I-Xiyan Wulongcha (Xīyán wūlóngchá, 西岩乌龙茶) iwulong yezintaba zase-Xiyanshan esigodini sase-Fenglang esifundeni sase-Dabu (大埔县) ngaphansi kwedolobha lase-Meizhou enyakatho-mpumalanga yesifundazwe sase-Guangdong. Ngokwesichazamazwi sesifunda, amasimu alele ngaphezu kuka-1250 m, futhi isimilo setiye sichazwa ngamagama amahlanu: 清、香、甘、滑、醇 — ihlanzekile, inephunga elimnandi, imnandi, ibushelelezi, ithambile. Ngo-2013 itiye lathola ukuvikelwa njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo, futhi idokhumenti yalokhu iningiliziwe: inhlabathi, izikhathi kanye nezinga lokuqoqa, ubuchwepheshe obunamazinga okushisa omiswa, ukubukeka kanye nezindinganiso zomzimba namakhemikhali.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: I-wulong (乌龙茶, wūlóngchá), ebilisiwe kancane. Isigaba sichazwe egameni; ubuchwepheshe ngokwedokhumenti — ukubuna elangeni, ukunyakazisa ngokuphumula, ukulungisa, ukusonga, ukomisa — ubuchwepheshe be-wulong.
- Isigaba: I-wulong yezintaba eziphakeme enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Guangdong; umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo (2013).
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Guangdong (广东, Guǎngdōng), idolobha lase-Meizhou (梅州, Méizhōu), isifunda sase-Dabu (大埔县, Dàbù xiàn), isigodi sase-Fenglang (枫朗镇, Fēnglǎng zhèn), izintaba zase-Xiyanshan (西岩山, Xīyán shān).
- Indawo evikeliwe: Indawo yamanje yokuphatha yesigodi sase-Fenglang esifundeni sase-Dabu.
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: Isifunda sase-Dabu — cishe 24.4° enyakatho kanye no-116.7° empumalanga.
2. Umlando kanye nokubaluleka kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- 1995. Ngokwemininingwane yesifunda, i-Xiyan Wulongcha yathola indondo yesiliva embukisweni wesibili wezolimo wase-China.
- 2013. I-General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) ngesimemezelo esingu-No. 81 (esayinwe ngomhla ka-26 Juni, sashicilelwa ngomhla ka-3 Julayi 2013) yathatha itiye phezu kokuvikelwa njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo. Lesi simemezelo savikela amagama amahlanu — amaqanda amadada ezinhlobo ezimbili zase-Yuyao, amakhestnut ase-Fengkai, amakhekhe enyanga ase-Wuchuan naleli tiye; itiye phakathi kwabo lilodwa.
- 2017. Isifundazwe sase-Guangdong sagunyaza indinganiso yendawo i-DB44/T 1961-2017 «Umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo. I-Xiyan Wulongcha» (地理标志产品 西岩乌龙茶); isebenza kusukela ngomhla ka-10 Juni 2017. Ababhali — iqembu lendawo letiye kanye nezinkonzo zesifunda zekhwalithi nezolimo.
- Igama:
- «I-Xiyan» (西岩) — «idwala lasentshonalanga», igama lentaba.
- «I-Wulongcha» (乌龙茶, wūlóngchá) — «i-wulong».
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Isizindalwazi sesifunda sibeka i-Xiyan Wulongcha ohlwini lwemikhiqizo ekhethekile yama-Hakka yase-Dabu. Emithambekeni efanayo kwenziwa namanye ama-wulong: isizindalwazi sikhuluma eduze kwalo nge-«Xiyan dancong» (西岩单丛), kuhlanganise nangendlela yamabhola, kanye nohlobo lwe-«Huangzhixiang» (黄枝香), olutshalwa ekuphakameni kwe-1250 m kusukela ngo-1993.
3. Incazelo yezitshalo kanye nezinto ezingavuthiwe
- Uhlobo / I-cultivar: Ngokwedokhumenti — izinhlobo ze-wulong ezinamaqabunga aphakathi namancane kanye nenani lendawo (中小叶乌龙茶品种及当地群体种); izinhlobo eziqondile azishiwongo. Izithombo — ezingafani nembewu, ezingama-clone (无性系).
- Ukuqoqa: Kuphela entwasahlobo, kanye ngonyaka — kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-March kuze kube maphakathi no-May.
- Izinga lokuqoqa: Ihlumela elineqhuzu elimile kanye namaqabunga amabili noma amathathu (驻芽两叶, 驻芽三叶). Okungcono kakhulu — «iqabunga elivulekile eliphakathi» (中开面), lapho ehlumeni kwakheke ipheya lamaqabunga ngaphandle kokukhula kweqhuzu (对夹叶).
