Zhōuxiàng fènghuáng chá

Zhouxiang Fenghuang Cha (Zhōuxiàng fènghuáng chá, 周巷凤凰茶) ndi tiyi wobiriwira wosalala wa m’tauni ya Zhouxiang (周巷镇) m’boma la Xiaochang (孝昌县) m’chigawo cha Xiaogan kumpoto chakum’mawa kwa chigawo cha Hubei, m’mphepete chakumwera kwa mapiri a Dabie. «Fenghuang» pano ndi dzina la phiri lapafupi la Fenghuangshan (凤凰山), osati kutanthauza dancong wa ku Guangdong. Kuyambira 2014, tiyiyu akutetezedwa ngati chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo, ndipo kuyambira February 2024, mulingo wa chigawo ukugwira ntchito, womwe umati mwachindunji ndi tiyi wobiriwira ndipo umakhazikitsa zonse, kuyambira mitundu ya zomera ndi kutalika kwa minda mpaka kutentha kopangira.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi

Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá). Mulingo wa Hubei DB42/T 2174—2023 umatanthauzira chinthu chotetezedwa ngati tiyi wobiriwira, wobzalidwa ndi kupangidwa m’dera lotetezedwa.
Gulu: Chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo (2014); mulingo wa chigawo (2023, ukugwira ntchito kuyambira 2024).
Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Hubei (湖北, Húběi), chigawo cha Xiaogan (孝感, Xiàogǎn), boma la Xiaochang (孝昌, Xiàochāng), tauni ya Zhouxiang (周巷, Zhōuxiàng).
Dera lotetezedwa: Dera lomwe lili pano la tauni ya Zhouxiang, monga momwe mulingo umanenera potengera chilengezo cha chitetezo; mapu a derali ali mu zowonjezera za mulingo.
Malo: Malinga ndi zofalitsa za 2019, boma la Xiaochang lili kumwera kwa mapiri a Dabie ndi kumpoto kwa chigwa cha Jianghan; kum’mawa limalumikizana ndi dera la Huangpi mumzinda wa Wuhan. Palibe ma coordinate enieni a dera omwe apezeka m’magwero.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe

Mbiri:
- Nthano ya chiyambi cha minda. Zofalitsa za gawo la zokopa alendo pa webusayiti ya «Renmin Wang» (2019) zimafotokoza zolembedwa pa mwala wotsogola kwa kachisi pa phiri la Dawushan (大悟山): mu nthawi ya Ming, mkulu wakale Li Daoyuan (李道元), yemwe adakhala monki ndi dzina la Sangu (丧吾), adabweretsa njere za tiyi ndikuyambitsa minda m’dera la mapiri a Dawushan ndi Fenghuangshan. Pamenepo akuti mkulu wa Ming Mao Kun (茅坤) mwiniwake adalima minda ya tiyi ya kumeneko. Sindinawone malemba a mwalawo.
- Qing. Malinga ndi zofalitsa zomwezo, mapiri ndi minda ya tiyi ya malowa akujambulidwa mu mpukutu wa «Jiangshan woyoutu» (江山卧游图) wa wojambula wa Qing Cheng Zhengkui (程正揆), womwe ukusungidwa mu nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale ya Gugong. Mbiri ya boma la «Xiaogan xianzhi» ya chaka chachisanu ndi chitatu cha Guangxu (1882) imalemba ndakatulo «Kuyesa tiyi ku nyumba ya amonke ya Gucheng» (古城庵试茶); zofalitsa zimawona izi ngati umboni wakuti pa nyumba ya amonke ya Gucheng pa Fenghuangshan panali kale minda ya tiyi.
- Zaka za m’ma 1990. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1990, ku tauniyi kudakhazikitsidwa kampani ya tiyi yokhala ndi chizindikiro cha «尖峰» (Jiānfēng, «nsonga yakuthwa»); zofalitsa zimatchula mphotho zake za chigawo za 2009.
- 2014. Bungwe lalikulu loyang’anira ubwino, kuyendera ndi quarantine (AQSIQ) ndi chilengezo cha 2014 № 55 lidateteza Zhouxiang Fenghuang Cha ngati chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo.
- 2015. Dzina loyandikana nalo «孝昌凤凰山茶» lidalembetsedwa ngati chizindikiro cha certification; m’chaka chomwecho boma lidapeza chinthu china chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo, «观音湖绿茶» (chilengezo cha 2015 № 162).
- 2017. Zhouxiang Fenghuang Cha adalowa m’ndandanda wa dziko lonse wa «一村一品» — «mudzi umodzi, chinthu chimodzi».
- 2022. Mu mndandanda wa zinthu zokhala ndi zizindikiro za malo za Hubei, wofalitsidwa mu January 2022 (zomwe zinali kumapeto kwa 2020), Zhouxiang Fenghuang Cha analibe kampani imodzi yomwe imaloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro chapadera, ndipo panalibe mulingo wa chigawo.
- 2023–2024. Bungwe loyang’anira msika la Hubei pa 23 December 2023 lidavomereza mulingo DB42/T 2174—2023 «Chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo. Zhouxiang Fenghuang Cha»; ukugwira ntchito kuyambira 23 February 2024.
Dzina: 周巷 ndi tauni, 凤凰 ndi phiri la Fenghuangshan m’mudzi wa Shuangfeng (双峰村).
Maina atatu a boma limodzi: Boma la Xiaochang lili ndi maina atatu a tiyi: chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo 周巷凤凰茶 (2014), chizindikiro cha certification 孝昌凤凰山茶 (2015) ndi chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo 观音湖绿茶 (2015).

3. Kufotokozera kwa Zomera ndi Zopangira

Mitundu / Cultivars: Mulingo umatchula cultivars zitatu: «鄂茶一号» (Èchá yīhào, mtundu wa Hubei «Echa № 1»), 福鼎大白 (Fúdǐng dàbái) ndi 中茶108 (Zhōngchá 108).
Zopangira: Mphukira zazing’ono; kukolola kumayamba pamene mphukira za pa siteji ya «mphukira imodzi ndi tsamba limodzi lokha lotseguka» (一芽一叶初展) zikufika 8–12 pa lalikulu mita.
Njira yokololera: Pamanja pokha.
Nthawi yokololera: Kuyambira kumapeto kwa March mpaka koyambirira kwa May ndi kuyambira kumapeto kwa August mpaka kumapeto kwa September.

4. Terroir ndi Zochitika za Kulima

Magulu omwe ali pansipa akuchokera mu mulingo DB42/T 2174—2023.

Kutalika kwa kulima: 400–800 m.
Nyengo: Kutentha kwapakati pachaka 15,5–16,4 °C, mvula 1010–1190 mm pachaka, maola a dzuwa 2135–2310, nyengo yopanda chisanu masiku 228–259.
Nthaka: Yellow-brown (黄棕壤), makulidwe a nthaka yachonde osachepera 0,5 m, pH 4,5–6,5, organic matter osachepera 1 %, kuthira madzi bwino.
Kusamalira munda: Mulingo umafotokoza nthawi zobzala (kuyambira koyambirira kwa February mpaka kumapeto kwa March kapena kuyambira kumapeto kwa October mpaka pakati pa November), kudulira kopanga katatu kwa chitsamba chaching’ono ndi feteleza: wamkulu amaperekedwa kamodzi pachaka, kumapeto kwa October — koyambirira kwa November, ndipo amapereka 60 % ya mulingo wapachaka.
Malo: Malinga ndi zofalitsa za 2019, phiri la Fenghuangshan lili pansi pa phiri la Shuangfengshan, m’mphepete mwa dziwe la Xichong (西冲水库), pafupi ndi nyanja ya Guanyinhu (观音湖).

5. Ukadaulo wa Kupanga

Mulingo umakhazikitsa ndondomeko yotsatirayi:

Kufalitsa tsamba latsopano (摊青, tānqīng): Maola 4–6, wosanjikiza 1–3 cm.
Kukhazikitsa (杀青, shāqīng): Mulingo supereka magawo.
Kuzizira (摊凉, tānliáng): Mphindi 20–30.
Kupanga mawonekedwe (做形, zuòxíng): Choyamba kuwongola tsamba kukhala mizere (理条, lǐtiáo) pa 150–180 °C kwa mphindi 10–15, kenako kukanikiza kukhala tsamba lathyathyathya (压扁, yābiǎn) pa 100–120 °C kwa mphindi 8–10.
Kuumitsa komaliza (辉干, huīgān): 90–120 °C, mphindi 25–35.

Kukanikiza tsamba kumapereka mawonekedwe athyathyathya owongoka, omwe mulingo umafuna ku magulu onse awiri.

6. Makhalidwe a Kumva ndi Kununkhira

Mulingo umagawa tiyi m’magulu awiri: wapamwamba kwambiri (特级) ndi woyamba (一级); pa gulu lirilonse chaka chilichonse amakonza chitsanzo chatsopano. Pansipa pali zofunikira za gulu lapamwamba ndi kusiyana kwa gulu loyamba.

Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: Lathyathyathya, losalala ndi lowongoka, lobiriwira ngati emerald, ndi pusi wooneka bwino, lalingana (扁平光直，翠绿显毫，匀齐). Gulu loyamba: lathyathyathya, losalala ndi lowongoka, lobiriwira lonyezimira (绿润).
Kununkhira kwa tsamba louma: Mulingo sufotokoza padera.
Kununkhira kwa madzi a tiyi: Oyera ndi okhazikika (清香持久); gulu loyamba: oyera.
Kukoma: Kwatsopano ndi kofewa (鲜醇) — magulu onse awiri.
Mtundu wa madzi a tiyi: Wobiriwira wofewa, wowala (嫩绿明亮) — magulu onse awiri.
Pansi pa tiyi (tsamba lophikidwa): Lofewa, lachinyamata ndi lalingana (柔嫩匀齐); gulu loyamba: lachinyamata, lalingana ndi lowala (嫩匀明亮).

Mulingo umafuna kuti tiyi asakhale ndi kuwonongeka kapena fungo lachilendo, zosakaniza zomwe si za tiyi kapena zowonjezera zilizonse.

7. Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala

Zofunikira za physicochemical za mulingo ndizofanana pamagulu onse awiri:

Chizindikiro	Chofunikira
Chinyezi	osapitirira 6,5 %
Zidutswa ndi fumbi	osapitirira 3,0 %
Phulusa lonse	osapitirira 7,0 %
Zinthu zochotsedwa	osachepera 38,0 %
Fiber wamakani	osapitirira 10,0 %

Mulingo supereka zomwe zili za polyphenols, amino acid ndi caffeine.

8. Kupanga Tiyi

Njira ya gulu la tiyi wobiriwira.

Kutentha kwa madzi: 80–85 °C.
Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml.
Zida: Kapu yagalasi kapena gaiwan yoyera.
Ndondomeko:
1. Tenthetsa zida.
2. Ikani tiyi ndikutsanulira madzi m’mphepete.
3. Kupanga koyamba — pakadutsa masekondi 40–60.
4. Imwani, kusiya gawo la madzi a tiyi.
5. Onjezerani madzi.
6. Kutsanulira kawiri kapena katatu.

9. Kusunga

Njira ya gulu. Mulingo umalozera ku mulingo wamba wadziko wosunga tiyi GB/T 30375. M’matumba otsekedwa, mufiriji pa 0–5 °C, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo. Ndi bwino kumwa mkati mwa chaka chimodzi.

10. Mtengo ndi Zonamizira

Palibe zomwe zili za mitengo m’magwero omwe apezeka.

Momwe mungapewere zonamizira:
- Fufuzani chizindikiro chapadera cha chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo; malinga ndi mndandanda wa kumapeto kwa 2020, panalibe makampani omwe amaloledwa kuchigwiritsa ntchito, choncho ndi bwino kufunsa wogulitsa zikalata za chilolezo.
- Onetsetsani kuti tiyi wapangidwa ku tauni ya Zhouxiang m’boma la Xiaochang.
- Tsamba ndi lathyathyathya, losalala ndi lowongoka, lobiriwira ngati emerald; madzi a tiyi ndi obiriwira ofewa ndi owala.
- Osasokoneza ndi Fenghuang Dan Cong wa ku Guangdong (gawo 13).

11. Zinthu Zosangalatsa

Mulingo umakhazikitsa ngakhale kuchulukana kwa mphukira komwe kumayambira kukolola — 8–12 pa lalikulu mita.
Dera lotetezedwa ndi tauni imodzi, osati boma.
Mulingo udatuluka zaka zisanu ndi zinayi pambuyo pa chitetezo.

12. Kuyerekeza ndi Tiyi Ina

Xi Hu Long Jing (西湖龙井): Tiyi wodziwika wathyathyathya wobiriwira wa Hangzhou; Zhouxiang Fenghuang Cha nayenso amapeza mawonekedwe athyathyathya mwa kukanikiza tsamba.
Fenghuang Dan Cong (凤凰单丛): Oolong wa ku phiri la Fenghuangshan ku Chaozhou, Guangdong; chofanana ndi dzina la phiri lokha.
Xiaochang Fenghuangshan Cha (孝昌凤凰山茶): Tiyi wa tauni yomweyo pansi pa chizindikiro cha certification cha 2015; momwe maina awiriwa amagwirizana mwalamulo, magwero omwe apezeka sanena.
Enshi Yu Lu (恩施玉露): Tiyi wodziwika wobiriwira wa Hubei, wonga singano, wopangidwa ndi kukhazikitsa kwa nthunzi.

Pomaliza:

Zhouxiang Fenghuang Cha ndi tiyi wobiriwira wathyathyathya wa tauni imodzi kum’mwera kwa mapiri a Dabie. Kwa nthawi yayitali, za iye amanenedwa makamaka mphotho za kampani yakomweko ndi nkhani za nthano, koma kuyambira 2024 ali ndi mulingo watsatanetsatane: cultivars zitatu, minda pa kutalika kwa 400–800 m, kukolola pamanja, kukanikiza tsamba ndi magulu awiri a ubwino. Mu kapu ndi tsamba lathyathyathya lobiriwira ngati emerald ndi pusi, kununkhira koyera kokhazikika ndi madzi a tiyi obiriwira ofewa owala.