Nánchuān dàshù chá

Nánchuān Dàshù Chá (Nánchuān dàshù chá, 南川大树茶) — «itiye lezihlahla ezinkulu» lesifunda saseNánchuān (南川区) emzini waseChóngqìng, emazweni aseningizimu yentaba iJīnfóshān (金佛山). Igama linikezwe ngesihlahla: lolu uhlobo lwendawo lwesihlahla esifana nesihlahla, olunamaqabunga amakhulu athambile kanye nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-amino acid. Ngokwencazelo elethwa yiHhovisi Lomlando Wendawo laseChóngqìng, umkhiqizo wu itiye eliluhlaza. Livikelwa kabili: njengophawu lwezolimo lwendawo (2012) nanjengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo lwe-CNIPA.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

• Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá), elingavutshelwe. Isisekelo incazelo ku-«Umlando WaseChóngqìng. Imikhiqizo Yezolimo Nekhethekile» (重庆市志·农特产品志): «南川大树茶产品为绿茶» — «umkhiqizo weNánchuān Dàshù Chá uwitiye eliluhlaza». IRejista yoMnyango Wezolimo ikhombisa kuphela isigaba esijwayelekile esithi «itiye» (茶叶).
• Isigaba: Itiye lohlobo lwendawo lwesihlahla; uphawu lwendawo lukaMnyango Wezolimo (2012) kanye ne-CNIPA.
• Imvelaphi: I-China, idolobha laseChóngqìng (重庆, Chóngqìng), isifunda saseNánchuān (南川区, Nánchuān Qū). Indawo esemthethweni ngokwesithasiselo sesaziso se-CNIPA No. 640: eningizimu yeJīnfóshān, empumalanga yeBáizhǐshān, enyakatho yeSānjièshān: izigodi zaseDélóng (德隆乡) neGǔhuā (古花乡), amadolobhana aseHéxī (合溪镇) naseDàyǒu (大有镇), idolobhana laseSānquán (三泉镇, umuzi waseMǎzuǐ). Amaphuzu akude kakhulu: empumalanga umuzi waseShījiā wesigodi saseGǔhuā, eningizimu iCǎobà yedolobhana laseHéxī, entshonalanga iCháshù wesigodi saseDélóng, enyakatho iMǎzuǐ yedolobhana laseSānquán.
• Izixhumanisi zendawo: 107°02′09″–107°18′06″ E, 28°31′48″–28°53′16″ N.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

• Umlando:
  • Izihlahla zasendulo. Imininingwane emithonjeni iyaphikisana. Umlando ubhala cishe ngezihlahla eziyi-18 000, zonke zinamapuleti okuvikela; ubudala besikhulu kunazo zonke, ngokwesilinganiso sochwepheshe okubhekiselwa kuso umlando, bungaphezu kweminyaka eyi-1400. Isizindalwazi seHhovisi Lezobunini Bezingqondo saseChóngqìng sibala izihlahla ezingaphezu kwezi-2000 kanye nobudala besikhulu kunazo zonke bungaphezu kweminyaka eyi-2700. Ukuthi yisiphi isilinganiso esiyiqiniso, akunakunqunywa.
  • «INkosi Yezihlahla Zetiye». Isihlahla esikhulu kunazo zonke sikhula emzaneni waseCháshù (茶树村, «isihlahla setiye») esigodini saseDélóng. Umlando usibiza ngokuthi «inkosi yezihlahla zetiye» (茶树王), iHhovisi Lezobunini Bezingqondo laseChóngqìng lisibiza ngokuthi «ukhokho wezihlahla zetiye» (茶树鼻祖).
  • 2012. UMnyango Wezolimo wafaka iNánchuān Dàshù Chá kurejista yezophawu lwezolimo lwendawo (AGI00949); umnikazi inhlangano yetiye yesifunda saseNánchuān. IHhovisi Lezobunini Bezingqondo laseChóngqìng libeka usuku lokubhaliswa kumhla zingama-28 kuNdasa 2012.
  • Ucwaningo. IYunivesithi yaseNingizimu-ntshonalanga (西南大学) yacwaninga ukucutshungulwa kwaleli qabunga kube itiye elibomvu; emsebenzini wango-2019 iqabunga laqoqwa ngo-April 2018 endaweni yokubonisa esigodini saseDélóng. Lokhu kungucwaningo, hhayi incazelo yomkhiqizo.
  • CNIPA. Igama laqashelwa njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo (isaziso No. 640).
• Igama:
  • «Nánchuān» (南川) — ngokwezwi nezwi «umfula oseningizimu», igama lesifunda.
  • «Dàshù chá» (大树茶, dàshù chá) — «itiye lezihlahla ezinkulu»: itiye elivela ezihlahleni, hhayi ezihlahleni ezincane.
• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: IHhovisi Lezobunini Bezingqondo laseChóngqìng libiza iJīnfóshān njengenye yezindawo zemvelaphi yesihlahla setiye sasendle futhi libhala ukuthi uhlobo olufanayo alutholakali kwenye indawo; lokhu kungukuhlola kwalo, ukuhlolwa okuzimele akukho emithonjeni etholakele.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa

• Uhlobo / Cultivar: Ngokomlando uhlobo lwendawo lwesihlahla (乔木型, qiáomù xíng) lwasendle lwezintaba iJīnfóshān esifundeni saseNánchuān. Iqabunga likhulu, lithambile, liluhlaza okuphuzi; isihlahla siyakwazi ukumelana neqhwa. Ama-amino acid, ngokomlando, maningi ikakhulukazi: afinyelela ku-4,3 %. Emsebenzini weYunivesithi yaseNingizimu-ntshonalanga izinto zokusetshenziswa zibhalwe njengohlobo Camellia nanchuanica.
• Ukuqoqwa: Izikhathi azikhonjisiwe emithonjeni etholakele.
• Izinga lokuqoqa: Ngokomlando umkhiqizo uhlukaniswa ngo-«itiye lekhwalithi» (优质茶) kanye no-«itiye elidumile» (名茶). Kwelekhwalithi kuqoqwa ihlumela elinamaqabunga amabili kanye nehlumela elinamaqabunga amathathu asanda kuvuleka kancane, kwelidumile kusuka ehlumeleni elilodwa kuya ehlumeleni elineqabunga elilodwa elivulekile.
• Izidingo zezinto zokusetshenziswa: Iqabunga lezihlahla ezivela ezingxenyeni ezinhlanu zendawo esemthethweni. Umquba ngokuyinhloko umquba wezilwane.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala

• Isifunda: Amazwe aseningizimu yeJīnfóshān, empumalanga yeBáizhǐshān nasenyakatho yeSānjièshān. Ngokomlando, itiye lapha likhula lixubene nezitshalo zokwelapha.
• Ukuphakama kokukhula: 800–1600 m ngokomlando. IHhovisi Lezobunini Bezingqondo laseChóngqìng libala 1000–1500 m, kanti isigodi saseDélóng sibeka ngaphezu kwama-1400 m.
• Inhlabathi: Ngokomlando i-acidic kancane, i-pH 4,5–6,5; inhlabathi «biānshātǔ» (扁沙土) emadwaleni ePermian, izinto eziphilayo ziningi.
• Isimo sezulu: Isimo sezulu esimanzi se-subtropical monsoon: ubusika bufushane, intwasahlobo ifika kusenesikhathi, ihlobo lide, izimvula zifika kanye nokushisa, ngokuphakama isimo sezulu sishintsha kakhulu. Ngokomlando, eJīnfóshān ezinyangeni ezishisayo kuhlala cishe u-17 °C; imvula icishe ibe ngu-1400 mm ngonyaka; izinsuku ezinokhuphuka kwamanzi zingaba ngu-260, umswakama womoya ungama-90 %.
• Indawo: Ngokwemininingwane yomlando 700 ha, ukukhiqizwa cishe amathani ayi-100.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Ngokomlando, umkhiqizo uwitiye eliluhlaza lamazinga amabili:

• Itiye lekhwalithi (优质茶): ukunabisa kweqabunga elisha — ukulungisa (杀青, shāqīng) — ukusonga — ukomisa. Izinga liyi-GB/T 14456.1—2017 letiye eliluhlaza.
• Itiye elidumile (名茶): iqabunga elisha — ukunabisa nokupholisa — ukulungisa — ukusonga — ukunikeza isimo — ukomisa — ukusefa — ukupakisha. Izinga liyi-DB50/27—2008 lendawo letiye eliluhlaza lezinga eliphezulu.

Amazinga okushisa nobude bezinyathelo awekho emithonjeni etholakele.

Ukuhlolwa kokufaneleka okulethwa umlando:

• Itiye eliluhlaza laphuma linephunga eliphezulu kanye nokunambitheka okugcwele, limelana nokuchithwa kaningi.
• I-wūlóng yaphuma ingcono nakakhulu.
• Itiye elibomvu eligayiwe (红碎茶, hóngsuìchá) ngekhwalithi liphakeme kunelivela ezinhlotsheni ezimaphakathi nezincane zaseSìchuān kanye nezixuku zaseFújiàn, futhi lisondele ohlotsheni lwaseYúnnán lwamakhulu amakhulu.

6. Izici Zokunambitha

Incazelo yomlando yetiye eliluhlaza:

• Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Liminyene, likhulu (肥壮), liluhlaza okumnyama.
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho incazelo ehlukile.
• Iphunga lokuphisa: Iphunga eligcwele lohlobo; umlando awucacisi ukuthi libhekise eqabungeni elomile noma ekuphiseni.
• Ukunambitheka: Okusha futhi okuthambile, nokunambitheka okumnandi ngemva.
• Umbala wokuphisa: Oluhlaza okuphuzi, ogqamile.
• Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga eliphekiwe): Okuluhlaza okuphuzi, okulinganayo nokugqamile.

Incazelo yetiye elibomvu elivela kuleli qabunga ayikho emithonjeni etholakele.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Ngokomlando: ama-amino acid — afinyelela ku-4,3 %; izinto ezincibilika emanzini — okungenani 35 %; umswakama — okungenani 6,5 %; umlotha — okungenani 6,5 %.

Ngokomsebenzi weYunivesithi yaseNingizimu-ntshonalanga (2019), eqabungeni elisha kunama-catechin amaningi, kuhlanganise ne-EGCG; etiyeni elibomvu elingakapheki elivela kuleli qabunga ama-amino acid akhululekile angu-36,34 mg/g.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza. Umlando ugcina nje ngokuthi itiye limelana nokuchithwa kaningi.

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
• Inani letiye: 3 g ku-150 ml.
• Isitsha: Ingilazi noma i-gàiwǎn.
• Inqubo:
  1. Ukushisa isitsha.
  2. Faka itiye, uthele amanzi amancane, uvumele iqabunga livuleke.
  3. Thela amanzi engeziwe; ukuphisa kokuqala emva kwemizuzu emi-1–2.
  4. Ukuphisa okuphindwayo ngokwengeza isikhathi.

9. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza. Emaphaketheni avaliwe, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga angaphandle.

10. Intengo kanye Nokukhwabanisa

Ayikho imininingwane ngentengo emithonjeni etholakele.

• Indlela yokugwema ukukhwabanisa:
  • Bheka uphawu lwendawo.
  • Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi ungowesinye sezingxenye ezinhlanu zendawo esemthethweni.
  • Amagama athi «大树茶» ephaketheni awasho lutho: abizwa kanjalo itiye lezihlahla ezindala ezifundeni eziningi, ikakhulukazi e-Yúnnán.
  • Ngokomlando, iqabunga laseNánchuān likhulu futhi liminyene, liluhlaza okumnyama; iqabunga elincane lesihlahla esincane akulona umkhiqizo ofanele.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

• Umuzi lapho kukhula khona «inkosi yezihlahla zetiye» ubizwa kanjalo nje: iCháshù, «isihlahla setiye».
• Ekuhlolweni i-wūlóng evela kuleli qabunga yaphuma ingcono kunetiye eliluhlaza, nakuba umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo usalokhu uwitiye eliluhlaza.
• Izilinganiso zenani nobudala bezihlahla ziyaphikisana kakhulu: kusuka ezihlahleni eziyi-2000 kuye kweziyi-18 000 kanye neminyaka eyi-1400 kuye kweyi-2700 endala kunazo zonke.

12. Ukuqhathaniswa Namanye Amatiye

• Dàshù Chá (大树茶): Igama elijwayelekile letiye lezihlahla ezindala, ikakhulukazi laseYúnnán; eleNánchuān linohlobo lwalo kanye nendawo yalo esemthethweni.
• Nánchuān Hóngchá (南川红茶): Itiye elibomvu lesifunda esifanayo, isihloko esihlukile se-encyclopedia.
• Nánchuān Lǜchá (南川绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda sonke; kwiNánchuān Dàshù Chá izinto zokusetshenziswa ziwuhlobo lwendawo lwesihlahla kuphela, kanti indawo yizo zingxenye ezinhlanu.
• Yǒngchuān Xiùyá (永川秀芽): Itiye eliluhlaza elinaliti laseChóngqìng elivela ezihlahleni ezincane.
• Diānhóng (滇红): Itiye elibomvu elivela ohlotsheni lwaseYúnnán lwamakhulu amakhulu, lelo umlando oluqhathanisa nalo iqabunga laseNánchuān ekuhlolweni kwetiye elibomvu eligayiwe.

Ekuphetheni:

INánchuān Dàshù Chá itiye lapho okubalulekile isihlahla: uhlobo lwendawo lwesihlahla lwezintaba iJīnfóshān olunamakhulu amakhulu athambile kanye nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-amino acid, ngaphansi kokuvikelwa njengophawu lwendawo olunendawo eqondile. Ngokomlando waseChóngqìng umkhiqizo uwitiye eliluhlaza lamazinga amabili; ukuhlolwa kukhombise ukuthi iqabunga lifaneleka nakwi-wūlóng, nakwitiye elibomvu eligayiwe. Inani nobudala bezihlahla kusalokhu kuyimpikiswano.

Imithombo

Amazinga

• GB/T 14456.1-2017

Inkomba yendawo

• CNIPA 地理标志产品认定 №640

Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo