Qūxiāng sīmián chá

Qūxiāng sīmián chá (Qūxiāng sīmián chá, 屈乡丝绵茶) — itiye eliluhlaza lasesifundeni sase-Zigui (秭归县) esifundeni sedolobha sase-Yichang esifundazweni sase-Hubei, lisuka osebeni lomhosha wase-Xiling (西陵峡) emfuleni i-Yangtze. Igama lakhiwe ngezinganekwane ezimbili: «Qūxiāng» (屈乡) — «izwe lokuzalwa lika-Qu Yuan»; «sīmián chá» (丝绵茶) — «itiye likasilika», igama, ngokwenganekwane, elanikezwa itiye yinkosi u-Jiaqing. Uphawu ngokomthetho: ekudabukeni kweqabunga elisha kubonakala imicu esiliva. Isiqinisekiso sezolimo sokuma komhlaba — kusukela ngo-2012, umkhiqizo onesiqinisekiso sokuma komhlaba — kusukela ngo-2025.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Umthetho ubophezela ukusebenza ngokwezinga «屈乡绿茶标准» (Q/SXC01—2009) kanye nemithetho «屈乡绿茶加工技术规范» — zombili zibizwa ngokuthi «eziluhlaza»; ubuchwepheshe abunayo i-oxidation.
Isigaba: Isiqinisekiso sezolimo sokuma komhlaba (2012, isitifiketi AGI00934); umkhiqizo onesiqinisekiso sokuma komhlaba (2025).
Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Hubei (湖北, Húběi), isifunda sedolobha sase-Yichang (宜昌, Yíchāng), isifunda sase-Zigui (秭归, Zǐguī).
Indawo evikelwe: Amadolobhana kanye nezifunda eziyishumi nanye zesifunda — Maoping (茅坪镇), Guizhou (归州镇), Quyuan (屈原镇), Shuitianba (水田坝乡), Xietan (泄滩乡), Shazhenxi (沙镇溪镇), Lianghekou (两河口镇), Meijiahe (梅家河乡), Guojiaoba (郭家坝镇), Jiuwanxi (九畹溪镇) kanye ne-Yanglinqiao (杨林桥镇); uhlu luyafana emthethweni kanye nesimemezelo № 640. Indawo ngokomthetho — 40 000 mu.
Izixhumanisi zendawo: 110°18′–111°00′ empumalanga, 30°38′–31°11′ enyakatho.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Umlando:
- Qu Yuan. Ngokombhalo womthetho, imbongi yazalwa ngo-340 BC e-Lepingli (乐坪里) esifundeni sase-Zigui. Umugqa we-«Lisao» (离骚) «余既滋兰之九畹兮» — «ngatshala ama-orchid emihosheni eyisishiyagalolunye» — umthetho uhlobanisa nedolobhana lamanje lase-Jiuwanxi (九畹溪).
- Inganekwane ngo-Jiaqing. Ngokwenganekwane echazwe emthethweni, umuntu ohlonishwayo wase-Caijiapo (蔡家坡), u-Li Gaoyong (李高永), wamukelwa yinkosi u-Jiaqing (嘉庆) futhi yamnika isikhundla se-dengshilang (登仕郎). Ngokubonga u-Li wanikeza inkosi itiye lendawo; inkosi yajabula, yanika itiye igama elithi «丝绵茶» futhi yanikeza ibhodi elinombhalo kanye nesethi yezinkomishi ze-gaiwan.
- Uhlu lozalo kanye netshe lethuna. Ngokombiko ka-2018, uhlu lozalo lomndeni wakwa-Li lubeka impilo ka-Li Gaoyong ngo-1783–1882, futhi itshe lakhe lethuna elinombhalo othi «登仕郎李高永» lamiswa ngo-1903 futhi lisinda ngokwengxenye edolobhaneni lase-Xiakou (峡口村). Umbiko ubheka lokhu njengobufakazi obuphathekayo bokuthi isimian cha kwakuyintela; imibhalo uqobo, njengoba uchaza, ibiza isikhundla, kodwa ayisho lutho ngetiye. Ngokombiko ofanayo, itshe lethuna langempela lalimala phakathi neminyaka ye-«Cultural Revolution»: amapuleti amabili aqoshiwe ohlangothini lwangaphambili ahlala ephelele, okunye kwavuselelwa ngenkumbulo yezizukulwane.
