Wànzhōu yínzhēn

Wanzhou Yinzhen (Wànzhōu yínzhēn, 万州银针) itiye eliluhlaza elimise okwenaliti lasesifundeni sase-Wanzhou (万州区) enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Chongqing. Igama libhaliswe njengophawu lwesitifiketi sezindawo No. 12268124 (litholakala embikweni we-Bureau of Trademarks wango-2014), kanti kusukela ngo-2025 itiye linomkhombandlela wendawo wase-Chongqing DB50/T 1948—2025. Umkhombandlela ulubiza ngqo ngokuthi itiye eliluhlaza futhi ubeka indawo, izinhlobo, izinto zokusetshenziswa, ubuchwepheshe obunokulungiswa nokubukeka. «Yinzhen» — «inaliti yesiliva» — lapha igama lesimo: iqabunga lifana nenaliti likaphayini.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá), elingabiliswanga. Isigaba sibekwe umqulu: umkhombandlela DB50/T 1948—2025 uchaza i-Wanzhou Yinzhen njengetiye eliluhlaza, futhi ubuchwepheshe bayo buhlanganisa ukulungisa (杀青, shāqīng). Igama elithi «inaliti» alinqumi isigaba — lisetshenziswa amatiye amhlophe nawaphuzi.
Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza elimise okwenaliti (针形绿茶, zhēnxíng lǜchá); uphawu lwesitifiketi sezindawo kanye nomkhombandlela wendawo wase-Chongqing.
Imvelaphi: I-China, umasipala obuswa ngqo yi-Chongqing (重庆, Chóngqìng), isifunda sase-Wanzhou (万州, Wànzhōu).
Indawo: Ngokomkhombandlela — isifunda sase-Wanzhou, ikakhulukazi amalokishi angama-21 nezifunda ezingaphansi kuka-1200 m ukuphakama: amalokishi 太安, 新田, 分水, 孙家, 高梁, 长滩, 龙驹, 白土, 新乡, 后山, 弹子, 余家, 长岭, 李河 kanye nezifunda 铁峰, 梨树, 长坪, 燕山, 溪口, 茨竹, 恒合 (isifunda sesizwe sase-Tujia).
Isimo sokuvikelwa: Uphawu No. 12268124 lomkhiqizo «itiye» luqinisekiswa ngosuku lomthombo (2014). Umkhombandlela usohlwini lwenkundla kazwelonke yemikhombandlela yendawo njengosebenzayo.
Izixhumanisi zendawo: Ngokomkhombandlela — kusuka ku-107°52′22″ kuya ku-108°53′52″ E futhi kusuka ku-30°23′50″ kuya ku-31°0′18″ N.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Umlando:
- 2014. Uphawu No. 12268124 luvela embikweni wonyaka we-Bureau of Trademarks wango-2014 ohlwini lwezimpawu ezintsha zezindawo. Umnikazi ngokwembiko — i-Chongqing Wanzhou Yinzhen Tea Research Institute (重庆万州银针茶叶研究所).
- 19 Disemba 2025. I-Chongqing Market Supervision Administration yakhipha umkhombandlela DB50/T 1948—2025 «Umkhiqizo onophawu lwezindawo. I-Wanzhou Yinzhen»; usebenza kusukela mhla ziyi-19 kuNdasa 2026. Umkhombandlela uhlongozwe yi-Wanzhou District Economic Crop Development Centre (重庆市万州区经济作物发展中心), futhi yilo eliqala ohlwini lwabaqambi. Umqambi wesibili — i-Chongqing Wanzhou Yinhong Tea Research Institute (重庆万州银红茶叶研究所): igama lawo lihluke egameni lomnikazi wophawu ngohlamvu olulodwa, 红 esikhundleni sika-针. Libhalwe kanjalo kokubili esandulelweni somkhombandlela nasemakadini omkhombandlela enkundleni kazwelonke, okusho ukuthi akulona iphutha lekhasi elilodwa. Ukuthi kungukuqanjwa kabusha noma ukungafani, imithombo etholakele ayisho: akukho mininingwane ngokushintsha kwegama lomnikazi wophawu kuyo, ngakho umnikazi lapha uqanjwe njengalowo obhalwe embikweni.
- Umlando wangaphambili — unyaka wokuvela kwetiye, amagama, imiklomelo — awukho emithonjeni etholakele.
Igama: 万州 (Wànzhōu) — igama lesifunda; 银针 (yínzhēn) — «inaliti yesiliva». Umkhombandlela uchaza iqabunga ngokuthi «lifana nenaliti likaphayini» (形似松针) ngoboya obumhlophe, kanti ekuhumusheni ngesiNgisi kwegama ubiza itiye ngetiye eliluhlaza elimise okwenaliti.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Akukho mininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa

Izinhlobo / I-Cultivar: Ngokomkhombandlela — izinhlobo ezithuthukisiwe ezitshalwa endaweni, ikakhulukazi ezimaphakathi nezincane zamaqabunga: i-Sichuan medium-small leaf (四川中小叶种), i-Fuding Dabaicha (福鼎大白茶) kanye ne-Bayu Tezao (巴渝特早).
Ukuvuna: Umkhombandlela awusho izikhathi zokuvuna.
Indinganiso yokuvuna: Iqabunga elisha lihlukaniswa ngamazinga amathathu, futhi ngalinye licutshungulwa ngokwehlukana:
- Ephakeme kakhulu (特级): ngaphezu kuka-90% — imiqumbe eyedwa, okunye — umqumbe neqabunga elilodwa elisanda kuvuleka.
- Eyokuqala (一级): ngaphezu kuka-90% — umqumbe neqabunga elilodwa.
- Eyesibili (二级): ngaphezu kuka-90% — umqumbe namaqabunga amabili.
Izidingo zezinto zokusetshenziswa: Imiqumbe namaqabunga aphelele, amasha, ahlanzekile, ngaphandle kwamaxolo, «amaqabunga enhlanzi» (鱼叶, iqabunga lokuqala elingakhulile lehlumela) namaqabunga agulayo, ngaphandle kokulimala nokonakala, ngaphandle kokungcola kwangaphandle.

4. I-Terroir Nezici Zokutshala

Yonke imingcele engezansi iyizidingo zomkhombandlela DB50/T 1948—2025 endaweni.

Ukuphakama kokutshala: Ngaphansi kuka-1200 m.
Isimo sezulu: Izinga lokushisa lonyaka elimaphakathi 17.0–18.4 °C, ubuncane obuphelele bungabi ngaphansi kuka-−2 °C, izinga lokushisa likaJanuwari elimaphakathi lingabi ngaphansi kuka-3 °C. Ukukhanya kwelanga — ngaphezu kwamahora angu-1400 ngonyaka, imvula — ngaphezu kuka-1200 mm, isikhathi esingenasithwathwa — ngaphezu kwezinsuku ezingama-335.
Inhlabathi: Ikakhulukazi inhlabathi ensomi (紫色土) kanye ne-yellow earth (黄壤). Izinto eziphilayo zingabi ngaphansi kuka-1.5 %, ukusabela kube muncu, i-pH 4.5–6.0, ukujula kongqimba lwenhlabathi kungabi ngaphansi kuka-0.8 m, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ajule ngaphezu kuka-1 m.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Umkhombandlela ubeka uchungechunge: ukubola → ukulungisa → ukupholisa → ukusonga kokuqala → «okuluhlaza kwesibili» → ukusonga okuphindwayo → ukuhlukanisa izigaxa → ukunikeza isimo → ukomisa → ukucwengisisa → ukupakisha.

