I-Tongshan Hongcha (Tōngshān hóngchá, 通山红茶) itiye elibomvu lesifunda saseTongshan (通山县) ngaphansi kwedolobha i-Xianning eningizimu-mpumalanga yesifundazwe sase-Hubei. Indawo evikelwe yimizana emihlanu namalokishi amahlanu enkabeni yoluhlu lwezintaba i-Mufu (幕阜山脉) eningizimu ye-Hubei: intaba i-Jiugongshan (九宫山) nezintaba eziyizingele. Igama livikelwe kabili, njengophawu lwezolimo lwendawo futhi njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo, olwaqashelwa yi-State Intellectual Property Office ngo-2025. Izidingo zokuvikela ezihambisana nalokhu kuqashelwa zisho izinhlobo, ukuphakama kwezingadi, inhlabathi kanye nenqubo yokucubungula, kanti ukubukeka kuchazwa kafushane: iqabunga limnyama futhi licwebezela, iphunga liphakeme futhi lihlanzekile, iqabunga eliphekiwe lifiphalile kancane.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye elibomvu (红茶, hóngchá), elibiliswe ngokuphelele. Isigaba sibalwe egameni elivikelwe futhi siqinisekiswa yinqubo yokucubungula evela ezidingweni zokuvikela: ukubuna (萎凋), ukusonga (揉捻), ukubila (发酵), ukomisa (干燥).
- Isigaba: Itiye elibomvu lasentabeni laseningizimu ne-Hubei; uphawu lwezolimo lwendawo kanye nomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo (2025).
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Hubei (湖北, Húběi), idolobha i-Xianning (咸宁, Xiánníng), isifunda sase-Tongshan (通山, Tōngshān).
- Indawo evikelwe: Ngokwesithasiselo sesimemezelo se-State Intellectual Property Office No. 640, amayunithi amahlanu esifunda: amadolobhana i-Xiapu (厦铺镇), i-Chuangwang (闯王镇), i-Jiugongshan (九宫山镇), i-Honggang (洪港镇) kanye nelokishi i-Yangfanglin (杨芳林乡). Isithasiselo sicacisa indawo: ingxenye emaphakathi yoluhlu lwezintaba i-Mufu eningizimu ye-Hubei, intaba i-Jiugongshan nezintaba eziyizingele.
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: 114°15′–114°58′ empumalanga, 29°19′–29°33′ enyakatho.
2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Uphawu lwezolimo. I-Tongshan Hongcha ibhaliswe njengophawu lwezolimo lwendawo lwe-Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs ngaphansi kwenombolo AGI03366. Usuku lokubhalisa alukho emibhalweni engiyitholile.
- 2025. Ngesimemezelo No. 640 sango-16 kuJulayi 2025 (esashicilelwa ngo-13 Agasti), i-State Intellectual Property Office yaqashela amagama angu-1409 njengemikhiqizo enophawu lwendawo, kusukela kuma-apula «延庆国光苹果» kuya etiyeni; i-Tongshan Hongcha iphakathi kwawo. Umfakisicelo — inhlangano yetiye yaseJiugongshan yesifunda saseTongshan (通山县九宫山茶叶协会). Isimemezelo sinamathiselwe imininingwane ngemikhiqizo kanye nezidingo zokuvikelwa kwayo.
- Igama elingomakhelwane. Ngesimemezelo esifanayo nangesicelo senhlangano efanayo kwaqashelwa no-«九宫山茶» — itiye eliluhlaza elinendawo efanayo yamadolobhana namalokishi amahlanu.
- Imibhalo emidala. Angizange ngiwuthole umlando obhaliwe wetiye elibomvu laseTongshan emibhalweni yokuqala.
- Igama: 通山 yigama lesifunda, 红茶 lisukela ku-«itiye elibomvu».
- Umongo wamasiko wendawo: Idolobhana i-Chuangwang, eliyingxenye yendawo, liqanjwe ngesidlaliso sika-Li Zicheng (李自成) — «Chuang-wang» (闯王), umholi wokuvukela kwabalimi owaketula ubukhosi bakwa-Ming. Ngokwesiko, washonela eJiugongshan, futhi esifundeni kunethuna lakhe. Indawo yokufa kwakhe iyaphikisana: i-Wikipedia yesiShayina ibika ukuthi amathuna ka-Li Zicheng akhona esifundeni saseTongcheng esifundeni esifanayo, naseShimen eHunan. Lona umlando wendawo, hhayi isici setiye. I-Jiugongshan futhi iyintaba yamaDaoist kanye nesiqiwu semvelo sikahulumeni; ubuhlobo bezindela netiye lapha abufakazelwa yimibhalo.
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa
- Izinhlobo / Ama-cultivar: Ngokwezidingo zokuvikela — inani lendawo (当地群体种) kanye nezinhlobo zeminyaka yakamuva zochungechunge lwaseHubei lwe-«Echa», ngokwesibonelo i-Echa 8 (鄂茶8, Èchá 8) ne-Wufeng 212 (五峰212, Wǔfēng 212).
- Ukuvuna: Umbhalo awubeki izinga lokuvuna, kodwa imigomo yalo: ukukhipha amahlumela ebusweni bomqhele nokulondoloza isisekelo sawo, ukuthatha indawo emaphakathi nokulondoloza izinhlangothi, amahlumela aphezulu nokulondoloza aphansi, amaningi nokulondoloza ayingcosana, amakhulu nokulondoloza amancane (采面养底、采中养侧、采高养低、采密养稀、采大养小).
- Izinga lokuvuna kanye nesikhathi sokuvuna: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholiwe.
4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala
- Isifunda: Iningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Hubei. Ngokwe-Wikipedia yesiShayina, i-Jiugongshan isenkabeni yoluhlu lwezintaba i-Mufu futhi inomngcele nesifundazwe sase-Jiangxi; isiqongo esikhulu singu-1656 m. Esifundeni, ngokwe-Wikipedia efanayo, kunamadolobhana ayisishiyagalombili namalokishi amane.
- Ukuma kwendawo: Ngokwezixhumanisi, indawo ilele eningizimu yesikhungo sesifunda i-Tongyang (通羊镇), esingeyona ingxenye yayo.
- Ukuphakama kokutshala: 400–900 m — ngokwezidingo zokuvikela.
- Inhlabathi: Futhi lapho — inhlabathi enesihlabathi esine-loam emadwaleni abolekile (风化石砂质壤) kanye nenhlabathi ephuzi-nsundu (黄棕壤) yokuvunda okuphakathi nendawo. Izinto eziphilayo zingama-5,31 % ngokwesilinganiso, i-nitrogen ephelele ingu-0,12 %, i-phosphorus etholakalayo ingu-16–21 mg/kg, i-potassium etholakalayo ingu-13 mg/kg, i-pH ingu-4,5–5,5.
- Ukutshala nokunakekela: Izithombo zitshalwa cishe ngesikhathi soMkhosi Wasebusika, kungakadluli uFebhuwari; zitshalwa ngemigqa emibili ngesitshalo esisodwa noma ezimbili esidlekeni, kube ngamahlumela angu-5000–6000 nge-mu. Ebusika, nge-mu ngayinye kufakwa amakhilogremu angu-300 ekhekhe le-rapeseed noma lamantongomane noma amakhilogremu angu-1000 omquba wengulube noma wenkukhu kanye namakhilogremu angu-50 omquba ohlanganisiwe wezinto eziphilayo namakhilogremu angu-50 kamanyolo we-phosphorus — emgodini ojulile ngaphansi komphetho womqhele.
- Isimo sezulu: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholiwe.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Izidingo zokuvikela zibeka ukulandelana kwemisebenzi, kodwa hhayi amazinga okushisa nezikhathi.
- Ukucubungula kokuqala (初制, chūzhì):
- Ukubuna (萎凋, wěidiāo).
- Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn).
- Ukubila (发酵, fājiào).
- Ukomisa (干燥, gānzào). Kuvela itiye elimahhadla — i-maocha (毛茶, máochá); liyahlolwa, likalwe, lipakishwe futhi lithunyelwe endaweni yokugcina.
- Ukucwengwa (精制, jīngzhì): I-maocha iyahlanganiswa ngezigaba, ihlungwa (筛制, shāizhì), iphephululwa (风选, fēngxuǎn), kukhethwa izinhlayiya zangaphandle (拣剔, jiǎntī), kuhlolwe, kwakhiwe inhlanganisela yetiye eseliphelile, kufaniswe isigaba (匀堆, yúnduī), kome omisiwe (补火, bǔhuǒ), kulinganiswe futhi kupakishwe.
Amapharamitha — izinga lokushisa, umswakama, ubude bokubila — awunikwanga embhalweni.
6. Izici Zokunambitha Nokubukeka
Ukubukeka — ngokwezidingo zokuvikela. Umbhalo uchaza itiye kabili, esigabeni sezokunambitha nasesigabeni sezinkomba ze-physicochemical, futhi embaleni wokumnika izincazelo ziyahluka.
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Isimo esihle, kumnyama futhi kucwebezela (外形优美，色泽乌润).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho incazelo ehlukile.
- Iphunga lokumnika: Liphakeme futhi lihlanzekile (香气高纯); encazelweni yesibili — iphunga lezimbali lemvelo, eliqhubekayo (天然花香持久).
- Ukunambitha: Kuthambile, kugcwele futhi kuqabulayo (滋味醇厚爽口); itiye likwazi ukumelana nokuthelwa kwamanzi amaningi (耐冲泡).
- Umbala wokumnika: Kubomvu okhanyayo (汤色浅红) — esigabeni sezokunambitha; kubomvu futhi kukhazimulayo (汤色红亮) — encazelweni yesibili.
- Iqabunga eliphekiwe (ittiye phansi): Lifiphalile kancane (叶底稍暗).
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Izidingo zokuvikela zisho izinkomba ezintathu:
| Inkomba | Isidingo |
|---|---|
| I-polyphenols yetiye | okungenani 22,2 % |
| Ama-amino acid akhululekile | okungenani 2,7 % |
| Izinto ezikhiphekayo ezincibilikayo emanzini | okungenani 42,4 % |
Izinombolo ezifanayo ezintathu zibhalwe ezidingweni zetiye eliluhlaza i-九宫山茶 elesimemezelo esifanayo. Ayikho imininingwane nge-caffeine nezinye izinto.
8. Ukuphisa
Umkhuba wesigaba setiye elibomvu.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 90–95 °C.
- Inani letiye: 3 g nge-150 ml.
- Isitsha: I-gaiwan noma ititshala lobumba.
- Inqubo:
- Ukufudumeza isitsha.
- Ukuthela amanzi etiyeni.
- Ukumnika kokuqala — cishe umzuzu.
- Ukukhipha ukumnika ngokuphelele.
- Ukuphindwa kokuthelwa kwamanzi okuningana, ngakunye kube kudlula okwedlule; umbhalo uyaphawula ukuthi itiye liyakwazi ukumelana nakho.
9. Ukugcinwa
Umkhuba wesigaba. Endaweni eyomile emnyama ekamelweni lokushisa, ephaketheni eliminyene, kude namaphunga nomswakama.
10. Intengo kanye Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi
Ayikho idatha ngentengo emithonjeni etholiwe.
- Uzivikela kanjani emikhiqizweni yomgunyathi:
- Bheka uphawu lomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo noma uphawu lwezolimo lwendawo; ilungelo lophawu olukhethekile luvunyelwa yi-State Intellectual Property Office.
- Qinisekisa ukuthi itiye lenziwe kwelinye lamayunithi amahlanu endawo — i-Xiapu, i-Chuangwang, i-Jiugongshan, i-Honggang noma i-Yangfanglin — hhayi nje esifundeni saseTongshan.
- Iqabunga elomile — limnyama futhi licwebezela, iqabunga eliphekiwe — lifiphalile kancane.
11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo
- Indawo evikelwe akusona sonke isifunda, kodwa amadolobhana amahlanu namalokishi azungeze i-Jiugongshan; isikhungo sesifunda asiyona ingxenye yayo.
- Inhlangano efanayo ngesimemezelo esifanayo yathola ukuvikelwa kwetiye eliluhlaza i-九宫山茶 elinendawo efanayo, futhi izidingo ze-physicochemical zamatiye amabili zibhalwe ngokufanayo.
- Isiqongo esikhulu se-Jiugongshan siphakama sifike ku-1656 m, kanti izingadi, ngokombhalo, azikho ngaphezu kuka-900 m.
12. Ukuqhathaniswa Namanye Amatiye Abomvu
- I-Ninghong Gong Fu (宁红工夫): Itiye elibomvu le-gongfu laseJiangxi lesifunda saseXiushui; izingadi zalo ezinhle kakhulu, ngokwe-athikili ye-encyclopedia ngaye, zilele ezintabeni zoluhlu olufanayo lwe-Mufu.
- I-Tonggu Ninghong (铜鼓宁红): Itiye elibomvu lesifunda saseTonggu eJiangxi ngaphansi kwegama lomlando elithi «ninghong».
- I-Yihong Gong Fu (宜红工夫): Itiye elibomvu le-gongfu lakudala laseHubei lasentshonalanga yesifundazwe.
- I-Hubei Qing Zhuan (湖北青砖): Itiye elimnyama elicindezelwe lesifunda saseXianning; i-Tongshan ibalwa phakathi kwezifunda lapho lenziwa khona — elinye isigaba esifundeni esifanayo.
Ukuphetha:
I-Tongshan Hongcha itiye elibomvu laseningizimu ne-Hubei elisuka entabeni i-Jiugongshan nasezintabeni ezizungezile zenkaba yoluhlu lwe-Mufu. Imibhalo isho indawo, izinhlobo, ukuphakama kwezingadi okungu-400–900 m kanye nenqubo yokucubungula, kanti ukubukeka kukudweba kafushane: iqabunga elimnyama elicwebezelayo, iphunga eliphakeme elihlanzekile, ukunambitha okuthambile okugcwele. Izikhathi zokuvuna, amapharamitha okubila kanye nomlando waleli tiye elibomvu awukakatholakali emithonjeni etholiwe okwamanje.
Imithombo
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo