Qūxiāng sīmián chá

Qūxiāng sīmián chá (Qūxiāng sīmián chá, 屈乡丝绵茶) ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa m’boma la Zǐguī (秭归县) m’chigawo cha mzinda wa Yíchāng m’chigawo cha Húběi, kuchokera m’mphepete mwa chigwa cha Xīlíng (西陵峡) pa mtsinje wa Yangtze. Dzina lake lapangidwa kuchokera ku nthano ziwiri: “Qūxiāng” (屈乡) ndiko “kwawo kwa Qū Yuán”; “sīmián chá” (丝绵茶) ndi “tiyi wa silika”, dzina limene, malinga ndi nthano, mfumu Jiāqìng anapatsa tiyiyi. Chizindikiro malinga ndi malamulo: pakung’amba tsamba latsopano kumaoneka ulusi wasiliva. Chizindikiro chaulimi cha geographical indication chinalipo kuyambira 2012, ndipo chiphaso cha geographical indication chinalipo kuyambira 2025.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi

Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá). Malamulo amafuna kugwiritsa ntchito muyezo wa “Q/SXC01—2009” ndi malamulo a “屈乡绿茶加工技术规范” onse amatchedwa “wobiriwira”; palibe njira ya oxidation mu luso lake.
Gulu: Chizindikiro chaulimi cha geographical indication (2012, satifiketi AGI00934); chiphaso cha geographical indication (2025).
Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Húběi (湖北, Húběi), chigawo cha mzinda wa Yíchāng (宜昌, Yíchāng), boma la Zǐguī (秭归, Zǐguī).
Malo otetezedwa: Matauni khumi ndi limodzi ndi midzi ya boma la Zǐguī: Máopíng (茅坪镇), Guīzhōu (归州镇), Qūyuán (屈原镇), Shuǐtiánbà (水田坝乡), Xiètān (泄滩乡), Shāzhènxī (沙镇溪镇), Liǎnghékǒu (两河口镇), Méijiāhé (梅家河乡), Guōjiābà (郭家坝镇), Jiǔwǎnxī (九畹溪镇) ndi Yánglínqiáo (杨林桥镇); mndandandawo ukufanana m’malamulo ndi m’chilengezo nambala 640. Malo malinga ndi malamulo ndi 40 000 mu.
Magawo a geographical coordinates: 110°18′–111°00′ E, 30°38′–31°11′ N.