- Intela. Umbiko ofanayo ucaphuna izazi-mlando ukuthi itiye lase-Zigui kusukela ku-Tang kuya ku-Qing laliyingxenye yentela yenkantolo, futhi ubiza itiye lentela le-Yuan elithi «清口茶» kanye nelika-Qing elithi «丝绵茶».
- 1994. Ngo-Okthoba isiteshi sesifunda sokusabalalisa ubuchwepheshe bemikhiqizo yendawo sabhalisa uphawu lwentengiso oluthi «屈乡».
- 2012. Ngokombiko, ngo-Agasti uphiko lwezolimo lwesifunda lwaqala ukulungisa isicelo, futhi ngonyaka ofanayo igama lathola ukubhaliswa kwesiqinisekiso sezolimo sokuma komhlaba; umnikazi — inhlangano yetiye yesifunda (秭归县茶叶协会).
- Ukuvuselelwa. Ngokombiko ka-2018, onganikazi izinsuku, isimian cha esivuselelwe ngaphambilini sasenziwa kancane futhi kuphela esigodini sase-Jiuwanxi; ukuze kwandiswe umkhiqizo, isifunda saheha izinkampani ezinkulu kanye nama-cooperative futhi sakhuthaza izindawo zokusebenzela zendawo — ngo-2018 isimian cha sase sithengiswa ngamabhizinisi angaphezu kwekhulu.
- 2014. Ngokwe-reference ye-«Baidu Baike», izimboni zesimian cha kanye nezindawo zokusebenzela ezijoyinile zathenga kubalimi 3 million jin (1500 t) wamaqabunga amasha futhi zakhiqiza 750 thousand jin (375 t) wetiye elomile — 300 thousand jin «elidumile» (名优茶) kanye ne-450 thousand elijwayelekile; inani lomkhiqizo — 130 million yuan.
- 2021. Ngokwemibiko yabezindaba (Septhemba 2021), isifunda sathola isiqu esithi «中国丝绵茶之乡» — «izwe lase-China lesimian cha».
- 2025. Ngesimemezelo № 640 (esayinwe ngo-Julayi 16, sashicilelwa ngo-Agasti 13) i-State Intellectual Property Office yamukela imikhiqizo engu-1409 enesiqinisekiso sokuma komhlaba; i-Quxiang Simian Cha — umugqa 742, umfakisicelo — inhlangano efanayo.
- Imiklomelo. Umbiko ubiza iziqu ezithi «湖北名牌产品», «湖北首届十佳旅游名茶», «宜昌市十大名茶» kanye nomklomelo wokuqala womncintiswano we-«中茶杯», kanye nesitifiketi se-«green product» (绿色食品), ngaphandle kweminyaka.
Igama: «屈乡» — «izwe lokuzalwa lika-Qu Yuan»; «丝绵» — «ukotini kasilika». Ngokombiko, endaweni yase-Three Gorges «isihlahla sikasilika» (丝绵树) kubizwa isitshalo esithi 杜棕: ekugqashukeni kwegxolo lwaso kudonsa imicu, futhi iqabunga elisha lesimian cha ekudabukeni liziphatha ngendlela efanayo.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Ngokwedatha yehhovisi lezolimo lesifunda evela embikweni ka-2018, itiye — imboni yesibili yesifunda ngemuva kwama-orange e-navel: lilinywa emadolobhaneni angu-117 ezifundeni eziyi-12, e-110 thousand mu, umkhiqizo — 4200 t ngonyaka, inani lomkhiqizo — ngaphezu kwe-350 million yuan; cishe ingxenye ingeye-Quxiang Simian Cha. Izimakethe zokuthengisa umbiko uzibiza kanje: i-Beijing, i-Jiangsu, i-Shandong, i-Wuhan.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa

I-cultivar: Umthetho awuniki igama le-cultivar. Isitshalo esingumama — izihlahla zesizinda sesimian cha e-Caijiapo edolobhaneni lase-Jiuwanxi; zisakazwa ngama-clone (无性系繁育).
Izinto zokusetshenziswa: Ngokombiko, imiqumbe ethambile enobude obungu-1,6–2,0 cm; ku-1 kg wetiye eliqediwe kusetshenziswa cishe imiqumbe engu-130 thousand.
Izinga lokuvuna: Ngokomthetho, ingadi ivulwa lapho kusuke kwavuleka u-5% wemiqumbe ejwayelekile eyodwa; iqabunga livunwa ngokwehlukana ngokuthamba, ngaphandle kwamakhoba nezithelo, kaningi futhi ngeziqephu ezincane — kanjalo i-leafhopper (小绿叶蝉) inokudla okuncane.
Isikhathi sokuvuna: Azikho izinsuku eziqondile emithonjeni etholakele.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokulima

Isifunda: INtshonalanga ye-Hubei, zombili iziqongo zomhosha wase-Xiling; omakhelwane besifunda — isifunda sase-Yiling empumalanga, izifunda zase-Xingshan enyakatho, i-Badong entshonalanga kanye ne-Changyang eningizimu.
Ukwakheka komhlaba: Izintaba ze-Wushan; ukuphakama kwesifunda — kusukela ku-40 kuya ku-2056 m, ngokwesilinganiso cishe 800 m. Izingadi, ngokombiko, zisekuphakameni kwe-600–1200 m.
Umhlabathi: I-sandy loam, umhlabathi oseslate ensomi kanye ne-clay slate, ukuvunda okuphakathi, i-organic matter engu-0,5–2,1%, i-pH engu-5,5–5,6. Ezingadini umthetho udinga i-organic matter engaphezu kwe-1,5% kanye nongqimba olusebenzayo olujule ngaphezu kwe-60 cm.
Isimo sezulu: I-subtropical yasenyakatho ye-continental monsoon. Izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi — 18 °C, uJanuwari — 6,4 °C, uJulayi — 28,9 °C; ukukhanya kwelanga — 1619,6 h, isikhathi esingenasithwathwa — ngaphezu kwezinsuku ezingama-300, imvula — 1000–1500 mm. Ezingadini umthetho ubeka izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi kwe-18–22 °C, ubuncane bungabi ngaphansi kwe-−2 °C futhi uJanuwari angabi ngaphezu kwe-7 °C.
Idamu: Ngokombiko, ngemuva kokugcwaliswa kwedamu lase-Three Gorges iqabunga endaweni esezintabeni eziphakathi livuthwa cishe izinsuku ezingama-20 ngaphambi kwalokho kunomakhelwane ekuphakameni okufanayo.
Amasu ezolimo: Umanyolo we-organic kanye ne-green manure; ngokumelene nezinambuzane — izicupho zokukhanya kanye ne-pheromone, izinyoni engadini, ama-biopreparat.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Umthetho ubeka imisebenzi eyishumi; kufanele kusetshenzwe ngokwe-«屈乡绿茶加工技术规范»:

Ukulungisa (摊青, tānqīng).
Ukubulala (杀青, shāqīng).
Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn).
Ukomiswa kwesibili (二青, èrqīng).
Ukubumba (整形, zhěngxíng).
Ukuphakamisa uboya (提毫, tíháo).
Ukomiswa okuphindaphindiwe (复烘, fùhōng).
Ukomiswa kokugcina nokuphakamisa iphunga (足干提香, zúgān tíxiāng).
Ukususa imvuthuluka nokumaka (割末打标).
Ukukhetha (精选, jīngxuǎn).

Amazinga okushisa kanye nobude besikhathi umthetho awukunikezi.

6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic

Izidingo zomthetho wesiqinisekiso.

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Ukusonga okuqinile, okuncane futhi okulinganayo okunezihloko ezibukhali, umbala we-emerald, enoboya obumhlophe obuvulekile (条索紧秀均匀，锋苗挺秀，色泽翠绿，白毫显露).
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Akukho ncazelo ehlukile emithonjeni etholakele.
Iphunga lokumnika: Liphezulu futhi lihlala njalo, lihlanzekile (高香持久、清香纯正).
Ukunambitheka: Okusha futhi okuvuselelayo, nokunambitheka okuphindaphindekayo okude (滋味鲜爽，回味绵长).
Umbala wokumnika: Osobala futhi okhanyayo (汤色清澈明亮).
Izindebe zetiye (iqabunga eliphisiwe): Kukhanya, kujabulisa iso (叶底明亮悦目).

Iqabunga elisha, ngokomthetho, lithambile futhi ekudabukeni libonisa «izinkulungwane zemicu esiliva» (断面银丝万缕).