Ukubola (摊放 — tānfàng): Iqabunga lendlalwa ngokwamazinga nangokwamaqoqo ngongqimba luka-3–8 cm, liphendulwe ngokucophelela cishe njalo emahoreni ama-2, kuze kube umswakama ongu-68–72 %; ngokuvamile amahora ama-4–8.
Ukulungisa (杀青 — shāqīng): Ngokushesha ngemva kokubola — emshinini wezigubhu, womoya oshisayo noma wesitimu. Ukulungela: iqabunga libe mnyama, libe lithambile, iphunga lotshani linyamalale, iqabunga elicindezelwe isigaxa liyahlakazeka, isiqu siyagoba singaphuki.
Ukupholisa (冷却 — lěngquè): Ngokushesha, kuze kufike ezingeni lokushisa legumbi.
Ukusonga kokuqala (初揉 — chūróu): Emshinini wediski ngokomthetho «kalula — ngamandla — kalula».
«Okuluhlaza kwesibili» (二青 — èrqīng): Ukomisa kancane emshinini wokomisa webhande — 100–120 °C, imizuzu eyi-1 kuye kweyi-4 kuye ngomshini — noma emshinini wokomisa oguqukayo ku-90–130 °C imizuzu emi-2–3, kuze kube umswakama ongu-40–45 %, nokupholisa ngokushesha.
Ukusonga okuphindwayo (复揉 — fùróu) nokuhlukanisa izigaxa (解块 — jiěkuài).
Ukunikeza isimo (做形 — zuòxíng): Emshinini wokudlidliza wokuqondisa iqabunga: umsele 80–110 °C, imizuzu eyi-8–12. Lapha iqabunga lelulelwa libe izinaliti.
Ukomisa (干燥 — gānzào): Emshinini wokomisa webhande izikhathi ezimbili, kuze kube umswakama ongaphansi kuka-6 %; ekomiseni lokuqala umkhombandlela unikeza u-80–120 °C.
Ukucwengisisa (精制 — jīngzhì): Itiye lihlukaniswa kuzisefo, emishinini yokuphephetha kanye nasezihlukanisini zombala ngokobude, ukushuba, isisindo nombala, kususwe ukungcola futhi kuhlanganiswe ngokwamazinga.

6. Izici Zokuzwa

Umkhombandlela uhlukanisa itiye eliqediwe ngamazinga amathathu — eliphezulu, eleyokuqala neleseibili.

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Izinga eliphezulu — «njengenaliti likaphayini» (形似松针), liqinile futhi lincane, linoboya obumhlophe obubonakalayo (白毫显露) nesiqongo esibukhali (有锋苗); umbala umusha ohlaza okotshani, onamafutha (青翠油润); iqabunga lilingana, kuvunyelwa iziqu ezimbalwa ezithambile. Ezingeni lokuqala nelesibili uboya bubonakala kancane kuphela; elesibili livumela iziqu namaqabunga.
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Umkhombandlela awulichazi ngokwehlukana: iphunga lihlolwa ngoketshezi.
Iphunga loketshezi: Izinga eliphezulu — iphunga le-castnut eliphakeme nelide (栗香高长); eleyokuqala — iphunga le-castnut (栗香); elesibili — iphunga elihlanzekile (清香).
Ukunambitheka: Izinga eliphezulu neleyokuqala — kusha, kuqabulayo, nokubuya okumnandi (鲜爽回甘); elesibili — kusha futhi kuqabulayo (鲜爽).
Umbala woketshezi: Izinga eliphezulu — oluhlaza othambile, okhanyayo (嫩绿明亮); eleyokuqala — oluhlaza, okhanyayo (绿明亮); elesibili — ophuzi-oluhlaza, okhanyayo (黄绿明亮).
Iqabunga letiye (iqabunga eliphuziwe): Izinga eliphezulu — lithambile, lithe xaxa, liluhlaza futhi likhanyayo (柔嫩、绿明亮); eleyokuqala — liluhlaza ngokuthambile, likhanyayo; elesibili — liluhlaza, likhanyayo.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Umkhombandlela ubeka izinkomba ze-physicochemical zawo wonke amazinga:

Umswakama: ungabi ngaphezu kuka-6.0 %.
Umlotha ophelele: ungabi ngaphezu kuka-7.5 %.
Izinto ezincibilika emanzini: zingabi ngaphansi kuka-34 %.
I-cellulose eluhlaza: ingabi ngaphezu kuka-16.0 %.
Imvuthuluka nothuli: kungabi ngaphezu kuka-6.0 %.

Ama-polyphenol, ama-amino acid ne-caffeine umkhombandlela awakubeki; akukho minye imininingwane ngokwakheka emithonjeni etholakele.

8. Ukwenziwa Kwetiye

Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
Inani letiye: 3 g nge-150 ml.
Isitsha: Ingilazi noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
Inqubo:
1. Fudumeza isitsha.
2. Beka itiye bese uthela amanzi ngasodongeni.
3. Uketshezi lokuqala — ngemva kwemizuzwana engama-40–60.
4. Phuza, ushiya ingxenye yoketshezi.
5. Thela amanzi futhi.
6. Ukuphinda kabili noma kathathu.

9. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wesigaba. Umkhombandlela ubhekisela kumkhombandlela kazwelonke wokugcinwa kwetiye (GB/T 30375). Ekhaya — emaphaketheni avaliwe, efrijini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga; kungcono ukuphuzwa phakathi nonyaka.

10. Intengo Kanye Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi

Akukho mininingwane ngezintengo emithonjeni etholakele.

Indlela yokugwema imikhiqizo yomgunyathi:
- Bheka uphawu lwesitifiketi sezindawo No. 12268124.
- Hlola ukumakwa: ngokomkhombandlela ebhokisini kubhalwa izinga, indawo yokukhiqiza kanye nenombolo yomkhombandlela.
- Ukubukeka ngokomkhombandlela: izinaliti eziqondile ezinoboya, iphunga le-castnut loketshezi.
- Ungadidanisi ne-Baihao Yinzhen yase-Fujian: igama elithi «inaliti» elivamile alenzi amatiye ahlobane.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

Umkhombandlela wendawo wavela eminyakeni eyishumi nanye ngemva kokubhaliswa kophawu: uphawu — 2014, umkhombandlela — 2025.
Umkhombandlela uvumela izindlela ezintathu zokulungisa — ngesitimu, ngomoya oshisayo nangemgqomo.
I-Wanzhou akuyona ukuphela «kwenaliti yesiliva» yase-Chongqing: kukhona nethiye eliluhlaza i-Banan Yinzhen. Ukuthi igama lawo livikelwe yini uphawu lwezindawo, akushiwongo emithonjeni etholakele: ikhasi likahulumeni wase-Chongqing ngalo libala iziqu nemiklomelo, kodwa hhayi uphawu.

12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye «amanaliti»

Banan Yinzhen (巴南银针): Itiye eliluhlaza elimise okwenaliti lesifunda sase-Banan sase-Chongqing, elinezivande entabeni i-Baixiangshan.
Kaixian Longzhu Cha (开县龙珠茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lasentabeni lesifunda sase-Kaizhou, naso enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Chongqing, elineqabunga elincane eliqondile elinoboya obumhlophe.
Baihao Yinzhen (白毫银针): Itiye elimhlophe lase-Fujian elivela emiqumbeni kuphela — ukubuna nokomisa kuphela, ngaphandle kokulungisa.
Junshan Yinzhen (君山银针): Itiye eliphuzi elivela emiqumbeni elinokuvuthwa, elivela esiqhingini sase-Junshan e-Hunan.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Wanzhou Yinzhen itiye eliluhlaza elimise okwenaliti lasenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Chongqing: uphawu kusukela ngo-2014, umkhombandlela wawo kusukela ngo-2025. Ngokomkhombandlela kunezivande ezingaphansi kuka-1200 m, izinto zokusetshenziswa kusukela emqumbeni owodwa kuya emqumbeni onamaqabunga amabili, ukulungisa nokuqondisa kube izinaliti, futhi enkomishini — iphunga le-castnut nokunambitheka okusha okunokubuya okumnandi. Umlando nezintengo imithombo okwamanje ayikunikezi, kodwa ukubukeka nobuchwepheshe manje kungaqhathaniswa nomqulu.