Xīyán wūlóngchá

Xiyan Wulongcha (Xīyán wūlóngchá, 西岩乌龙茶) ndi wulong wa mapiri a Xiyanshan m’matawuni a Fenglang m’boma la Dabu (大埔县) m’zigawo za mzinda wa Meizhou kumpoto chakum’mawa kwa chigawo cha Guangdong. Malinga ndi kufotokoza kwa boma, minda ya tiyi ili pamwamba pa 1250 m, ndipo khalidwe la tiyi limafotokozedwa ndi mawu asanu: 清、香、甘、滑、醇 — woyera, wonunkhira, wotsekemera, wosalala, wofewa. Mu 2013 tiyi adalandira chitetezo ngati chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha dera, ndipo chikalata chake chili chatsatanetsatane: nthaka, nthawi ndi muyezo wokolola, ukadaulo ndi kutentha kwa kuumitsa, maonekedwe ndi miyezo ya thupi ndi mankhwala.

1. Kugawa ndi Chiyambi

• Mtundu: Wulong (乌龙茶, wūlóngchá), wopangidwa mwapakati. Gulu likuwonetsedwa m’dzina; ukadaulo malinga ndi chikalata — kufota padzuwa, kugwedeza ndi kupumula, kukhazikika, kukulunga, kuumitsa — ndi wa wulong.
• Gulu: Wulong wa pamwamba pa mapiri kumpoto chakum’mawa kwa Guangdong; chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha dera (2013).
• Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Guangdong (广东, Guǎngdōng), mzinda wa Meizhou (梅州, Méizhōu), boma la Dabu (大埔县, Dàbù xiàn), matawuni a Fenglang (枫朗镇, Fēnglǎng zhèn), mapiri a Xiyanshan (西岩山, Xīyán shān).
• Dera lachitetezo: Dera lamakono laulamuliro la matawuni a Fenglang m’boma la Dabu.
• Malo ogwirira ntchito: Boma la Dabu — pafupifupi 24.4° kumpoto kwa equator ndi 116.7° kum’mawa.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe

• Mbiri:
  • 1995. Malinga ndi boma, Xiyan Wulongcha adalandira mphoto ya siliva pa chionetsero chachiwiri chaulimi cha China.
  • 2013. Bungwe lalikulu loyang’anira za ubwino, kuyendera ndi kuyesa matenda (AQSIQ) ndi chilengezo № 81 (chosainidwa 26 June, chofalitsidwa 3 July 2013) adateteza tiyi ngati chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha dera. Chilengezo ichi chidateteza mayina asanu — mazira a bakha amitundu iwiri ochokera ku Yuyao, mtedza wa Fengkai, makeke a mwezi a Wuchuan ndi tiyi uyu; tiyi pakati pawo ndi umodzi.
  • 2017. Chigawo cha Guangdong chidavomereza muyezo wamdera wa DB44/T 1961-2017 «Chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha dera. Xiyan Wulongcha» (地理标志产品 西岩乌龙茶); ukugwira ntchito kuyambira 10 June 2017. Olemba — gulu la tiyi la mdera ndi maofesi aboma a za ubwino ndi zaulimi.
• Dzina:
  • «Xiyan» (西岩) — «mwala wakumadzulo», dzina la phiri.
  • «Wulongcha» (乌龙茶, wūlóngchá) — «wulong».
• Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Tsamba la boma limayika Xiyan Wulongcha m’ndandanda wa zinthu zapadera za Ahakka ku Dabu. Pamasamba omwewo amapanganso ma wulong ena: tsambalo limatchula pafupi naye «Xiyan dancong» (西岩单丛), kuphatikizapo mawonekedwe a mipira, ndi mtundu wa «Huangzhixiang» (黄枝香), womwe umabzalidwa pamwamba pa 1250 m kuyambira 1993.

3. Kufotokoza kwa Zomera ndi Zopangira

• Mtundu / Cultivar: Malinga ndi chikalata — mitundu yapakati ndi yaying’ono ya masamba a wulong ndi mitundu ya mdera (中小叶乌龙茶品种及当地群体种); mitundu yeniyeni sinatchulidwe. Mbeu — zobzala mwachomera, zachilendo (无性系).
• Kukolola: Kokha m’chaka, kamodzi pachaka — kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa March mpaka pakati pa May.
• Muyeso wokolola: Kuthira ndi mphukira yoyima ndi masamba awiri kapena atatu (驻芽两叶, 驻芽三叶). Chopambana — «tsamba lotseguka lapakati» (中开面), pamene pa mphukira padakhala masamba awiri opanda kukula kwa mphukira (对夹叶).
• Zofunika pa zopangira: Tsamba lisaphwanyidwe kapena kuwotchedwa padzuwa; lisakhale ndi mame kapena madzi amvula.

4. Terroir ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima

• Dera: Mapiri a Xiyanshan m’matawuni a Fenglang m’boma la Dabu.
• Kutalika kwa kulima: Malinga ndi boma — pamwamba pa 1250 m pamwamba pa nyanja. Chikalata chikuwonjezera kuti dothi lachikasu ndi lofiira la derali lili pa kutalika kwa 500 mpaka 1000 m ndi pamwamba.
• Dothi: Malinga ndi chikalata — mitundu inayi: dothi lachikasu, dothi lofiira, dothi lofiira la laterite ndi dothi la mpunga. Pa Xiyanshan, dothi lachikasu-lofiira ndilofala — lomasuka, lonyowa, lachonde. pH 3.9–4.7, zinthu zamoyo — 2.3–4.0 (mayunitsi sanatchulidwe m’zolemba zomwe zidakopidwa).
• Nyengo: Palibe deta m’magwero omwe adapezeka.

5. Ukadaulo Wopanga

Malinga ndi chikalata, ndondomeko ndi iyi: kukolola → kufota padzuwa → kugwedeza ndi kupumula → kukhazikika → kukulunga → kuumitsa; kenako kukonza.

• Kufota padzuwa (晒青 — shàiqīng): M’mzere wochepa, padzuwa lopepuka — bwino kuyambira 9 mpaka 11 m’mawa kapena kuyambira 16 mpaka 17 madzulo. Tsamba limataya pafupifupi 15 % ya chinyezi, limada, masamba apamwamba amalendewera.
• Kugwedeza (做青 — zuòqīng): Kugwedeza (碰青, 摇青) kumasinthanitsa ndi kupumula kangapo. Chikalata chimatcha sitepe iyi kukhala yofunikira pa kununkhira ndi kukoma kwa Xiyan. Kuzungulira kupita kuzungulira, kugwedeza kumachuluka komanso kumakhala kwamphamvu, kupumula kumakhala kwautali, mzere wa masamba umakhala wokhuthala.
• Kukhazikika (杀青 — shāqīng): Kutentha kwakukulu, mwachangu, mpaka kukhazikika kofanana ndi kokwanira.
• Kukulunga (揉捻 — róuniǎn): Kusinthanitsa kukanikiza ndi kumasula, mpaka zikulungidwe zolimba ndi kuwonongeka kwapakati kwa maselo.
• Kuumitsa (烘焙 — hōngbèi): Kawiri. Choyamba — pa 150 °C kwa mphindi 20–30. Chachiwiri — pa 100 °C, motalika, «pamoto wofooka m’mzere wochepa» (文火薄焙). Tsamba limasinthidwa nthawi ndi nthawi kuti litenthedwe ndi kuuma mofanana.
• Kukonza (精制 — jīngzhì): Kuphatikiza magulu, kusefa, kuwuluka, kusankha pamanja, kutenthetsanso ndi kulongedza.

Mlingo wa okosijeni m’mawerengero sunatchulidwe m’chikalata.

6. Makhalidwe a Organoleptic

• Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: Malinga ndi chikalata — zikulungidwe zazikulu, zolimba, zodzaza, zosalala ndi zofanana (条索肥壮紧结，饱满光滑匀整); mtundu wachikasu-bulauni, wamafuta (黄褐油润).
• Kununkhira kwa tsamba louma: Sikunafotokozedwe padera; palibe deta m’magwero omwe adapezeka.
• Kununkhira kwa madzi: Wamaluwa ndi uchi, woyera ndi wachilengedwe, wokhuthala ndi wokhalitsa (花蜜香味，清香天然，香浓持久).
• Kukoma: Kokhuthala, kofewa ndi kotsekemera, kodzaza ndi chatsopano, ndi kubwerera kotsekemera kwabwino (醇厚甘润、浓醇鲜爽、回甘性好).
• Mtundu wa madzi: Walalanje-wachikasu, wowala, ndi kachikasu ka golide (橙黄明亮、略显金黄).
• Tsamba lotsalira (pambuyo pa kuthira): Lobiriwira lofewa, lofanana, lofewa ndi lowala (嫩绿，匀齐柔亮).

Tsamba la boma limafotokoza tiyi mosiyana, m’njira yobiriwira kwambiri: zikulungidwe zolimba ndi zopindika, zobiriwira ngati emerald ndi chowala chamafuta (条索紧结卷曲，色泽翠绿油光), madzi obiriwira-achikasu (汤色绿黄明亮), kununkhira kwakukulu kwamaluwa, kukoma kofewa ndi kwatsopano. Kusiyana ndi chikalata sikukufotokozedwa ndi magwero.

7. Zomwe Zili mu Mankhwala

Chikalata chimapereka miyezo: zinthu zosungunuka m’madzi — zosachepera 36 %, polyphenols a tiyi — zosachepera 21 %, chinyezi — osapitirira 6.0 %, zing’onozing’ono — osapitirira 1.0 %, phulusa — osapitirira 6.0 %. Muyeso wa caffeine m’zolemba zomwe zidakopidwa ukuwonetsedwa ndi cholakwika chodziwikiratu, choncho sukuperekedwa pano.

8. Kuthira

Mchitidwe wa gulu la wulong. Palibe malangizo apadera m’chikalata.

• Kutentha kwa madzi: 95–100 °C.
• Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 6–8 g pa 110–150 ml.
• Zida: Gaiwan kapena ketulo yaying’ono yadongo.
• Ndondomeko:
  1. Kutenthetsa zida.
  2. Kuyika tiyi.
  3. Kumutsuka mwachangu ndi madzi otentha ndi kuthira.
  4. Kuthira koyamba — masekondi 10–20.
  5. Kuthira kwathunthu.
  6. Kuthiranso mobwerezabwereza ndikuwonjezera pang’ono nthawi; wulong amapirira kuthira kochuluka.

9. Kusunga

Mchitidwe wa gulu la wulong. M’paketi yotsekedwa, pamalo ozizira amdima owuma, opanda fungo lakunja.

10. Mtengo ndi Zachinyengo

Palibe deta yamitengo m’magwero omwe adapezeka.

• Momwe mungapewere zachinyengo:
  • Kufufuza pa paketi chizindikiro cha chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha dera.
  • Kutsimikizira kuti wopanga ali m’matawuni a Fenglang m’boma la Dabu: dera lachitetezo — ndi lomweli lokha.
  • Tsamba louma — zikulungidwe zazikulu zolimba zachikasu-bulauni ndi chowala chamafuta.
  • Madzi — walalanje-wachikasu ndi wowala, kununkhira — kwamaluwa ndi uchi.

11. Zinthu Zosangalatsa

• Xiyan Wulongcha amakololedwa kokha m’chaka — kukolola kamodzi pachaka, kuyambira March mpaka pakati pa May.
• Chikalata chimafuna kuumitsa kwa magawo awiri: 150 °C, kenako 100 °C «pamoto wofooka».
• Khalidwe la tiyi boma limalifotokoza ndi mawu asanu: woyera, wonunkhira, wotsekemera, wosalala, wofewa.
• M’chilengezo cha 2013, tiyi adatetezedwa pamodzi ndi mazira a bakha, mtedza ndi makeke a mwezi.

12. Kufanizira ndi ma wulong ena

• Lingtou Dancong (岭头单丛): Wulong wa boma la Raoping m’dera loyandikana la Chaozhou, wotchulidwa mwa mtundu. Chikalata cha Xiyan sichitchula mitundu — kokha mitundu yapakati ndi yaying’ono ya masamba a wulong ndi mitundu ya mdera.
• Xingning Dancong (兴宁单丛): Wulong wa mzinda womwewo wa Meizhou, wochokera ku boma lina.
• Dancong (单枞): Dzina lodziwika la ma wulong a Guangdong, omwe mwambiri amapangidwa kuchokera ku zitsamba zosiyana; Xiyan Wulongcha ndi chinthu chapadera chokhala ndi chikalata chake ndi dera la tawuni imodzi.

Pomaliza:

Xiyan Wulongcha ndi wulong wa tawuni imodzi yamapiri kumpoto chakum’mawa kwa Guangdong, ndi minda pamwamba pa 1250 m ndi kukolola kamodzi kokha m’chaka. Chikalata chake chimalongosola zonse kuyambira dothi mpaka kuumitsa: mphukira ndi masamba awiri kapena atatu, kufota padzuwa, kugwedeza kochuluka, kuumitsa kwa magawo awiri pa 150 ndi 100 °C. Mu kapu — kununkhira kwamaluwa ndi uchi, madzi alalanje-wachikasu ndi kutsekemera kwautali; boma limafupikitsa khalidwe lake m’mawu asanu — woyera, wonunkhira, wotsekemera, wosalala, wofewa.

Magwero

Miyezo

• DB44/T 1961-2017

Chizindikiro cha malo

• 原质检总局地理标志产品保护 №2013年第81号

Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero