Fènghuáng dāncóng

Fenghuang Dancong (Fènghuáng dāncóng, 凤凰单丛) ndi tiyi wa oolong wonunkhira wochokera ku mapiri a Fenghuang (凤凰山) m’boma la Chaozhou kum’mawa kwa chigawo cha Guangdong. Dzinali limafotokozedwa ndi mwambo wakale wa “kutola, kupanga, ndi kugulitsa tiyi kuchokera ku chitsamba chimodzi” (单株采摘、单株制茶、单株销售). Chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya fungo lachilengedwe la maluwa amatchedwa “mizimu pakati pa tiyi” (茶中香水). Kuyambira 2010, “Fenghuang Dancong (枞) cha” ndi mankhwala okhala ndi chizindikiro cha geographical indication, ndipo kuyambira 2021 amatetezedwanso ku European Union. Nkhani yonse ya gulu la dancong ndi chizindikiro cha certification cha chigawo zafotokozedwa paokha (gawo 13).

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi

Mtundu: Oolong (乌龙茶, wūlóngchá), tiyi wopangidwa theka-fermented — ndi momwe kalasiyo imatchulidwera m’mafotokozedwe a ofesi ya PRC ku EU.
Gulu: Oolong wa Guangdong wa gulu la dancong; mankhwala okhala ndi geographical indication.
Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Guangdong (广东, Guǎngdōng), mzinda wa Chaozhou (潮州, Cháozhōu), mapiri a Fenghuang.
Malo otetezedwa: Malinga ndi lamulo la mzinda loteteza, lomwe likugwira ntchito kuyambira pa 10 May 2025, pali matauni 30 ndi madera a tiyi. M’boma la Chao’an (潮安区) pali tawuni ya Fenghuang, matauni ena asanu ndi limodzi, nkhalango ya Wanfeng, ndi magawo awiri a tawuni ya Fengxi; m’boma la Raoping (饶平县) pali matauni 15, kuphatikizapo Fubin; m’dera la Xiangqiao (湘桥区) pali mzinda wa Qiaodong ndi matauni anayi.
Malo abwino kwambiri: M’mafotokozedwe otchuka — phiri la Wudong (乌岽, Wūdōng) pafupi ndi tawuni ya Fenghuang.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe

Mbiri:
- Nthano. Malinga ndi nthano, mfumu yomaliza ya mzera wa Song, Zhao Bing, akuthawa kumwera, pa phiri la Wudong anamva ludzu; anthu a m’mapiri anamupatsa madzi a tiyi otchedwa “hongyin” (红茵), ndipo iye anapatsa tiyiyo dzina loti “tiyi wa Song” (宋茶). Ofesi ya PRC ikulemba kuti chiyambi cha kulima tiyi ku Chaozhou chinayambika ndi makolo a mtundu wa She (畲族) ndipo kuti tiyi pano, “malinga ndi nthano” (相传), anabzalidwa kale pa nthawi ya Song — zaka zoposa 900 zapitazo.
- Pafupifupi 1582. Umboni woyambirira wolembedwa — “Zolemba zosiyanasiyana za Chao” (潮中杂记) za Guo Zizhang (郭子章): ku Chaozhou tiyi sakhala wolemekezeka, koma tiyi wa mapiri a Fengshan ndi wabwino; amatchedwanso “tiyi wa phiri la Daizhao” (待诏山茶), komanso “tiyi wachikasu” (黄茶).
- Kumapeto kwa Ming — koyambirira kwa Qing. Malinga ndi nkhani ya “Jiemian”, “tiyi wachikasu” anayamba kupangidwa ndi njira ya zuò qīng (做青) — kugwedeza ndi kusiya masamba; izi zimatengedwa ngati chiyambi cha oolong wa Chaozhou.
- Qing. Malinga ndi tsamba la dera la Guangdong, m’zaka za Tongzhi ndi Guangxu alimi a tiyi anayamba kutola, kupanga, ndi kugulitsa tiyi mwa chitsamba chimodzi ndi kutchula zitsamba zabwino kwambiri; kuchokera pamenepo panabadwa dzina loti “dancong”.
- 2010. Pa 6 April, General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine, ndi chidziwitso No. 30, inatenga tiyiyo pansi pa chitetezo.
- 2014. Malinga ndi “Jiemian”, mu May dzina lamsika la fungo lotchedwa “ndowe za bakha” (鸭屎香) linasinthidwa kukhala “fungo la honeysuckle” (银花香).
- 2020–2021. Tiyiyo inalowa m’ndandanda woyamba wa “100+100” wa mgwirizano wa China ndi EU pa geographical indications; mgwirizanowo unayamba kugwira ntchito pa 1 March 2021.
- 2021. Pa 8 April panatulutsidwa mulingo wa mzinda (gawo 5); pofika June, malinga ndi tsamba la Ministry of Commerce ya PRC, makampani a tiyi 61 anali ndi ufulu wa chizindikirocho. Pa 11 November, mabungwe anayi a tiyi a chigawocho anatulutsa miyezo ya gulu “Kusanja Khalidwe” (T/CZTTBZ 001—2021) ndi “Malamulo a Kupatsa Mayina” (T/CZTTBZ 002—2021), ikugwira ntchito kuyambira 2 December.
- 2025. Kuyambira 10 May lamulo latsopano loteteza likugwira ntchito mpaka 31 December 2029.
Dzina: 凤凰 (fènghuáng) ndi “phoenix”, dzina la mapiri; 单丛 (dāncóng) ndi “chitsamba chimodzi”.
Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Tiyiyi ndi yosiyana ndi gongfu cha ya Chaozhou (潮州工夫茶); ofesi ya PRC ikulemba za “njira makumi awiri ndi imodzi zakumwera” zake.

3. Kufotokozera za Zomera ndi Zipangizo

Mitundu / Cultivar: Dancong ndi zomera zosankhidwa za mtundu wa fènghuáng shuǐxiān (凤凰水仙). Malinga ndi karyotype, monga “Jiemian” ikulembera, mtundu uwu uli pafupi kwambiri ndi mitundu yakale yamitengo yamasamba akuluakulu kuposa yamasamba aang’ono. Ofesi ya PRC ikuwerengera mizere yoposa 80 (品系).
Mayina a zitsamba: Malinga ndi tsamba la dera la Guangdong, mizereyi imatchulidwa ndi m’mene masamba alili (山茄叶, 柚叶, 竹叶), ndi fungo, ndi malo, ndi mwini wake, ndi mbiri, ndi nthano. Palinso mayina andakatulo: “asungwana asanu ndi atatu odutsa nyanja” (八仙过海) — malinga ndi tebulo la zitsamba zakale, mu 1958 anatchula motero mzere wochokera ku mizu isanu ndi itatu yomwe inazika mizu mu 1898: mitengo imasiyana maonekedwe, koma tiyi wa onse ndi wabwino.
Mtengo wakale kwambiri: “Wudong Songcha” (乌岽宋茶), m’mabuku ofotokozera — “Songzhong No. 1” (宋种1号). Malinga ndi tebulo la zitsamba zakale m’zowonjezera pa mulingo wa kusanja, lochokera m’buku la “Chaozhou Chaye” (2009), mtengowo umamera m’mudzi wa Lizhaiping (李仔坪) pa Wudong pamtunda pafupifupi 1150 m, uli ndi zaka zoposa 600, chifukwa cha m’mene masamba alili unkatchedwa “Tuanshuye” (团树叶), m’zaka za “Cultural Revolution” unasinthidwa kukhala “Dongfanghong” (东方红), ndipo zokolola zazikulu za masika za 1963 zinapereka makilogalamu 8.9 a tiyi wouma. Pameneponso pananenedwa kuti mtengowo, malinga ndi nthano, unasankhidwa kumapeto kwa Song ndi anthu a m’mudzimo a mtundu wa Li. Mafotokozedwe otchuka amati ndi wosakanizidwa mwachilengedwe wamasamba akuluakulu ndipo amati ali ndi zaka 600–700.
Mtundu wamasamba oyera: Malinga ndi tebulo lomwelo, alimi a Raoping anasankha kuchokera ku mtundu wa Fenghuang Shuixian mtundu wa Lingtou Dancong; m’zaka za m’ma 1970 anabzalidwa kwambiri m’dera la Fenghuang ndi dzina loti “dancong wamasamba oyera” (白叶单丛), ndipo bukuli limati ndi mtundu waukulu wa minda ya m’deralo.
Nthawi: Malinga ndi zowonjezera pa mulingo wa kusanja, mitundu iwiri yapamwamba imapereka tiyi wa masika wa zitsamba zakale za dera lalikulu, woyamba — tiyi wa masika wa dera lalikulu; mu gawo lachiwiri amaloleka tiyi wa autumn ndi winter, “wa chipale chofewa”, mu lachitatu — mwachitsanzo, tiyi wa chilimwe ndi tiyi wa madera omwe si akulu.
Mulingo wa kutola: Palibe deta yopezeka m’mapepala ofufuzidwa.

4. Terroir ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima

Dera: Mapiri a Fenghuang m’boma la Chaozhou.
Zofunikira pa chilengedwe: Mulingo wa mzinda wa DB4451/T 1-2021 umapereka zofunikira pa chilengedwe, koma manambala ake sakupezeka m’mapepala ofufuzidwa.
Nyengo: Palibe manambala opezeka m’mapepala ofufuzidwa.
Malo: Malinga ndi tsamba la “Zhongguo Zhiliang Xinwen” (中国质量新闻网), kumapeto kwa 2023 panali mu 260,000 a minda ndi matani 30,100 a tiyi wouma wosakonzedwa pachaka.

5. Ukadaulo wa Kupanga

Malinga ndi kafotokozedwe ka mankhwala pa tsamba la geographical indications, kukonza koyamba kumaphatikizapo magawo asanu ndi limodzi. Mulingo wa DB4451/T 1-2021 umayang’anira payokha kukonza (加工工艺), koma zofunikira za magawo sizikupezeka m’mapepala ofufuzidwa.

Kuyanika padzuwa (晒青, shàiqīng).
Kuziziritsa (晾青, liàngqīng).
Kugwedeza ndi kusiya (做青, zuòqīng): Gawo la kuthiridwa pang’ono.
Kukhazikitsa (杀青, shāqīng).
Kukulunga (揉捻, róuniǎn).
Kuyanika ndi kutentha (烘焙, hōngbèi).

Magawo a magawowa a tiyiyi sakupezeka m’mapepala ofufuzidwa; mafotokozedwe awo ndi ndondomeko yamba ya kalasi.

Miyezo:

DB44/T 820-2010 — mulingo wa chigawo wa mankhwala ndi chizindikiro: unatulutsidwa pa 11 November 2010, unayamba kugwira ntchito pa 1 February 2011; mu 2021, malinga ndi tsamba la Ministry of Commerce ya PRC, anaganiza zouchotsa, ndipo m’nkhokwe ya boma ya miyezo umalembedwa kuti unachotsedwa kuyambira 1 February 2023.
DB4451/T 1-2021 — mulingo wa mzinda wa 8 April 2021, ukugwira ntchito kuyambira 8 October 2021: dera, chilengedwe, kulima, kukonza, khalidwe, kuyesa, kulemba, ndi kusunga.

6. Makhalidwe a Organoleptic

Malinga ndi kafotokozedwe ka ofesi ya PRC ku EU:

Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Owongoka, aakulu ndi otupeza, onyezimira ngati mafuta (挺直肥硕油润).
Fungo la masamba owuma: Palibe deta yopezeka m’mapepala ofufuzidwa.
Fungo la madzi a tiyi: Lokoma, loyera ndi lalitali fungo lachilengedwe la maluwa (优雅清高的自然花香).
Kukoma: Kokwanira, kotsekemera, kofewa, kotsitsimutsa, ndi kubwerera kotsekemera (浓郁、甘醇、爽口、回甘). Khalidwe lalikulu ndi “rhythm ya mapiri” (山韵, shānyùn), yomwe, malinga ndi gwero, “imangomveka”.
Mtundu wa madzi a tiyi: Wachikasu wa orange, woyera ndi wowala (橙黄清澈明亮).
Pansi pa tiyi (masamba otenthedwa): “Pati wobiriwira, pakati pobiriwira, m’mphepete mofiira” (青蒂绿腹红镶边).

Mitundu malinga ndi mulingo wa kusanja. Mulingo wa gulu wa 2021 umagawa tiyiyi m’mitundu isanu: “jingpin” (精品, jīngpǐn), wapamwamba, woyamba, wachiwiri, ndi wachitatu. Pa “jingpin” masamba ndi olimba, amphamvu, abulauni ngati mafuta, fungo ndi lachilengedwe la maluwa, lokwanira, lakuya ndi lalitali, kukoma ndi kamvekedwe kake ka “chitsamba” ndi kubwerera kotsekemera kwamphamvu, madzi a tiyi ndi achikasu wotumbululuka, m’mphepete mwa masamba otenthedwa ndi wofanana. Madzi a tiyi wa mtundu wapamwamba ndi agolide, wa woyamba ndi achikasu a orange, wa wachitatu ndi abulauni achikasu, ndipo kukoma kwa mtundu wachitatu kuli ndi kuwawa pang’ono, ndi fungo laling’ono la maluwa. Kafotokozedwe ka mankhwala akuwonjezera mtundu wa abulauni wachikasu, wonyezimira ngati mafuta wa masamba owuma ndi “madontho ofiira ngati cinnabar” (朱砂红点).

Mitundu ya fungo. Malinga ndi mafotokozedwe otchuka, mu 1996 ofesi yaulimi ya boma la Chao’an ndi boma la tawuni ya Fenghuang kwa miyezi 18 anafufuza zida za tiyi za midzi 34; atasanthula zitsamba 5120 anapeza mitundu 18 ya fungo: 8 yamaluwa ndi uchi, 4 ya “mankhwala”, 3 ya zipatso, ndi 3 ina. Mitundu yosowa inatha, ndipo “fungo khumi” zinakhazikika: gardenia (黄栀香), orchid ya zhilan (芝兰香), orchid ya uchi (蜜兰香), osmanthus (桂花香), magnolia (玉兰香), maluwa a ginger (姜花香), night-blooming jasmine (夜来香), jasmine (茉莉香), amondi (杏仁香), ndi sinamoni (肉桂香). M’mitundu ina m’malo mwa jasmine pali maluwa a pomelo (柚花香). Khumi ndi jasmine, “ndi mitundu ina”, zinakhazikitsidwa ndi mulingo wa gulu wa kupatsa mayina wa 2021.

7. Zomwe Zili mu Mankhwala

Mulingo wa gulu wa kusanja khalidwe (2021) umapereka m’mitundu yonse: chinyezi — osapitirira 7.0 %, fumbi — osapitirira 1.3 %, zinthu zosungunuka m’madzi — osachepera 30.0 %, fiber yosaphika — osapitirira 16.0 %, polyphenols a tiyi — osachepera 16.0 %, phulusa lonse — osapitirira 6.5 %. Manambala a mulingo wa mzinda DB4451/T 1-2021 sakupezeka m’mapepala ofufuzidwa; palibenso deta ya caffeine ndi amino acid.

8. Kumwera

Njira ya kalasi ya oolong.

Kutentha kwa madzi: 95–100 °C.
Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 5–8 g pa 100–120 ml.
Zida: Gaiwan kapena mtsuko wawung’ono wadongo.
Ndondomeko:
1. Tenthetsa zida.
2. Ikani tiyi ndi kumutsuka mwachangu ndi madzi otentha.
3. Madzi oyambirira — 10–20 masekondi, tsanulani madzi onse.
4. Pakuthira kulikonse onjezera pang’ono nthawi.

9. Kusunga

Njira ya kalasi ya oolong. M’mapaketi otsekedwa, pamalo ozizira, amdima ndi owuma, opanda fungo lina.

10. Mtengo ndi Zonamizira

Palibe mitengo yamalonda yopezeka m’mapepala ofufuzidwa.

Momwe mungapewere zonamizira:
- Chiyambi chotetezedwa chimatsimikizira kokha chizindikiro chapadera cha mankhwala ndi chizindikiro; dzina lokha pa paketi silikwanira. Mu 2021, ofesi yoyang’anira msika ya boma la Raoping inakana kuyambitsa mlandu pa madandaulo okhudza tiyi ndi dzina loti “Fenghuang Dancong”: unatulutsidwa pansi pa mulingo wamba wa dancong GB/T 30357.6-2017, panalibe chizindikiro pa paketi, ndipo kulemba ndi khalidwe zinali zogwirizana ndi lamulo.
- Wopanga ayenera kugwira ntchito m’malo otetezedwa. Malinga ndi lamulo loteteza la 2025, pa paketi pafunika kukhala chizindikiro cha geographical indication ndi dzina loti “Fenghuang Dancong (枞) cha”, pomwe pa label pafunika nambala ya mulingo kapena chidziwitso cha chitetezo.
- Malinga ndi akuluakulu a mzinda, chizindikirocho chaloledwa kwa makampani 225, 49 mwa iwo mu 2024; nthawi yomweyo anayang’ana malo ogulitsa 179 ndikuyambitsa mlandu umodzi wogwiritsa ntchito chizindikirocho mosaloledwa.
- Malinga ndi mulingo wa kusanja, tiyi wokhala ndi zonunkhira zowonjezeredwa kapena utoto ndi wolakwika: fungo la dancong liyenera kukhala lachilengedwe.
- “Rhythm ya mapiri” ofesi ya PRC imati ndi funso la khalidwe la tiyi wa Fenghuang, koma ili ndi khalidwe la kukoma, osati loyesedwa.

11. Zinthu Zosangalatsa

Gulu la mbewu za Fenghuang Dancong, malinga ndi ofesi ya PRC, linapita mlengalenga m’chombo cha “Shenzhou-13”.
Fungo la “ndowe za bakha” linasinthidwa mu 2014, koma dzina lakale likadalipo m’malonda.
Dzina la mankhwala limalembedwa ndi zilembo ziwiri — 丛 ndi 枞, ndipo mitundu yonse iwiri ili mu dzina la mulingo.
Mulingo wa kupatsa mayina umalola kutchula tiyi ndi dzina lakale la chitsamba, ndi fungo, ndi malo, ndi maonekedwe a masamba kapena mtengo kapena chizindikiro cha chikhalidwe pamodzi ndi fungo — kapena ndi dzina lodziwika; zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo “鸭屎香”.

12. Kuyerekeza ndi dancong zina

Dan Cong (单枞): Nkhani yofotokozera ya corpus ya gulu lonse la dancong.
Chaozhou Dancong Cha (潮州单丛茶): Chizindikiro cha certification cha chigawo — kulembetsa kwina, kopanda mapiri a Fenghuang m’dzina.
Fenghuang Shuixian (凤凰水仙): Mtundu umene dancong zimasankhidwa.
Lingtou Dan Cong (岭头单丛): Dancong ya boma la Raoping.
Xingning Dan Cong (兴宁单丛): Dancong ya chigawo cha Meizhou, kunja kwa malo otetezedwa.

Pomaliza:

Fenghuang Dancong ndi oolong yokhala ndi mizere makumi ambiri ndi mayina ake pa zitsamba. Zodalirika kwambiri za iyo ndi zolemba zamalamulo: chitetezo kuyambira 2010, mulingo wa 2021, dera la matauni 30, ndandanda woyamba wa mgwirizano ndi European Union. Za zakale — zaka za mitengo yakale, nthano ya Song — magwero amasiyana. Wogula ayenera kukumbukira chofunikira: dzina pa paketi silidi chizindikiro, chizindikiro ndi chizindikiro chenichenicho.