Wànzhōu yínzhēn

Wanzhou Yinzhen (Wànzhōu yínzhēn, 万州银针) ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa maonekedwe a singano wochokera ku chigawo cha Wanzhou (万州区) kumpoto chakum’mawa kwa Chongqing. Dzinali linalembedwa ngati chizindikiro cha geographical certification No. 12268124 (chili mu lipoti la Bungwe la Zizindikiro la 2014), ndipo kuyambira 2025 tiyiyu ali ndi muyezo wa dera la Chongqing DB50/T 1948—2025. Muyezowu umanena mwachindunji kuti ndi tiyi wobiriwira ndipo umatchula dera, mitundu ya zomera, masamba a tiyi, teknoloji yokhala ndi fixation, ndi maonekedwe. «Yinzhen» — «singano ya siliva» — apa ndi dzina la maonekedwe: tsamba likufanana ndi singano ya paini.

1. Magulu ndi Chiyambi

Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá), wopanda kuwotcha (non-fermented). Gwilo limakhazikitsidwa ndi chikalata: muyezo DB50/T 1948—2025 umatanthauzira Wanzhou Yinzhen ngati tiyi wobiriwira, ndipo teknoloji yake imaphatikizapo fixation (杀青, shāqīng). Mawu oti «singano» sakonza gwilo — amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa tiyi woyera ndi wachikasu komanso.
Gulu: Tiyi wobiriwira wa maonekedwe a singano (针形绿茶, zhēnxíng lǜchá); geographical certification mark ndi muyezo wa dera la Chongqing.
Chiyambi: China, mzinda wolamulidwa ndi boma la Chongqing (重庆, Chóngqìng), chigawo cha Wanzhou (万州, Wànzhōu).
Dera: Malinga ndi muyezo — chigawo cha Wanzhou, ndipo mwachindunji matauni ndi mitsinje 21 pa kutalika kochepera 1200 m: matauni a 太安, 新田, 分水, 孙家, 高梁, 长滩, 龙驹, 白土, 新乡, 后山, 弹子, 余家, 长岭, 李河 ndi mitsinje ya 铁峰, 梨树, 长坪, 燕山, 溪口, 茨竹, 恒合 (Tujia ethnic township).
Mkhalidwe wa chitetezo: Chizindikiro No. 12268124 pa katundu «tiyi» chatsimikizidwa pa tsiku la gwero (2014). Muyezowu uli pa nsanja ya dziko la miyezo ya dera monga wogwira ntchito.
Malo ogwirira ntchito malinga ndi mapu: Malinga ndi muyezo — kuyambira 107°52′22″ mpaka 108°53′52″ kum’mawa ndi kuyambira 30°23′50″ mpaka 31°0′18″ kumpoto.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe

Mbiri:
- 2014. Chizindikiro No. 12268124 chili mu lipoti la pachaka la Bungwe la Zizindikiro la 2014 pa mndandanda wa zizindikiro zatsopano za geographical. Mwini malinga ndi lipotilo — Chongqing Wanzhou Yinzhen Tea Research Institute (重庆万州银针茶叶研究所).
- 19 December 2025. Bungwe la Kuyang’anira Msika la Chongqing linatulutsa muyezo DB50/T 1948—2025 «Goods with geographical indication. Wanzhou Yinzhen»; ukugwira ntchito kuyambira 19 March 2026. Muyezowu unaperekedwa ndi Center for Development of Technical Crops of Wanzhou District (重庆市万州区经济作物发展中心), yemwenso ndi woyamba mwa olemba. Wolemba wachiwiri — Chongqing Wanzhou Yinhong Tea Research Institute (重庆万州银红茶叶研究所): dzina lake limasiyana ndi dzina la mwini chizindikiro ndi chilembo chimodzi, 红 m’malo mwa 针. Zimenezi zalembedwa mu mawu oyamba a muyezo komanso mu khadi la muyezo pa nsanja ya dziko, kutanthauza kuti si cholakwika cha tsamba limodzi. Kaya uku ndi kusintha dzina kapena kusiyana, magwero opezeka sakunena: palibe chidziwitso chosintha dzina la mwini chizindikiro, choncho mwini pano watchulidwa yemwe walembedwa mu lipoti.
- Mbiri yakale kwambiri — chaka chomwe tiyiyu anapangidwa, mayina, mphoto — palibe m’magwero opezeka.
Dzina: 万州 (Wànzhōu) — dzina la chigawo; 银针 (yínzhēn) — «singano ya siliva». Muyezowu umafotokoza tsamba ngati «lofanana ndi singano ya paini» (形似松针) lokhala ndi tsitsi loyera, ndipo potanthauzira liwu mu Chingelezi amatcha tiyiyu ngati tiyi wobiriwira wa singano.
Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe: Palibe deta m’magwero opezeka.

