) ibhala ukuthi izitsha zetiye ezicwebezelisiwe ezivela ethuneni laseTang, ezavubukulwa ngo-1974 eShējiāng, zikhombisa ukuphuzwa kwetiye eMéizhōu okungenani kusukela ekupheleni kweTang, imibuso ezinhlanu kanye nasekuqaleni kweNyakatho yeSong, futhi izindela zethempeli iLíngguāng (灵光寺) entabeni iYīnnàshān (阴那山) kudala zazitshala itiye futhi zizenzele lona. Imibhalo ayinikezi imininingwane noma amadethi ngeMéixiàn Lǜchá uqobo.
  • Isibonakaliso sezolimo. Igama libhaliswe nguMnyango Wezolimo ngenombolo AGI02982; unyaka wokubhaliswa awuzange ushiwo emithonjeni etholakele.
  • 2025. Ihhovisi likahulumeni lempahla yobuhlakani (CNIPA) ngesaziso № 632 somhla ziyisi-9 kuNhlangulana samukela iMéixiàn Lǜchá njengomkhiqizo onesibonakaliso sendawo. Umfakisicelo — inhlangano yetiye yesifunda iMéixiàn (梅州市梅县区茶叶协会).
• Izinga: Ngokusho kwe-«Nánfāng+» (2025), esifundeni kukhona izinkulungwane ezingama-23 zama-mu ezingadi zetiye, umkhiqizo wonyaka — ngaphezu kwamathani angu-1674, inani lomkhiqizo — izigidi ezingama-500 zama-yuan. Ukushicilelwa kuhlukanisa isifunda ngezindawo ezintathu zetiye: empumalanga (iYànyáng, iBǐngcūn), entshonalanga (iShíkēng, iMéixī, iDàpíng, iNánkǒu) naseningizimu (iMéinán, iShuǐchē).
• Iziqu: Ngokusho kwalokho kushicilelwa, iMéixiàn — isifunda esiyisibonelo sesiteshi sokuhlola sohlelo lobuchwepheshe lukahulumeni lomkhakha wetiye, esinye «sezifunda eziyishumi zetiye zezemvelo zezwe» kanye nesifunda somkhiqizo wesifunda wezingadi zetiye zezemvelo zaseGuangdong.
• Igama: «IMéixiàn» (梅县) — igama lesifunda, ngokwezwi nezwi «isifunda sikaMéi»; «ilǜchá» (绿茶) — «itiye eliluhlaza».
• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: IMéixiàn Lǜchá — igama lesifunda letiye eliluhlaza laseHakka Méizhōu, elinendawo yalo kanye nombhalo walo; kusifunda esifanayo kuvikelwa namanye amatiye aluhlaza (isigaba 13).

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa

• Izinhlobo / Ama-cultivar: Ngokombhalo — uhlobo lwasendaweni lwamaqabunga amancane (本地小叶种), kubantu «ulimi lwenyoni» (鸟舌茶, niǎoshé chá), kanye no-金宣 kanye noMéizhàn (梅占, méizhàn). Uhlobo lwesibili umbhalo ulubhala njengo-金宣; i-athikili ye-«Nánfāng+» ikhuluma ngohlobo 金萱 (jīnxuān, ijīnxuān) esifundeni — ngokufundwa okufanayo. Ukuthi lokhu kuyiphutha lokubhala, imithombo ayikuchazi.
• Ukuvuna: Intwasahlobo — kusukela ngoMashi kuya kuMeyi, ekwindla — kusukela ngoSepthemba kuya kuNovemba.
• Izinga lokuvuna: Umbhalo awulibeki; ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.
• Izidingo zezinto zokusetshenziswa: Ngaphandle kohlobo nezikhathi zokuvuna, ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.