- Izidingo zempahla eluhlaza: Iqabunga alicindezelwa futhi alishiswa elangeni; akufanele libe namazolo noma amanzi emvula.
4. I-terroir kanye nezici zokutshala
- Isifunda: Izintaba zase-Xiyanshan esigodini sase-Fenglang esifundeni sase-Dabu.
- Ukuphakama kokutshala: Ngokwemininingwane yesifunda — ngaphezu kwe-1250 m ngaphezu kolwandle. Idokhumenti yengeza ukuthi inhlabathi ephuzi nebomvu yendawo ilele ekuphakameni kusuka ku-500 kuya ku-1000 m nangaphezulu.
- Inhlabathi: Ngokwedokhumenti — izinhlobo ezine: inhlabathi ephuzi, inhlabathi ebomvu, inhlabathi ebomvu ye-laterite kanye nenhlabathi yelayisi. E-Xiyanshan kunenhlabathi ephuzi-bomvu — ethambile, emanzi, evundile. I-pH 3.9–4.7, izinto eziphilayo — 2.3–4.0 (amayunithi awashiwongo ekubhaleni kabusha).
- Isimo sezulu: Ayikho imininingwane etholakala emithonjeni etholiwe.
5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza
Ngokwedokhumenti uchungechunge lunjengalokhu: ukuqoqa → ukubuna elangeni → ukunyakazisa ngokuphumula → ukulungisa → ukusonga → ukomisa; bese kuba ukuqedela.
- Ukubuna elangeni (晒青 — shàiqīng): Ngendwala encane, elangeni elilula — kungcono kusukela ngo-9 kuya ku-11 ekuseni noma kusukela ngo-16 kuya ku-17. Iqabunga lilahlekelwa cishe u-15% womswakama, liba mnyama, amaqabunga aphezulu ayalenga.
- Ukunyakazisa (做青 — zuòqīng): Ukunyakazisa (碰青, 摇青) kushintshaniswa nokuphumula izikhathi eziningana. Idokhumenti ibiza lesi sigaba ngokuthi siyisihluthulelo sephunga nokunambitheka kwe-Xiyan. Kusuka emjikelezweni kuya komunye ukunyakazisa kuba kukhulu futhi kunamandla, ukuphumula kuba kude, ungqimba lweqabunga lube lukhulu.
- Ukulungisa (杀青 — shāqīng): Izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, ngokushesha, kuze kube ukulungiswa okulinganayo nokuphelele.
- Ukusonga (揉捻 — róuniǎn): Ngokushintshanisa ukucindezela nokukhulula, kuze kube imigoqo eminyene ngokucekelwa phansi okulinganiselwe kwamaseli.
- Ukomisa (烘焙 — hōngbèi): Kabili. Okokuqala — ku-150 °C imizuzu engu-20–30. Okwesibili — ku-100 °C, isikhathi eside, «emlilweni obuthakathaka ngongqimba oluncane» (文火薄焙). Iqabunga liyanyakaziswa ngesikhathi ukuze lishise futhi lome ngokulinganayo.
- Ukuqedela (精制 — jīngzhì): Ukuhlanganisa amaqoqo, ukuhlunga, ukupepeta, ukukhetha ngesandla, ukuphinda ukushisa nokupakisha.
Izinga le-oxidation ngamadijithi alibekiwe kudokhumenti.
6. Izici ze-Organoleptic
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Ngokwedokhumenti — imigoqo emikhulu, eminyene, egcwele, ebushelelezi futhi elinganayo (条索肥壮紧结，饱满光滑匀整); umbala uphuzi-nsundu, onamafutha (黄褐油润).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Alichazwanga ngokwehlukana; ayikho imininingwane etholakala emithonjeni etholiwe.
- Iphunga lokukhishwa: Iphunga lezimbali noju, lihlanzekile futhi lingokwemvelo, lijulile futhi lihlala njalo (花蜜香味，清香天然，香浓持久).
- Ukunambitheka: Okujiyile, okuthambile futhi okumnandi, okugcwele futhi okusha, nokubuya okumnandi okuhle (醇厚甘润、浓醇鲜爽、回甘性好).
- Umbala wokukhishwa: Ophuzi-osawolintshi, ogqamile, onombala osagolide (橙黄明亮、略显金黄).
- Ingaphansi letiye (iqabunga elibilisiwe): Luhlaza okotshani obuthambile, elilinganayo, lithambile futhi licwebezela (嫩绿，匀齐柔亮).
Isizindalwazi sesifunda sichaza itiye ngendlela ehlukile, ngendlela eluhlaza kakhulu: imigoqo iminyene futhi isongekile, iluhlaza okwesimaragidu ngokucwebezela okunamafutha (条索紧结卷曲，色泽翠绿油光), ukukhishwa kuphuzi-luhlaza (汤色绿黄明亮), iphunga liphezulu lezimbali, ukunambitheka kuthambile futhi kusha. Umehluko nedokhumenti awuchazwanga yimithombo.
7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali
Idokhumenti ibeka izindinganiso: izinto ezincibilikayo emanzini — okungenani u-36 %, ama-polyphenols etiye — okungenani u-21 %, umswakama — hhayi ngaphezu kwe-6.0 %, imfucumfucu — hhayi ngaphezu kwe-1.0 %, umlotha — hhayi ngaphezu kwe-6.0 %. Indinganiso ye-caffeine ekubhalweni kabusha etholakele inephutha elicacile, ngakho ayinikezwanga lapha.
8. Ukwenziwa kwetiye
Umkhuba wesigaba se-wulong. Azikho izincomo ezihlukile kudokhumenti.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 95–100 °C.
- Ubuningi betiye: 6–8 g nge-110–150 ml.
- Izitsha: I-gaiwan noma i-teapot encane yobumba.
- Inqubo:
- Shisisa izitsha.
- Faka itiye.
- Ligeze ngokushesha ngamanzi ashisayo bese ulithulula.
- Ukukhishwa kokuqala — imizuzwana engu-10–20.
- Thela konke.
- Ukuphinda uthele ngokwengeza isikhathi esincane; i-wulong ikwazi ukumelana nokuthelwa okuningi.
9. Ukugcinwa
Umkhuba wesigaba se-wulong. Ephakeji elivalekile, endaweni epholile emnyama eyomile, ngaphandle kwephunga langaphandle.
10. Intengo kanye nokukhwabanisa
Ayikho imininingwane ngezintengo emithonjeni etholiwe.
- Uzivikela kanjani ekukhwabaniseni:
- Funa ephakejini uphawu lomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
- Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi usesigodini sase-Fenglang esifundeni sase-Dabu: indawo evikeliwe yisona kuphela.
- Iqabunga elomile — imigoqo emikhulu eminyene ephuzi-nsundu enokucwebezela okunamafutha.
- Ukukhishwa — ophuzi-osawolintshi futhi ogqamile, iphunga — lezimbali noju.
11. Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- I-Xiyan Wulongcha iqoqwa entwasahlobo kuphela — ukuqoqwa kanye ngonyaka, kusukela ngo-March kuya maphakathi no-May.
- Idokhumenti idinga ukomisa ngezigaba ezimbili: 150 °C, bese kuba ngu-100 °C «emlilweni obuthakathaka».
- Isimilo setiye isifunda sichaza ngamagama amahlanu: lihlanzekile, linephunga elimnandi, limnandi, libushelelezi, lithambile.
- Esimemezelweni sika-2013 itiye livikelwe kanye namaqanda amadada, amakhestnut namakhekhe enyanga.
12. Ukuqhathanisa namanye ama-wulong
- I-Lingtou Dancong (岭头单丛): I-wulong yesifunda sase-Raoping esifundeni esingumakhelwane sase-Chaozhou, eqanjwe ngohlobo. Idokhumenti ye-Xiyan ayisho izinhlobo — kuphela izinhlobo ze-wulong ezinamaqabunga aphakathi namancane kanye nenani lendawo.
- I-Xingning Dancong (兴宁单丛): I-wulong yesifunda esifanayo sase-Meizhou, evela kwesinye isifunda.
- I-Dancong (单枞): Igama elijwayelekile lama-wulong ase-Guangdong, ngokomlando enziwa ezihlahleni ezihlukene; i-Xiyan Wulongcha ingumkhiqizo ohlukile onedokhumenti yawo nendawo yawo yesigodi esisodwa.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Xiyan Wulongcha iwulong yesigodi esisodwa sezintaba enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Guangdong, enamasimu angaphezu kwe-1250 m kanye nokuqoqwa okukodwa entwasahlobo ngonyaka. Idokhumenti yayo ichaza konke kusukela enhlabathini kuya ekomiseni: ihlumela elinamaqabunga amabili noma amathathu, ukubuna elangeni, ukunyakazisa okuphindaphindiwe, ukomisa ngezigaba ezimbili ku-150 kanye ne-100 °C. Enkomishini — iphunga lezimbali noju, ukukhishwa okuphuzi-osawolintshi kanye nobumnandi obuhlala isikhathi eside; isifunda sifingqa isimilo sayo ngamagama amahlanu — lihlanzekile, linephunga elimnandi, limnandi, libushelelezi, lithambile.
Imithombo
Amazinga
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo