Ikhaya · Itiye eliluhlaza · I-Jingde Tianshan Zhenxiang Cha
Jīngdé Tiānshān zhēnxiāng chá
Jīngdé Tiānshān zhēnxiāng chá · 旌德天山真香茶
I-Jingde Tianshan Zhenxiang Cha (Jīngdé Tiānshān zhēnxiāng chá, 旌德天山真香茶) itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda sase-Jingde (旌德县) esifundeni sase-Xuancheng eningizimu yesifundazwe sase-Anhui, eChina. Ngencazelo echazayo lisho ukuthi “iphunga leqiniso lentaba i-Tianshan”. Leli tiye liselincane: laqala ukwakhiwa ngo-1981 ngaphansi kwegama elithi “Tianshan Maofeng”, kwathi ngo-1988, ngokusho kwencwadi yezinkomba, uprofesa u-Chen Chuan (陈椽) walibiza ngegama elithi “Tianshan Zhenxiang” ngenxa yephunga layo le-orchid eliphakeme nelihlala isikhathi eside. Leli gama livikelwe uphawu lwezolimo lwendawo kusukela ngo-2016 futhi laqashelwa njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo kusukela ngo-2025.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Isifunda siwuhlukanisa njengeluhlaza; ubuchwepheshe ngokwezidingo buwubeka njengokuluhlaza (isigaba 5).
- Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza eliqondile, elicakathize kancane laseningizimu ye-Anhui; umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Anhui (安徽, Ānhuī), isifunda sase-Xuancheng (宣城, Xuānchéng), isifunda sase-Jingde (旌德, Jīngdé).
- Indawo evikelwe: Izingadi eziphakeme ekuphakameni okungamamitha angu-400–700 emadolobhaneni nasezifundeni eziyisishiyagalolunye zesifunda: uMiaoshou, uXinglong, uSuncun, uBaidi, uSanxi, uCaijiaqiao, uYunle, uYucun noJingyang. Umfakisicelo uyi-Jingde County Crop Service Centre.
- Isifunda esiyinhloko: Imithombo iyahluka. Ngokombiko wesifunda, umnyombo wokukhiqiza intaba i-Tianshan edolobhaneni lase-Xiangyun (祥云村) esifundeni saseMiaoshou. Incwadi yezinkomba yemikhiqizo yendawo ibiza idolobhana lase-Xiakeng (狭坑村), kodwa endaweni eyodwa ilixhumanisa nesifunda saseMiaoshou, kanti kwenye ilixhumanisa nesifunda saseJieshou (界首镇), esingekho ohlwini lwendawo evikelwe. Akukho ncazelo etholakalayo yokungafani emithonjeni etholakele.
- Izixhumanisi zokuma kwendawo: 30°07′19″–30°29′14″ N, 118°15′39″–118°44′15″ E (imingcele yendawo evikelwe).
2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwesiko
- Umlando:
- Kusukela ngo-1981. Ngokwencwadi yezinkomba, itiye elisha lakhiwa ihhovisi lamatiye adumile ngaphansi kwekomidi lezolimo lesifunda. Kuze kube ngu-1987 lalibizwa ngokuthi “Tianshan Maofeng” (Tiānshān máofēng).
- 1988. Ngokwencwadi yezinkomba yemikhiqizo yendawo, ngoJuni itiye lathatha indawo yokuqala emqhudelwaneni wesifundazwe wamatiye adumile. Ngawo lowo nyaka, njengoba kubhala incwadi yezinkomba, “lavulwa” uprofesa wase-Anhui Agricultural University u-Chen Chuan futhi ngenxa yephunga le-orchid elihlukile kwephunga le-Huangshan Maofeng, walinika igama elithi “Tianshan Zhenxiang”.
- Amagugu angaphatheki. Ingosi yabasebenzi yesifunda ibala inqubo yokwenza itiye ngesandla ethi “Tianshan Zhenxiang” phakathi kwezinto ezingaphezu kweshumi zamagugu angaphatheki asezingeni lesifundazwe neledolobha; unyaka wokufakwa kanye nezinga lale nto ngokwayo akushiwongo emithonjeni etholakele.
- 2 Novemba 2016. UMnyango Wezolimo we-People’s Republic of China wabhalisa i-”旌德天山真香茶” njengomkhiqizo wezolimo onophawu lwendawo. Ngokwemininingwane yesifunda, lo ngumkhiqizo wokuqala onjalo we-Jingde.
- 2021. Ngokombiko wesifunda, i-”旌德天山真香” yangena ohlwini lwemikhiqizo eyishumi yezolimo yemikhiqizo yezifunda kanye nezinto ezikhethekile zendawo zesifunda sase-Xuancheng.
- 2022. Ngokombiko wesifunda, ngomhla zingama-21 kuNhlaba kwavulwa isikhungo sokubukisa somkhiqizo we-”旌德天山真香” okuwumkhiqizo wokuqala we-Jingde obhaliswe ngophawu lwendawo; isikhungo sakhiwa ngokwesinyathelo senhlangano yemboni yetiye yesifunda.
- 9 Juni 2025. I-China National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA) ngesaziso esinguNombolo 632 yawuqashela njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
- Igama: “Jingde” (旌德) isifunda; “Tianshan” (天山) intaba; “zhenxiang” (真香) “iphunga leqiniso”; “cha” (茶) itiye.
- Ukubaluleka kwesiko: Isifunda siphakamisa i-”Tianshan Zhenxiang” njengophawu lwaso lwetiye; umkhosi wokuvuna wango-2024 wenziwa epulazini letiye lase-Wuliqian (五里千茶场) esifundeni saseMiaoshou.
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa
- Izinhlobo: Izidingo zomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo zibala uhlobo lwamaqabunga amakhulu ase-Huangshan (黄山大叶种, Huángshān dàyèzhǒng), “Baiye No. 1” (白叶1号, Báiyè yī hào) nezinye.
- Izinga lokuvuna: Kusukela eqhumini elilodwa kuya eqhumini elinamaqabunga amabili asanda kuqala ukuvuleka (单芽至一芽二叶初展); iqhumu namaqabunga aphelele. Iqabunga elisha lihlukaniswa izigaba ezintathu.
- Izinto zokusetshenziswa ngokwezigaba: Incwadi yezinkomba yemikhiqizo yendawo ihlukanisa izinto zokusetshenziswa ngobumnene ezigabeni ezinhlanu: amaqhumu wodwa asetshenziselwa isigaba esiphezulu, iqhumu elineqabunga elilodwa elisanda kuqala ukuvuleka lisesigabeni sokuqala, iqhumu elinamaqabunga amabili anjalo lisesigabeni sesibili, iqhumu elinamaqabunga amabili avulekile lisesigabeni sesithathu, okunye kusetshenziselwa itiye eliluhlaza elijwayelekile. Ukuvuna, ngokwayo, kwenziwa phakathi kwe-Qingming (清明) ne-Guyu (谷雨).
- Indlela nesikhathi sokuvuna: Iqabunga linqanyulwa ngokunyakaza kwesandla kubheke phezulu (提手采). Ukuvuna kuqala lapho cishe amaphesenti amahlanu amahlumela esefinyelele izinga.
4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala
- Isifunda: I-Tianshan, ngokwencwadi yezinkomba yemikhiqizo yendawo nangokombiko wesifunda, ingxenye esempumalanga yezintaba zase-Huangshan futhi isendaweni engamakhilomitha ayisishiyagalombili ngendlela eqondile ukusuka esiqongweni se-Tiandu Feng (天都峰).
- Ukuphakama kokutshala: 400–700 m, imithambeka engaphezu kuka-25° ayisetshenziswa.
- Isimo sezulu: Incwadi yezinkomba yemikhiqizo yendawo inikeza izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi nendawo elingu-15.5 °C, isikhathi esingenasithwathwa ngokwesilinganiso sezinsuku ezingama-232.3, amahora elanga angu-1719.5 kanye nemvula engu-1490.5 mm ngonyaka. Ngokwayo nangezincazelo zezokuvakasha, esimweni sezulu esicacile izintaba zisenkungwini, kanti ngesikhathi semvula zisemafini.
- Umhlabathi: Ngokwezidingo ngokuyinhloko ungqwembe olunamatshe amancane oluncane, ungqwembe oluphuzi olunamatshe kanye no-obala obomvu obunamatshe; kukhona izinto eziphilayo ne-potassium eningi, i-pH ingu-5–6, izimpande zingena emhlabathini ongaphansi cishe ngamasentimitha angu-50.
- Ihlathi kanye nomquba: Incwadi yezinkomba yemikhiqizo yendawo ibiza ukuminyana kwehlathi okungamaphesenti angu-60–80 (ihlathi likhulu kunezingadi izikhathi ezingaphezu kweyisishiyagalombili) kanye nomquba wamakhekhe ongaphezu kuka-150 kg nge-mu ngonyaka. Izidingo zibeka ukuthi ekwindla kufakwe umquba wamakhekhe nezinto eziphilayo kanye nokumboza ngezitshalo zomquba oluhlaza notshani.
- Ubukhulu: Incwadi yezinkomba yemikhiqizo yendawo ibiza amahektare angu-1600 ezingadi namathani angu-98 ngonyaka, ngaphandle konyaka nangaphandle kokucacisa ukuthi indawo isho ukuthini.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Izidingo zomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo zibeka lolu chungechunge; kuvunyelwa kokubili ukukhiqiza ngesandla nangomshini:
- Ukuvuna kweqabunga elisha (采摘, cǎizhāi).
- Ukwithela (摊青, tānqīng): Iqabunga elisha liyandlalwa ukuze libune.
- Ukulungisa (杀青, shāqīng): Ukushisa kumisa i-oxidation.
- Ukuqondisa (理条, lǐtiáo): Iqabunga linikezwa isimo esiqondile.
- Ukubumba (做形, zuòxíng): Iqabunga linikezwa isimo sokugcina.
- Ukomisa ngokushisa (烘焙, hōngbèi).
Amazinga okushisa, izikhathi zemisebenzi kanye nezincazelo zezindlela zokusebenza ngesandla azikho emithonjeni etholakele.
6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic
Ngokwezidingo zomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Liqondile, licakathize kancane, amaqhumu makhulu futhi anenyama, umbala uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ocwebezelayo, uboya obumhlophe buyabonakala (外形挺直略扁，茶芽肥壮，色泽翠绿，白毫显露).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
- Iphunga loketshezi: Lihlanzekile futhi liphakeme, linenothi yezimbali ehlala isikhathi eside (香气清高，含有持久的清花香); ngemuva kokuthelwa amanzi kane, iphunga, ngokwezidingo, lisabambelele. Incwadi yezinkomba ilibiza nge-orchid.
- Ukunambitheka: Okusha nokuphaphamayo, nobumnandi obubuyayo (滋味鲜爽，回味甘甜). Incwadi yezinkomba yengeza “okugcwele” (醇厚) bese ibiza itiye ngokuthi elimelana nokuthelwa kaningi (耐泡).
- Umbala woketshezi: Ngokwezidingo uluhlaza okotshani othambile, uhlanzekile futhi ukhanyayo (嫩绿清亮). Izincwadi zezinkomba nezincazelo zezokuvakasha ziwubiza ngokuthi uluhlaza okhanyayo (浅绿).
- Izinsalela zetiye (iqabunga elitheliwe): Ziluhlaza okotshani othambile futhi zikhanyayo (叶底嫩绿明亮). Enkomishini amaqhumu ame aqonde.
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Izidingo zomzimba namakhemikhali zomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo:
| Isinkomba | Izinga |
|---|---|
| Ama-polyphenols etiye | okungenani 20 % |
| Ama-amino acid | okungenani 3.0 % |
| I-caffeine | okungenani 2.5 % |
| Izinto ezincibilikayo emanzini | okungenani 38 % |
| Umswakama | okungenani 6.5 % |
| I-fiber | okungenani 10 % |
| Umlotha ophelele | okungenani 6.5 % |
Incwadi yezinkomba yemikhiqizo yendawo inikeza ama-polyphenols okungenani angu-23%; lapha kwamukelwa izinga le-CNIPA.
8. Ukuthela
Umkhuba wezinga letiye eliluhlaza.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
- Inani letiye: 3 g nge-150 ml.
- Isitsha: Ingilazi noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
- Inqubo:
- Shisisa isitsha.
- Faka itiye bese uthela amanzi odongeni.
- Ukuthela kokuqala emva kwemizuzwana engu-40–60.
- Phuza, ushiya ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zoketshezi.
- Thela amanzi futhi.
- Ukuthela kabili noma kathathu.
Incwadi yezinkomba yemikhiqizo yendawo yeluleka u-3 g ngenkomishi (1 : 50), cishe 85 °C kanye nemizuzu emi-2–3.
9. Ukugcina
Umkhuba wezinga. Emaphaketheni angena moya futhi angabonisi ukukhanya, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama kanye namaphunga angaphandle. Iphunga lezimbali liyanyamalala kuqala, ngakho itiye kungcono liphuzwe phakathi nonyaka.
10. Intengo kanye Namanyala
Ayikho imininingwane yamanani emithonjeni etholakele.
- Ungawakugwema kanjani amanyala:
- Bheka uphawu olukhethekile lwendawo: ilungelo lalo liqinisekiswa yi-CNIPA, uhlu lwabavunyelwe luyashicilelwa.
- Qiniseka ukuthi itiye livela ezifundeni eziyisishiyagalolunye zesifunda sase-Jingde.
- Iqabunga liqondile, licakathize kancane, linoboya obumhlophe; iphunga liyizimbali.
- Ungalididanisi ne-Tianshan Lü Cha (天山绿茶) yaseFujian: igama liyafana, kodwa itiye lihlukile.
11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo
- Itiye lathatha indawo yokuqala emqhudelwaneni wesifundazwe ngo-1988, onyakeni wegama elisha.
- Izindinganiso zomkhiqizo zidinga ukuthi iphunga lihlale ngisho nangemuva kokuthelwa kane.
- Ngo-2024 umkhosi wokuvuna esifundeni wenziwa ngaphansi kwesiqubulo esithi “品天山真香” okusho ukuthi “ukungcamela iphunga leqiniso lase-Tianshan”.
12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye ase-Anhui
- Huangshan Mao Feng (黄山毛峰): Uzakwabo oseduze ohlangothini lwezintaba; ngokwencwadi yezinkomba, i-Tianshan Zhenxiang yehlukaniswa nayo ngephunga lezimbali eliqinile.
- Taiping Houkui (太平猴魁): Itiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba elinamaqabunga amakhulu “elibukhali” lesifunda saseHuangshan.
- Jingxian Lanxiang Cha (泾县兰香茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda saseJing kusifunda esifanayo sase-Xuancheng; isici saso esijwayelekile izidingo nazo zisibiza ngephunga le-orchid.
- Tianshan Lü Cha (天山绿茶): Itiye laseFujian elinegama elifanayo lentaba, lesifunda sase-Ningde.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Jingde Tianshan Zhenxiang Cha itiye eliluhlaza elincane laseningizimu ye-Anhui: iqabunga eliqondile elicakathize kancane elineqhumu elikhulu noboya obumhlophe, uketshezi oluluhlaza okotshani othambile, ukunambitheka okusha nobumnandi obubuyayo kanye nephunga lezimbali elihlala isikhathi eside, okuyilo elathola igama lalo. Umlando walo mfushane: ukwakhiwa kusukela ngo-1981, igama elisha ngo-1988, ukuvikelwa kusukela ngo-2016 nango-2025.
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