4. Iterroir Nezici Zokutshala

• Inhlabathi: Ngokombhalo — inhlabathi ebomvu nephuzi evundile (红、黄壤土) engqimbeni olungekho ngaphansi kuka-1 m, izinto eziphilayo ezingekho ngaphansi kuka-2 %, i-pH 4,5–6,5.
• Ukutshala: Kuminyene kakhulu — cishe izihlahla ezingama-22 500 ngehektha. Ukuze kube nomthunzi ngehektha kutshalwa izihlahla ze-camphor ezingama-270–300 (樟树).
• Umquba: Okuyinhloko — kusukela ekupheleni kuka-Okthoba kuya ekuqaleni kukaNovemba, amakhilogremu angu-1500–2500 womquba wezilwane ngehektha. Ngemva kokuvuna kwentwasahlobo — ukukhulisa okukodwa; sekukonke ngonyaka amakhilogremu angu-300–750 womquba okhethekile wetiye ngehektha.
• Ukuphakama nesimo sezulu: Umbhalo awubeki. Ngokwe-athikili ye-«Nánfāng+» (2025), izingadi zesifunda zitholakala kakhulu ezintabeni iLiánhuāshān (莲花山脉) ekuphakameni kwamamitha angu-400–800, lapho unyaka wonke kunenkungu eningi, umswakama ophezulu kanye nomehluko omkhulu wamazinga okushisa phakathi kosuku nobusuku.

5. Ubuciko Bokukhiqiza

Umbhalo ka-2025 ubeka uchungechunge «ukubola → ukumiswa → ukusontwa → ukomiswa (ukukhuphula iphunga kokuqala) → ukukhuphula iphunga kwesibili → itiye elilungile». Ngezansi kunezidingo zawo.

1. Ukubola (摊青, tānqīng): Iqabunga elisha linwetshwa kumacansi omoba ngogqinsi olungaphansi kwamasentimitha ayi-10 endaweni ehlanzekile, epholile, enomoya wokungena amahora angu-4–8. Umswakama weqabunga wehlela cishe kuma-70 %: umbala usuka kokuluhlaza okotshani uye kokuluhlaza okumnyama, ukucwazimula kuphela, iphunga lotshani licishe linyamalale, kuvele iphunga lezimbali nezithelo, iqabunga lithambe esandleni.
2. Ukumiswa (杀青, shāqīng): Emshinini, ku-260–280 °C, imizuzu engu-2–4.
3. Ukusontwa (揉捻, róuniǎn): Emshinini, ngezinyathelo: ngaphandle kokucindezela, ngokucindezela okuncane, okuphakathi nokuqinile; sekukonke cishe imizuzu eyi-10.
4. Ukomiswa, ukukhuphula iphunga kokuqala (干燥, gānzào): Ebhodweni lomshini wetiye elisontiwe (曲毫炒茶机) ku-250 °C, kuze kome. Itiye lithola ukwakheka okuminyene nokusontiwe, okufana nogobolondo lomnenke (螺形).
5. Ukukhuphula iphunga kwesibili (二次提香, èrcì tíxiāng): Cishe ezinsukwini ezingama-30 ngemva kokomiswa kokuqala — emshinini wegesi wokumisa ku-130–180 °C, cishe imizuzu engama-30, kuze ubuso beqabunga bube mhlophe kancane futhi kuvele «iphunga lamabele».
6. Itiye elilungile (成品, chéngpǐn): Ngemva kokushiswa kwesibili itiye liphumula ezinye izinsuku ezingaba ngu-30, bese lihlungwa futhi lipakishwe.

Indlela kusukela ekuvuneni kuya ekupakisheni, ngakho-ke, ithatha cishe izinyanga ezimbili.

6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic

Incazelo engezansi ithathwe embhalweni ka-2025.

• Isimo seqabunga elomile: Lisontiwe futhi lisontekile, liluhlaza nokucwazimula okunamafutha (条索紧结卷曲，色泽绿润).
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Alichazwanga ngokwahlukile; ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.
• Iphunga lotshwala: «Iphunga lamabele» — eliphezulu, elibukhali nelihlala njalo (粟香高锐持久).
• Ukunambitheka: Okusha nokuphapheme, okuminyene, ngokubuya okumnandi (鲜爽、醇厚回甘).
• Umbala wotshwala: Ophuzi-oluhlaza, ogqamile (黄绿、明亮).
• Igqabi letiye (iqabunga eliphekiwe): Liluhlaza okotshani, lithambe, lilingana (嫩绿、柔软、匀整).