2. Mbiri ndi Chikhalidwe

Mbiri:
- Qū Yuán. Malinga ndi malamulo, wolemba ndakatulo anabadwa mu 340 BC ku Lèpínglǐ (乐坪里) m’boma la Zǐguī. Mzere wa “Lísāo” (离骚) “余既滋兰之九畹兮” umatanthauzira mtundu wa mzinda wa Jiǔwǎnxī (九畹溪) masiku ano.
- Nthano ya Jiāqìng. Malinga ndi nthano yolembedwa m’malamulo, munthu wolemekezeka wa ku Càijiāpō (蔡家坡), Lǐ Gāoyǒng (李高永), analandiridwa ndi mfumu Jiāqìng (嘉庆) ndipo anapatsidwa udindo wa dēngshìláng (登仕郎). Pothokoza, Lǐ anapereka tiyi wa kumeneko kwa mfumu; mfumuyo inakondwera, inatcha tiyiyo “丝绵茶” ndipo inapereka bolodi lokhala ndi zolemba ndi kapu za gāiwǎn.
- Mndandanda wa mabanja ndi mwala wa pamanda. Malinga ndi lipoti la 2018, mndandanda wa banja la Lǐ umanena kuti Lǐ Gāoyǒng anakhala ndi moyo 1783–1882, ndipo mwala wake wa pamanda wolembedwa “登仕郎李高永” unaimikidwa mu 1903 ndipo unatsala pang’ono m’mudzi wa Xiákǒu (峡口村). Lipoti limati izi ndi umboni weniweni wakuti sīmián chá unali msonkho; koma zolemba zokha, monga momwe lipoti limanenera, zimatchula udindo, osati tiyi. Malinga ndi lipoti lomwelo, mwala weniweni wa pamanda unawonongeka m’zaka za “Cultural Revolution”: miyala iwiri yosemedwa yakutsogolo inatsala, zina zonse zinamangidwanso mwakukumbukira kwa mbadwa.
- Msonkho. Lipoti lomwelo, likugwira ntchito ndi akatswiri a mbiri, likuti tiyi wa Zǐguī kuyambira m’zaka za Táng mpaka Qīng unali msonkho ku nyumba yachifumu, ndipo limatchula tiyi wa msonkho wa ku Yuán “清口茶” ndi wa ku Qīng “丝绵茶”.
- 1994. Mu Okutobala, ofesi ya boma yofalitsa luso la zinthu zakomweko inalembetsa chizindikiro cha malonda “屈乡”.
- 2012. Malinga ndi lipoti, mu Ogasiti ofesi yaulimi ya boma inayamba kukonza pempho, ndipo chaka chomwecho dzinalo linalandira chizindikiro chaulimi cha geographical indication; mwini wake ndi bungwe la tiyi la boma (秭归县茶叶协会).
- Kuyambiranso. Malinga ndi lipoti la 2018, lomwe silinatchule masiku, sīmián chá yomwe inabwezeretsedwa poyamba inali yochepa ndipo inkapangidwa kokha m’chigwa cha Jiǔwǎnxī; kuti achulukitse kupanga, boma linakopa makampani akulu ndi mabungwe ogwirira ntchito limodzi ndipo linalimbikitsa malo opangira tiyi a kumeneko, motero pofika 2018 sīmián chá inali kugulitsidwa ndi mabizinesi opitilira zana.
- 2014. Malinga ndi buku la “Bǎidù Bǎikē”, mafakitale a sīmián chá pamodzi ndi malo opangira tiyi omwe adalumikizidwa adagula 3 miliyoni jīn (1500 t) ya masamba atsopano kuchokera kwa alimi ndipo adatulutsa 750,000 jīn (375 t) ya tiyi wouma, 300,000 jīn ya tiyi wapamwamba (名优茶) ndi 450,000 ya tiyi wamba; mtengo wa zinthu unali 130 miliyoni yuán.
- 2021. Malinga ndi malipoti atolankhani (Seputembala 2021), boma linalandira dzina lakuti “中国丝绵茶之乡”.
- 2025. Mwa chilengezo nambala 640 (chosainidwa pa 16 Julayi, chofalitsidwa pa 13 Ogasiti), ofesi yadziko ya intellectual property inavomereza zinthu 1409 zokhala ndi geographical indication; Qūxiāng Sīmián Chá ndi mzere 742, wopemphayo ndi bungwe lomwelo.
- Mphotho. Lipoti limatchula mayina monga “湖北名牌产品”, “湖北首届十佳旅游名茶”, “宜昌市十大名茶” ndi mphotho yoyamba ya mpikisano wa “中茶杯”, komanso satifiketi ya “green food” (绿色食品), popanda zaka.
Dzina: “屈乡” ndi “kwawo kwa Qū Yuán”; “丝绵” ndi “thonje la silika”. Malinga ndi lipoti, m’dera la Three Gorges “mtengo wa silika” (丝绵树) amatchedwa 杜棕: pakuthyola khungwa lake pamatuluka ulusi, ndipo tsamba latsopano la sīmián chá pa kung’amba limachitanso chimodzimodzi.
Tchuthi cha chikhalidwe: Malinga ndi ofesi yaulimi ya boma kuchokera mu lipoti la 2018, tiyi ndi gawo lachiwiri la chuma m’boma pambuyo pa malalanje a navel: amalimidwa m’midzi 117 m’matauni ndi midzi 12, pa 110,000 mu, kutulutsa ndi 4200 t pachaka, mtengo wa zinthu ndi wopitilira 350 miliyoni yuán; pafupifupi theka lake ndi Qūxiāng Sīmián Chá. Misika yogulitsira lipoti limatchula: Beijing, Jiāngsū, Shāndōng, Wǔhàn.

3. Kufotokozera za Zomera ndi Zopangira

Mtundu wa zomera: Malamulo sapereka dzina la mtundu. Chitsamba choyambirira ndi cha m’munda wa sīmián chá ku Càijiāpō m’tauni ya Jiǔwǎnxī; chimafalitsidwa ndi clones (无性系繁育).
Zopangira: Malinga ndi lipoti, masamba achinyengo a kutalika kwa 1.6–2.0 cm; 1 kg ya tiyi womalizidwa amafuna pafupifupi 130,000 masamba achinyengo.
Muyeso wa kuthyola: Malinga ndi malamulo, munda umatsegulidwa pamene 5% ya masamba achinyengo atuluka; masamba amathyoledwa mosiyanasiyana malinga ndi kuphweka kwake, popanda zikopa ndi zipatso, kawirikawiri komanso m’magulu ang’onoang’ono, kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (小绿叶蝉) tisapeze chakudya chochuluka.
Nthawi yothyola: Masiku enieni sanapezeke m’mabuku omwe adapezeka.

4. Malo ndi Njira Zolimira

Dera: Kumadzulo kwa Húběi, mbali zonse za chigwa cha Xīlíng; oyandikana nawo ndi chigawo cha Yílíng kummawa, maboma a Xīngshān kumpoto, Bādōng kumadzulo ndi Chángyáng kumwera.
Malo: Mapiri a Wūshān; kutalika kwa boma kuyambira 40 mpaka 2056 m, pafupifupi pafupifupi 800 m. Minda, malinga ndi lipoti, ili pa kutalika kwa 600–1200 m.
Dothi: Dothi la mchenga, dothi pa miyala ya pepo ndi ya clay, chonde chochepa, organic matter 0.5–2.1%, pH 5.5–5.6. Kwa minda malamulo amafuna organic matter yopitilira 1.5% ndi wosanjikiza wogwira ntchito wozama kuposa 60 cm.
Nyengo: Nyengo yamkuntho ya kumpoto kwa subtropiki. Kutentha kwapachaka pafupifupi ndi 18 °C, Januware 6.4 °C, Julayi 28.9 °C; kuwala kwa dzuwa 1619.6 h, nthawi yopanda chisanu yopitilira masiku 300, mvula 1000–1500 mm. Kwa minda malamulo amafuna kutentha kwapachaka 18–22 °C, osachepera −2 °C ndipo Januware osakhala ozizira kuposa 7 °C.
Nyanja yosungiramo madzi: Malinga ndi lipoti, pambuyo pa kudzazidwa kwa nyanja ya Three Gorges, masamba m’dera la mapiri amapsa pafupifupi masiku 20 msanga kuposa oyandikana nawo pa kutalika komweko.
Njira zaulimi: Feteleza wa organic ndi green manure; polimbana ndi tizilombo, magetsi ndi pheromone traps, mbalame m’munda, ndi mankhwala achilengedwe.

5. Luso la Kupanga

Malamulo amafuna ntchito khumi; ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito “屈乡绿茶加工技术规范”:

Kuyala (摊青, tānqīng).
Kuchepetsa kutentha (杀青, shāqīng).
Kupota (揉捻, róuniǎn).
Kuyanika kwachiwiri (二青, èrqīng).
Kukonza maonekedwe (整形, zhěngxíng).
Kukweza ubweya (提毫, tíháo).
Kuyanika mobwerezabwereza (复烘, fùhōng).
Kuyanika mpaka kupsa ndi kukweza fungo (足干提香, zúgān tíxiāng).
Kuchotsa zidutswa ndi kulemba (割末打标).
Kusankha (精选, jīngxuǎn).

Malamulo sapereka kutentha kapena nthawi.

6. Makhalidwe a Kumva

Zofunika malinga ndi malamulo.

Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Zopota zothina, zopyapyala komanso zofanana ndi nsonga zakuthwa, mtundu wa emerald, ndi ubweya woyera wowonekera (条索紧秀均匀，锋苗挺秀，色泽翠绿，白毫显露).
Fungo la masamba owuma: Palibe kufotokozera kwapadera m’mabuku omwe adapezeka.
Fungo la madzi a tiyi: Lalitali komanso lokhazikika, loyera (高香持久、清香纯正).
Kukoma: Kwatsopano komanso kolimbikitsa, ndi kukoma kotsalira kwanthawi yayitali (滋味鲜爽，回味绵长).
Mtundu wa madzi a tiyi: Wowala komanso woyera (汤色清澈明亮).
Masamba otayidwa: Owala, osangalatsa (叶底明亮悦目).

Tsamba latsopano, malinga ndi malamulo, ndi lofewa ndipo pakung’amba limasonyeza “ulusi wasiliva masauzande ambiri” (断面银丝万缕).

7. Zomwe Zili M’manja

Zofunika za physicochemical malinga ndi malamulo:

Chizindikiro	Muyeso
Ma amino acid aulere	osachepera 2.0 %
Chinyezi	osapitirira 7.0 %
Phulusa lonse	osapitirira 6.5 %
Zidutswa	osapitirira 5.0 %
Fiber yaiwisi	osapitirira 10 %
Zinthu zochotsera	osachepera 38 %

Malamulo aukhondo ndi malinga ndi GB 2762 ndi GB 2763. Awa ndi malamulo, osati miyeso ya gulu linalake.

8. Kuwira

Njira yofanana ndi ya tiyi wobiriwira.

Kutentha kwa madzi: 80–85 °C.
Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml.
Chotengera: Kapu yagalasi kapena gāiwǎn yoyera.
Njira:
1. Tenthetsa chotengera.
2. Ikani tiyi ndikutsanulira madzi m’mbali mwa chotengera.
3. Kutulutsa koyamba pakadutsa masekondi 40–60.
4. Imwani, kusiya madzi otsala pang’ono.
5. Onjezerani madzi.
6. Kubwereza kuwira kuwiri kapena katatu.

9. Kusunga

Njira yofanana ndi ya tiyi wobiriwira. M’chotengera chotsekedwa bwino, mufiriji pa 0–5 °C, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo; kumwa mkati mwa chaka chimodzi.

10. Mtengo ndi Zonama

Mtengo wa tiyi womalizidwa sunapezeke m’mabuku omwe adapezeka. Malinga ndi lipoti la 2018, mtengo wogula masamba atsopano m’dera la sīmián chá pa nthawi yapamwamba unadutsa 220 yuán pa kilogalamu.

Momwe mungapewere zonama:
- Yang’anani chizindikiro cha geographical indication pafupi ndi dzina la katundu; wopanga kuchokera m’deralo amachiyika ndi chilolezo cha mwini.
- Kuyambira 2025 palinso chizindikiro cha geographical indication: wopanga kuchokera m’deralo amalembetsa pempho ku ofesi ya boma ya intellectual property, likuwunikiridwa ndi ofesi ya chigawo cha Húběi, kuvomerezedwa ndi kufalitsidwa ndi ofesi yadziko ya intellectual property.
- Onetsetsani kuti wopanga ndi wa ku matauni khumi ndi limodzi ndi midzi ya boma la Zǐguī.
- Masamba ndi opota opyapyala a mtundu wa emerald ndi ubweya woyera.
- Musasokoneze dzina lotetezedwa ndi chizindikiro cha malonda cha payekha “九畹丝绵茶”: malinga ndi lipoti, chinalembetsedwa mu 2009 ndi kampani ya ku mzinda wa Jiǔwǎnxī, ndipo mu 2018 chizindikirocho chinavomerezedwa kukhala chodziwika bwino (驰名商标).

11. Zinthu Zosangalatsa

Dzina la tiyi, malinga ndi nthano, linaperekedwa ndi mfumu, ndipo chizindikiro cha kung’amba tsamba chimafotokozedwa ndi kufanizira ndi khungwa la “mtengo wa silika” wa kumeneko.
Malamulo amafuna Januware osati ozizira kuposa 7 °C, koma malamulo omwewo amatchula Januware wapakati wa boma monga 6.4 °C.
Zitsamba zoyambirira za geographical indication zimamera ku Càijiāpō, komweko, malinga ndi nthano, kunali kwawo kwa Lǐ Gāoyǒng.

12. Kuyerekeza ndi Tiyi Wina

Sānxiá Lóngjǐng (三峡龙井): Tiyi wobiriwira wosalala wa chigawo cha Yíchāng, malo ake akuphatikizapo Zǐguī.
Xiázhōu Bìfēng (峡州碧峰): Tiyi wobiriwira wa chigawo choyandikana nacho cha Yílíng.
Xīngshān Báichá (兴山白茶): Tiyi wobiriwira wa mtundu wa masamba owala wa boma loyandikana nalo la Xīngshān.

Pomaliza:

Qūxiāng Sīmián Chá ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa m’chigwa cha Xīlíng, dzina lake likugwirizanitsa Qū Yuán ndi nthano ya Jiāqìng. Malamulo amamufotokoza mwatsatanitsatane: matauni khumi ndi limodzi, chitsamba choyambirira kuchokera ku Càijiāpō, ntchito khumi, zopota za emerald zokhala ndi ubweya wambiri ndi fungo lapamwamba loyera. Ndipo dzina lake linapatsidwa chifukwa cha chizindikiro: tsamba latsopano long’ambika limatulutsa ulusi wasiliva.