3. Kufotokozera Kwachomera ndi Masamba a Tiyi

Mtundu / Cultivar: Malinga ndi muyezo — mitundu yabwinoko yomwe imalimidwa m’derali, makamaka yapakati ndi yaying’ono: Sichuan medium-small leaf (四川中小叶种), Fuding Dabaicha (福鼎大白茶) ndi Bayu Tezao (巴渝特早).
Kuthyola: Muyezowu suchula nthawi ya kuthyola.
Muyezo wa kuthyola: Masamba atsopano amagawidwa m’magulu atatu, ndipo lirilonse limakonzedwa padera:
- Wapamwamba (特级): kupitirira 90 % — masamba a budi okha, otsala — budi ndi tsamba limodzi lomwe langoyamba kumasuka.
- Woyamba (一级): kupitirira 90 % — budi ndi tsamba limodzi.
- Wachiwiri (二级): kupitirira 90 % — budi ndi masamba awiri.
Zofunikira pa masamba: Mbudzi ndi masamba osweka, atsopano, oyera, opanda mamba, «masamba a nsomba» (鱼叶, tsamba loyamba losakula la mphukira) ndi masamba odwala, opanda kuwonongeka ndi kuwola, opanda zinthu zakunja.

4. Terroir ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima

Zonse zomwe zili m’munsiyi ndi zofunikira za muyezo DB50/T 1948—2025 pa dera.

Kutalika kwa kulima: Kochepera 1200 m.
Nyengo: Kutentha kwapakati pachaka 17.0–18.4 °C, kutsika kwambiri osachepera −2 °C, kutentha kwapakati kwa January osachepera 3 °C. Kuwala kwa dzuwa — kupitirira maola 1400 pachaka, mvula — kupitirira 1200 mm, nthawi yopanda chisanu — kupitirira masiku 335.
Dothi: Makamaka dothi lofiirira (紫色土) ndi dothi lachikasu (黄壤). Organic matter osachepera 1.5 %, reaction acidic, pH 4.5–6.0, makulidwe a dothi osachepera 0.8 m, madzi apansi panthaka ozama kupitirira 1 m.

5. Teknoloji Yopangira

Muyezowu umakhazikitsa ndondomeko: spreading → fixation → cooling → first rolling → «second green» → second rolling → breaking lumps → shaping → drying → refining → packaging.

Kuyala (摊放 — tānfàng): Masamba amayalidwa malinga ndi magulu ndi magawo osanjikiza 3–8 cm, akutembenuzidwa mosamala pafupifupi aliyense maola awiri, mpaka chinyezi 68–72 %; nthawi zambiri maola 4–8.
Kukonza kapena Fixation (杀青 — shāqīng): Nthawi yomweyo pambuyo pa kuyala — mu makina a drum, hot-air kapena steam. Kutsiriza: tsamba ladetsedwa, lafika lofewa, fungo la udzu latha, tsamba lofinyidwa mu mpira limamasuka, tsinde limapinda osathyoka.
Kuziziritsa (冷却 — lěngquè): Mofulumira, mpaka kutentha kwa chipinda.
Kugudubuza koyamba (初揉 — chūróu): Mu makina a disc malinga ndi lamulo «mopepuka — mwamphamvu — mopepuka».
«Second green» (二青 — èrqīng): Kufutsitsa mu belt dryer — 100–120 °C, kuyambira 1 mpaka 4 mphindi kutengera makina — kapena mu dynamic dryer pa 90–130 °C kwa mphindi 2–3, mpaka chinyezi pafupifupi 40–45 %, ndi kuziziritsa mwamsanga.
Kugudubuza kwachiwiri (复揉 — fùróu) ndi kuswa magulu (解块 — jiěkuài).
Kukonza maonekedwe (做形 — zuòxíng): Pa makina ogwedezeka owongola masamba: tray 80–110 °C, mphindi 8–12. Apa tsamba limatambasulidwa kukhala singano.
Kuyanika (干燥 — gānzào): Mu belt dryer kawiri, mpaka chinyezi chochepera 6 %; pa kuyanika koyamba muyezowu umapereka 80–120 °C.
Kukonza bwino (精制 — jīngzhì): Tiyi amagawidwa pa sieve, winnower ndi colour sorter malinga ndi kutalika, makulidwe, kulemera ndi mtundu, kuchotsa zonyansa ndi kugwirizanitsa malinga ndi magulu.

6. Makhalidwe a Kununkhira

Muyezowu umagawaniza tiyi wokonzeka m’magulu atatu — wapamwamba, woyamba ndi wachiwiri.

Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Gwilo lapamwamba — «ngati singano ya paini» (形似松针), yolimba ndi yopyapyala, ndi tsitsi loyera lowoneka (白毫显露) ndi nsonga yakuthwa (有锋苗); mtundu watsopano wa emerald, wonyezimira ngati mafuta (青翠油润); tsamba lofanana, tinthu tating’ono ting’ono ta tsinde ndi kololedwa. Kwa magulu oyamba ndi achiwiri tsitsi limangowoneka pang’ono; kwa lachiwiri tsinde ndi masamba amaloledwa.
Fungo la masamba owuma: Muyezowu suufotokoza padera: fungo limayesedwa pa infusion.
Fungo la infusion: Gwilo lapamwamba — fungo lalitali la chestnut (栗香高长); loyamba — chestnut (栗香); lachiwiri — loyera (清香).
Kukoma: Gwilo lapamwamba ndi loyamba — kwatsopano, kolimbikitsa, ndi kubwerera kotsekemera (鲜爽回甘); lachiwiri — kwatsopano ndi kolimbikitsa (鲜爽).
Mtundu wa infusion: Gwilo lapamwamba — wobiriwira wofewa, wowala (嫩绿明亮); loyamba — wobiriwira, wowala (绿明亮); lachiwiri — wobiriwira wachikasu, wowala (黄绿明亮).
Masamba otsala pambuyo kumwetsa: Gwilo lapamwamba — lofewa, lofatsa, lobiriwira ndi lowala (柔嫩、绿明亮); loyamba — lobiriwira lofewa, lowala; lachiwiri — lobiriwira, lowala.

7. Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala

Muyezowu umayika miyezo ya physicochemical pa magulu onse:

Chinyezi: osapitirira 6.0 %.
Phulusa lonse: osapitirira 7.5 %.
Zinthu zotuluka m’madzi: osachepera 34 %.
Fiber yaiwisi: osapitirira 16.0 %.
Zonyansa ndi fumbi: osapitirira 6.0 %.

Polyphenols, amino acid ndi caffeine muyezowu suyika miyezo; palibe deta ina ya kapangidwe m’magwero opezeka.

8. Kumwetsa

Njira ya gulu la tiyi wobiriwira.

Kutentha kwa madzi: 80–85 °C.
Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml.
Zotengera: Kapu yagalasi kapena gaiwan yoyera.
Njira:
1. Tenthetsa chotengera.
2. Ikani tiyi ndikutsanulira madzi m’mbali.
3. Infusion yoyamba — pakadutsa masekondi 40–60.
4. Imwani, kusiya mbali ya infusion.
5. Onjezani madzi.
6. Mutha kuthira kawiri kapena katatu.

9. Kusunga

Njira ya gulu. Muyezowu umalozera ku muyezo wa dziko wa kusunga tiyi (GB/T 30375). Kunyumba — m’zotengera zotsekedwa bwino, mufiriji pa 0–5 °C, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo; bwino kumwa mkati mwa chaka.

10. Mtengo ndi Zonyenga

Palibe deta ya mitengo m’magwero opezeka.

Momwe mungapewere zonyenga:
- Fufuzani geographical certification mark No. 12268124.
- Onani kulemba: malinga ndi muyezo pa bokosi amalemba gulu, malo opangira ndi nambala ya muyezo.
- Maonekedwe malinga ndi muyezo: singano zowongoka zokhala ndi tsitsi, fungo la chestnut la infusion.
- Osasokoneza ndi Baihao Yinzhen wa Fujian: mawu ofanana a «singano» sakupangitsa tiyi kukhala achibale.

11. Zinthu Zosangalatsa

Muyezo wa dera unabwera patatha zaka khumi ndi chimodzi kuchokera kulembetsa chizindikiro: chizindikiro — 2014, muyezo — 2025.
Muyezowu umalola njira zitatu za fixation — ndi nthunzi, mpweya wotentha ndi m’drum.
Wanzhou si «singano ya siliva» yokha ku Chongqing: palinso tiyi wobiriwira wa Banan Yinzhen. Kaya dzina lake limatetezedwa ndi geographical indication, magwero opezeka sakunena: tsamba la boma la Chongqing lonena za izi limatchula maudindo ndi mphoto, koma osati chizindikiro.

12. Kufanizira ndi «singano» zina

Banan Yinzhen (巴南银针): Tiyi wobiriwira wa singano wa chigawo cha Banan cha Chongqing chomwecho, ndi minda pa phiri la Baixiangshan.
Kaixian Longzhu Cha (开县龙珠茶): Tiyi wobiriwira wamapiri wa chigawo cha Kaizhou, komanso kumpoto chakum’mawa kwa Chongqing, wokhala ndi tsamba lopyapyala lowongoka ndi tsitsi loyera.
Baihao Yinzhen (白毫银针): Tiyi woyera wa Fujian wochokera ku mabudi okha — kungowumitsa ndi kuyanika, popanda fixation.
Junshan Yinzhen (君山银针): Tiyi wachikasu wochokera ku mabudi ndi sweltering, kuchokera pachilumba cha Junshan ku Hunan.

Mawu Omaliza:

Wanzhou Yinzhen — tiyi wobiriwira wa singano wa kumpoto chakum’mawa kwa Chongqing: chizindikiro kuyambira 2014, muyezo wake kuyambira 2025. Malinga ndi muyezo awa ndi minda yochepera 1200 m, masamba kuyambira budi limodzi mpaka budi ndi masamba awiri, fixation ndi kuwongola kukhala singano, ndipo mu kapu — fungo la chestnut ndi kukoma kwatsopano ndi kubwerera kotsekemera. Mbiri ndi mitengo magwero sakupereka, koma maonekedwe ndi teknoloji tsopano zitha kuyerekezedwa ndi chikalata.