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Izidingo ze-physicochemical zomthetho:

Inkomba	Izinga
Ama-amino acid amahhala	okungenani 2,0 %
Umswakama	okungaphezu kwe-7,0 %
Umlotha ophelele	okungaphezu kwe-6,5 %
Imvuthuluka	okungaphezu kwe-5,0 %
I-fiber eluhlaza	okungaphezu kwe-10 %
Izinto ezikhiphekayo	okungenani 38 %

Imigomo yezempilo — ngokwe-GB 2762 kanye ne-GB 2763. Lokhu yimigomo, hhayi izilinganiso zeqoqo elithile.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wekilasi wetiye eliluhlaza.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
Inani letiye: 3 g ku-150 ml.
Izitsha: Ingilazi ekhanyayo noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
Inqubo:
1. Fudumeza izitsha.
2. Faka itiye bese uthela amanzi ngasodongeni.
3. Ukumnika kokuqala — ngemuva kwemizuzwana engama-40–60.
4. Phuza, ushiya ingxenye yokumnika.
5. Thela amanzi futhi.
6. Ukuphindaphinda kabili noma kathathu.

9. Ukugcina

Umkhuba wekilasi. Emphatheni ovaliwe, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama kanye namaphunga; phuza phakathi nonyaka.

10. Intengo kanye Nokukodwa

Awekho amanani etiye eliqediwe emithonjeni etholakele. Ngokombiko ka-2018, intengo yokuthenga yeqabunga elisha endaweni yesimian cha isiqongweni yayingaphezu kwe-220 yuan ngekhilogremu.

Indlela yokugwema okungelona iqiniso:
- Bheka uphawu lwesiqinisekiso sokuma komhlaba eduze kwegama lomkhiqizo; umkhiqizi wasendaweni ulubeka ngemvume yomnikazi.
- Kusukela ngo-2025 kukhona futhi uphawu lomkhiqizo onesiqinisekiso sokuma komhlaba: umkhiqizi wasendaweni ufaka isicelo ehhovisi lendawo lezobunikazi bengqondo, sihlolwa yihhovisi lesifundazwe sase-Hubei, sigunyazwa futhi sishicilelwa yi-State Intellectual Property Office.
- Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi ungomunye wamadolobhana noma izifunda eziyishumi nanye zesifunda sase-Zigui.
- Iqabunga — ukusonga okuncane kwe-emerald okunoboya obumhlophe.
- Ungadidanisi igama elivikelwe nophawu lwentengiso oluyimfihlo oluthi «九畹丝绵茶»: ngokombiko, lwabhaliswa ngo-2009 yinkampani yasedolobhaneni lase-Jiuwanxi, futhi ngo-2018 uphawu lwaqashelwa njengolwaziwayo (驰名商标).

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

Igama letiye, ngokwenganekwane, lanikezwa yinkosi, futhi uphawu ekudabukeni kweqabunga luchazwa ngokuqhathanisa negxolo le-«sihlahla sikasilika» sendawo.
Umthetho udinga uJanuwari angabi ngaphezu kwe-7 °C, kodwa wona ngokwawo ubeka isilinganiso sikaJanuwari sesifunda — 6,4 °C.
Izihlahla ezingumama zesesiqinisekiso zikhula e-Caijiapo — lapho, ngokwenganekwane, kwakuyizwe lokuzalwa lika-Li Gaoyong.

12. Ukuqhathanisa Namanye Amatiye

Sanxia Longjing (三峡龙井): Itiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba lesifunda sase-Yichang, indawo yalo ifaka phakathi i-Zigui.
Xiazhou Bifeng (峡州碧峰): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda esingumakhelwane sase-Yiling.
Xingshan Baicha (兴山白茶): Itiye eliluhlaza le-cultivar enamaqabunga akhanyayo yesifunda esingumakhelwane sase-Xingshan.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Quxiang Simian Cha — itiye eliluhlaza lomhosha wase-Xiling, igama lalo lihlanganisa u-Qu Yuan kanye nenganekwane ngo-Jiaqing. Umthetho ulichaza ngokuningiliziwe: amadolobhana ayishumi nanye, isitshalo esingumama sase-Caijiapo, imisebenzi eyishumi, ukusonga kwe-emerald okunoboya kanye nephunga eliphakeme elihlanzekile. Futhi igama lanikezwa uphawu: iqabunga elisha elidabukile lidonsa imicu esiliva.