Uhlamvu 粟 — «amabele». Lufana no-栗 — «i-castanea», futhi i-athikili ye-«Nánfāng+» ichaza itiye lesifunda ngokuthi «iphunga le-castanea» (栗香). Umbhalo usubhala kabili 粟; ukuthi lokhu kuyiphutha noma igama elihlosile, imithombo ayikuchazi.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Izindinganiso zombhalo ka-2025:

Isibonakaliso	Izinga
Umswakama	kungabi ngaphezu kuka-6,5 %
Umlotha ophelele (ezintweni ezomile)	kungabi ngaphezu kuka-6,5 %
Izinto ezikhiphekayo ezincibilika emanzini	kungabi ngaphansi kuka-36 %
Ama-amino acid akhululekile	kungabi ngaphansi kuka-2,0 %
Ama-polyphenol etiye	kungabi ngaphansi kuka-14 %

Ayikho imininingwane nge-caffeine emithonjeni etholakele.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza. Azikho izincomo ezihlukile embhalweni.

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
• Inani letiye: amagremu angu-3 nge-150 ml.
• Izitsha: Ingilazi yengilazi noma igaiwan emhlophe.
• Inqubo:
  1. Fudumeza izitsha.
  2. Faka itiye futhi uthele amanzi ngasodongeni.
  3. Ukumna kokuqala — ngemva kwamasekhondi angu-40–60.
  4. Phuza, ushiya ingxenye yotshwala.
  5. Thela amanzi futhi.
  6. Ukutheleka okuphindwe kabili noma kathathu.

9. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wesigaba. Emaphaketheni avaliwe, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga. Kungcono ukuphuza phakathi nonyaka.

10. Intengo Nezimpawu Zomgunyathi

Ayikho imininingwane ngamanani emithonjeni etholakele.

• Ungakugwema kanjani ukukopela:
  • Funa uphawu lomkhiqizo onesibonakaliso sendawo; ilungelo lalo liqinisekiswa yi-CNIPA.
  • Qinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizi usesinye samalokishi angu-17 esifunda iMéixiàn.
  • Iqabunga elomile — ukusonteka okuminyene, okuluhlaza nokucwazimula okunamafutha; utshwala — obuphuzi-oluhlaza nobugqamile.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

• IMéixiàn Lǜchá «ikhuphula iphunga» kabili futhi inikwa ukuphumula kabili ngenyanga: okokuqala ukomiswa ku-250 °C, bese kuba ukushiswa kabusha ku-130–180 °C.
• Ongxande bezixhumanisi zezindawo zeMéixiàn Lǜchá neDàbù Wūlóng Chá ziyahlangana, kodwa amalokishi ezinhlwini zawo awaphindi: emazweni angomakhelwane kuvikelwa imikhiqizo emibili ehlukene yezigaba ezimbili ezahlukene.

12. Ukuqhathaniswa Namanye Amatiye aseMéizhōu

• IDàbù Wūlóng Chá (大埔乌龙茶): Iwulong yesifunda esingumakhelwane sikamasipala ofanayo; emibhalweni yawo womabili kushiwo uhlobo iMéizhàn, kodwa kusuka kulo kwenziwa izigaba ezahlukene.
• IJiāolíng Lǜchá (蕉岭绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda iJiāolíng sikamasipala ofanayo — kusuka ezinhlotsheni ishuǐxiān nexiǎoyè wūlóng, ezijwayele ukusetshenziswa kuwulong.
• IQīngliángshān Chá (清凉山茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lezintaba iQīngliángshān esifundeni iMéijiāng sikamasipala ofanayo.
• IMǎtú Lǜchá (马图绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza elosiwe lesifunda iFēngshùn sikamasipala ofanayo.

Ekuphetheni:

IMéixiàn Lǜchá — itiye eliluhlaza elosiwe laseHakka Méizhōu elivela «olimini lwenyoni» lwasendaweni, uMéizhàn kanye nohlobo umbhalo olubhala njengo-金宣. Umbhalo walo awujwayelekile ngokukhuphula iphunga kabili ngezikhathi zokuphumula zenyanga: okokuqala ukomiswa ebhodweni ku-250 °C kuze kube ukusonteka okuminyene, bese kuba ukushiswa kwesibili kuze kube «nephunga lamabele». Enkomishini — utshwala obuphuzi-oluhlaza, ukunambitheka okusha okuminyene kanye nokubuya okumnandi.

Imithombo

Inkomba yendawo

• CNIPA 地理标志产品认定 №632

Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo