I-Jiugongshan Cha (Jiǔgōngshān chá, 九宫山茶) itiye eliluhlaza lasezintabeni laseTongshan County (通山县) ngaphansi kukamasipala wase-Xianning eningizimu-mpumalanga yesifundazwe sase-Hubei. Indawo evikelwe iyizindawo ezinhlanu zamadolobhana nezindawo ezisemaphakathi ne-Mufu Range (幕阜山脉): iNtaba i-Jiugongshan nezintaba eziyizungezile. Itiye lifika ngezindlela ezimbili: isicaba (扁形茶) nesisontekile (条形茶), ngasinye sinobuchwepheshe baso. Kusukela ngo-2019 igama livikelwe njengesibonakaliso sezokulima se-geographical indication, futhi kusukela ngo-2025 njengomkhiqizo one-geographical indication.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Izidingo zokuvikelwa aziqambi isigaba ngegama, kodwa zombili izinhlelo zazo zobuchwepheshe ziluhlaza: ngokulungiswa, ngaphandle kwe-oxidation nangaphandle kokubila.
- Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza lasezintabeni laseningizimu ye-Hubei, isicaba nesisontekile; isibonakaliso sezokulima se-geographical indication (2019) kanye nomkhiqizo one-geographical indication (2025).
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Hubei (湖北, Húběi), umasipala wase-Xianning (咸宁, Xiánníng), i-Tongshan County (通山, Tōngshān).
- Indawo evikelwe: Amadolobhana ase-Xiapu (厦铺镇), e-Chuangwang (闯王镇), e-Jiugongshan (九宫山镇), e-Honggang (洪港镇) kanye nesifunda sase-Yangfanglin (杨芳林乡). Umfakisicelo uyinhlangano yetiye yase-Jiugongshan yaseTongshan County (通山县九宫山茶叶协会).
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: 114°15′–114°58′ E, 29°19′–29°33′ N.
2. Umlando nokubaluleka kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Amarekhodi asendulo. Incazelo eyinkomba icaphuna irekhodi le-Jin Dynasty mayelana nokuqoqwa kwetiye e-“Wuchang Mountain” (入武昌山采茗) futhi icabanga ukuthi lokhu yi-Jiugongshan, lokhu kuyincazelo hhayi ubufakazi obuqondile. Ngokwencazelo efanayo, ngesikhathi se-Song kwakunethempeli i-Chaliaoguan (茶寮观) entabeni, futhi “I-Jiugongshan Mountain Record” (《九宫山志》) ikhuluma ngendawo engaphansi kwetiye eyodwa ye-qing.
- I-Qing. Uhulumeni wesifunda ucaphuna “I-General Description of Huguang ye-Kangxi Era” (《康熙湖广通志》): «茶出通山者为上»: itiye laseTongshan lalibhekwa njengelihamba phambili.
- 1958 no-1980. Incazelo eyinkomba ibika ngokutholakala kabili kwezizukulwane zezihlahla zetiye zasendulo zezimpande.
- 1996 nangemva kwalokho. Ngokwesayithi lenkomba, ngo-1996 kwasungulwa isizinda setiye le-organic i-“九宫山有机茶”; uchungechunge lwamatiye lwathola indondo yegolide emiqhudelwaneni ye-中茶杯, i-陆羽杯 ne-鄂茶杯, futhi uphawu lokuhweba i-“九宫山” laqashelwa ngo-2011 njengophawu lwezwe lonke olwaziwayo. Isayithi elifanayo libhala ukuthi ngo-2011 uphawu lwangena phakathi kwamabhrendi ayikhulu ahamba phambili ajwayelekile emikhiqizweni yezolimo ezweni, futhi isitifiketi setiye le-organic salithola amahlandla ayishumi nanhlanu kulandelana.
- 2019. NgoJanuwari 17 uMnyango Wezolimo Nezindaba Zasemakhaya wathatha i-“九宫山茶” ngaphansi kokuvikelwa njengesibonakaliso sezokulima se-geographical indication (inombolo AGI02564).
- 2022. Isifunda sabika ukuthi sangena ohlwini lwezindawo eziyinhloko ezikhiqiza itiye e-Hubei ngonyaka wezi-2021; lolu hlu luhlanganisa izindawo zokuphatha ezinettiye okungenani 10,000 mu.
- 2025. Ngesimemezelo № 640 somhla ziyi-16 kuJulayi 2025 (esishicilelwe mhla ziyi-13 kuNcwaba) i-State Intellectual Property Office yaqashela i-“九宫山茶” njengomkhiqizo one-geographical indication. Ngesimemezelo esifanayo nangesicelo senhlangano efanayo kwaqashelwa itiye elibomvu i-Tongshan Hongcha elinendawo evikelwe efanayo.
- Igama: «Jiugongshan» (九宫山) lisho «intaba yamagceke ayisishiyagalolunye», igama lentaba; 茶 lisho itiye.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Incazelo eyinkomba icaphuna isisho sendawo: ikhulu lezihlahla zetiye nekhulu lezihlahla ze-tung zikhipha umndeni eswele (家有千棵茶千棵桐，吃穿不受穷).
3. Incazelo yezitshalo kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa
- Izinhlobo / Ama-cultivar: Ngokwezidingo zokuvikelwa: i-鄂茶8 (Èchá 8), i-五峰212 (Wǔfēng 212) nezinye. Uhulumeni wesifunda (2022) ukhuluma ngezinhlobo ezingaphezu kweshumi, ngaphandle kokuziqamba.
- Izimiso zokuqoqa: Izidingo azibeki izinga lokuqoqa, kodwa zibeka imithetho emihlanu ebhangqwe: thatha ebusweni bomqhele futhi ulondoloze isisekelo, thatha phakathi futhi ulondoloze izinhlangothi, amahlumela aphezulu bese ulondoloza aphansi, aminyene bese ulondoloza andlalekile, amakhulu bese ulondoloza amancane (采面养底、采中养侧、采高养低、采密养稀、采大养小).
- Izinga nesikhathi sokuqoqa: Ayikho idatha etholakala emithonjeni etholiwe.
4. I-terroir nezici zokutshala
- Isifunda: Iningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Hubei, ingxenye emaphakathi ye-Mufu Range. Ngokwencazelo eyinkomba, indawo yesifunda “izingxenye eziyisishiyagalombili izintaba, ingxenye eyodwa amanzi, ingxenye eyodwa amasimu” (八山一水一分田), ikhuphukela eningizimu-ntshonalanga futhi yehlela empumalanga.
- Ukuphakama kokutshala: 400–900 m ngokwezidingo zokuvikelwa.
- Inhlabathi: Ngokwezidingo: ama-sandy loams emadwaleni agugulekile (风化石砂质壤) kanye nenhlabathi ephuzi-nsundu (黄棕壤) yokuvunda okumaphakathi; i-organic matter ngokwesilinganiso ingu-5.31%, i-nitrogen ephelele ingu-0.12%, i-phosphorus ehambayo ingu-16–21 mg/kg, i-potassium ehambayo ingu-13 mg/kg, i-pH ingu-4.5–5.5. Incazelo yendawo ekwiphothali yoMnyango Wezohwebo, eyaziwa kuphela ngokulandiswa kabusha, inikeza i-potassium engu-100–130 mg/kg; ukuthi iyiphi inombolo enembile akunakunqunywa. Isayithi lenkomba ngemikhiqizo yendawo lichaza inhlabathi njengebomvu-ntsundu eneasidi emadwaleni e-sandstone-slate, ecebile ngezakhi zamaminerali ne-potassium ehambayo.
- Isimo sezulu: Ngokwencazelo eyinkomba: imvula eningi, ukufudumala nokuswakama, ekuseni nakusihlwa imithambeka igcwele inkungu. Ayikho idatha yezinombolo.
- Ukutshala nokunakekela ngokwezidingo: Kutshalwa eduze komkhosi weNtwasahlobo, kungadluli uNhlolanja, izingxenye ezingama-5000–6000 nge-mu ngayinye. Ebusika ku-mu ngayinye kufakwa ama-300 kg we-rapeseed noma i-peanut cake noma ama-1000 kg womquba nge-organic ne-phosphorus fertilizer. Ukuthenwa kokubumba kwenziwa ngezigaba ezintathu.
- Isilinganiso: NgoMashi 2022 isifunda sathi kunezindawo ezingama-64,000 mu zezivande ze-ecological, cishe ezingama-43,000 mu esivunwa kuzo, kanti inani lomkhiqizo lingaphezu kwezigidi eziyikhulu zama-yuan. Lezi zibalo zingezesifunda sonke, hhayi ezendawo evikelwe. Izisekelo eziyinhloko ziqanjwe njenge-Yangfanglin, i-Jiugongshan, i-Xiapu ne-Yanxia (燕厦), eyokugcina ingekho endaweni evikelwe. Phakathi kwezinkampani ezihehwayo isifunda siqamba kuqala i-湖北九宫山茶业股份有限公司.
5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza
Izidingo zokuvikelwa zibeka izinhlelo ezimbili zemisebenzi eyisishiyagalombili.
- Itiye elisicaba (扁形茶, biǎnxíngchá):
- Ukunwetshwa kweqabunga elisha (摊放, tānfàng).
- Ukulungiswa (杀青, shāqīng).
- Ukupholisa (冷却, lěngquè).
- Ukuhlela amaqabunga (理条, lǐtiáo).
- Ukucindezela kube yisicaba (压扁, yābiǎn).
- Ukuqedela ebhodweni (煇锅, huīguō).
- Ukuhlanganisa inqwaba (归堆, guīduī).
- Ukupakisha emabhokisini (装箱, zhuāngxiāng).
- Itiye elisontekile (条形茶, tiáoxíngchá):
- Ukunwetshwa, ukulungiswa, ukupholisa njengasesicabeni.
- Ukusonteka (揉捻, róuniǎn).
- Ukugazinga kwesibili (炒二青, chǎo èrqīng).
- Ukuphola kabusha (回潮, huícháo).
- Ukugazinga kuze kome (炒干, chǎogān).
- Ukuhlanganisa inqwaba nokupakisha.
Umbhalo awunikezi amazinga okushisa nezikhathi.
6. Izici ze-organoleptic
Incazelo ingokwezidingo zokuvikelwa, ngokwehlukana kwezindlela ezimbili.
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Isicaba siyisicaba futhi siqondile (扁平挺直), siluhlaza okotshani obuthambile, uboya bufihlwe eqabungeni (嫩绿隐毫). Isisontekile sisuke sisongwe siqinile futhi sisindayo (条索紧结重实), sinombala onamafutha (色泽油润).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho incazelo ehlukile etholakala emithonjeni etholiwe.
- Iphunga lotshwala obushisayo: Isicaba sihlezi sihleli (香气持久). Isisontekile sinephunga le-chestnut elihlala njalo (栗香持久), iphunga elihlanzekile lisakazeka nxazonke (清香四溢).
- Ukunambitheka: Isicaba kusha futhi kuthambile, nobumnandi obubuyayo (滋味鲜醇回甘). Isisontekile sithambile futhi sigcwele (滋味醇厚); isayithi lenkomba lengeza ukuthi simelana nokuthelwa kaningi.
- Umbala wotshwala obushisayo: Isicaba siluhlaza futhi siyakhanya (汤色绿亮). Kwesisontekile ayikho incazelo ehlukile.
- Amacembe setiye (iqabunga elibilisiwe): Isicaba siluhlaza okotshani obuthambile futhi sikhanyayo (叶底嫩绿明亮). Isisontekile siluhlaza futhi siyakhanya (叶底绿亮).
Isayithi lenkomba ngemikhiqizo yendawo lichaza futhi “itiye lamafu le-Jiugongshan Mountain” (九宫山云雾茶): ukusonteka kuqinile, kucolekile futhi kusonteke kahle, utshwala obushisayo bucacile futhi bukhanyayo, iphunga ligcwele, ukunambitheka kumnandi, iqabunga elibilisiwe liluhlaza okotshani obuthambile futhi lilingana. Ukuthi leli gama lihlobene nephrofayili evikelwe, imithombo ayisho.
7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali
Izidingo zokuvikelwa zika-2025 zibeka imingcele ephansi:
| Isibonakaliso | Isidingo |
|---|---|
| Ama-polyphenols etiye | okungenani 22.2% |
| Ama-amino acid akhululekile | okungenani 2.7% |
| Izinto ezincibilikayo emanzini | okungenani 42.4% |
Isayithi lenkomba linikeza amanani aphansi: 20%, 2.5% no-40%, mhlawumbe ngokohlelo lwakudala. Ayikho idatha ye-caffeine.
8. Ukwenziwa kwetiye
Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
- Inani letiye: 3 g ku-150 ml.
- Izitsha: Ingilazi yengilazi noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
- Inqubo:
- Fudumeza izitsha.
- Beka itiye bese uthela amanzi odongeni.
- Ukuthelwa kokuqala: ngemva kwemizuzwana engama-40–60.
- Phuza, ushiye ingxenye yotshwala obushisayo.
- Thela amanzi futhi.
- Ukuthelwa kabili noma kathathu; itiye elisontekile, ngokwencazelo eyinkomba, limelana nokuthelwa okuningi.
9. Ukugcinwa
Umkhuba wesigaba. Emaphaketheni avaliwe, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama nephunga. Kungcono ukuphuzwa phakathi nonyaka.
10. Intengo kanye nemikhiqizo mbumbulu
Ayikho idatha yezintengo emithonjeni etholiwe.
- Ungagwema kanjani imikhiqizo mbumbulu:
- Bheka uphawu lomkhiqizo one-geographical indication noma uphawu lwe-agricultural indication.
- Qinisekisa ukuthi itiye lenziwe kwesinye sezindawo ezinhlanu zendawo evikelwe: i-Xiapu, i-Chuangwang, i-Jiugongshan, i-Honggang noma i-Yangfanglin, hhayi nje e-Tongshan County.
- Ungaphambanisi uphawu lokuhweba i-“九宫山” nesibonakaliso se-geographical: uphawu luyibhrendi, isibonakaliso yigama lendawo nezidingo zomkhiqizo.
- Itiye elisicaba liluhlaza okotshani obuthambile, linoboya obufihlwe eqabungeni; elisontekile liqinile, linamafutha, linephunga le-chestnut.
11. Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- Inhlangano eyodwa inamagama amabili avikelwe anendawo efanayo: itiye eliluhlaza i-Jiugongshan Cha kanye nelibomvu i-Tongshan Hongcha, futhi imingcele ye-physicochemical ezidingweni zawo ibhalwe ngokufanayo.
- Ngaphansi kwegama elilodwa kuvikelwa izindlela ezimbili ezinobuchwepheshe obuhlukile: isicaba nesisontekile.
12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye
- I-Tongshan Hongcha (通山红茶): Itiye elibomvu lendawo efanayo nenhlangano efanayo.
- I-Songfeng Lü Cha (松峰绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza ledolobha lase-Chibi likamasipala ofanayo wase-Xianning.
- I-Jiangxia Bifang (江夏碧舫): Itiye eliluhlaza elisicaba lase-Wuhan, ukuze liqhathaniswe nesimo esisicaba.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Jiugongshan Cha itiye eliluhlaza lasezintabeni laseningizimu ye-Hubei elinezivande eziphakeme ngo-400–900 m ezungeze intaba yamaTaoist i-Jiugongshan. Imibhalo yokuvikelwa iqaphela izindlela zayo ezimbili: isicaba, esiluhlaza okotshani obuthambile esinokunambitheka okusha nokumnandi, nesisontekile, esinamafutha, esinephunga le-chestnut. Ngemuva kwegama kunamarekhodi amadala ngetiye laseTongshan, isizinda setiye le-organic kusukela ngo-1996 nokuvikelwa kwango-2019 no-2025.
Imithombo
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo