I-Xiangwo Cha (Xiàngwō chá, 象窝茶) itiye lezintaba zase-Tianlushan (天露山, Tiānlù shān) esifundeni sase-Xinxing (新兴县) ngaphansi kukamasipala wase-Yunfu entshonalanga yesifundazwe sase-Guangdong. Ipulazi lase-Xiangwo lisemaphethelweni asenyakatho okhahlamba, ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-600 ngaphezu kolwandle, enkungwini ecishe ibe njalo. Igama livikelwa njengomkhiqizo onesibonakaliso sendawo futhi liqinisekiswa izinga lendawo, kodwa isigaba asikho emibhalweni etholakele yezinga: ngokombiko wangowezi-2019, ngaphansi kwaleli gama kukhiqizwa uchungechunge oluluhlaza, olubomvu nolugugile.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Akunqunyelwe embhalweni. Umbiko wangowezi-2019 ubiza uchungechunge lwemikhiqizo emithathu — «象窝绿茶» (itiye eliluhlaza), «象窝红茶» (itiye elibomvu) kanye no-«陈香茶» (itiye eligugile; ukuthi lingaphansi kwasiphi isigaba akushiwongo). Umkhiqizo waphawulwa njengomkhiqizo wetiye elibomvu onethemba — lokho kuwukuhlola, hhayi isigaba ngokombhalo.
- Isigaba: Umkhiqizo onesibonakaliso sendawo; itiye lendawo likamasipala wase-Yunfu.
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Guangdong (广东, Guǎngdōng), umasipala wase-Yunfu (云浮, Yúnfú), isifunda sase-Xinxing (新兴, Xīnxīng), izintaba zase-Tianlushan.
- Indawo evikelwe: Ngokwesicelo esamukelwa ukucutshungulwa ngowezi-2010, — izintaba zase-Tianlushan ngaphakathi kwamalokishi ase-Taiping nase-Rencun esifundeni sase-Xinxing. Umngcele wokugcina emthethweni wokugunyaza angiwubhekanga.
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: Isifunda sase-Xinxing — cishe u-22,7° enyakatho no-112,2° empumalanga.
2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Umbhalo wesifunda. Umbiko wangowezi-2019 ucaphuna amazwi ombhalo wesifunda sase-Xinxing owashicilelwa ngeminyaka yeRiphabhulikhi (民国《新兴县志》): izintaba zesifunda zijulile, amahlathi aminzile, umhlabathi ulungele kahle itiye, kanti amatiye angcono kakhulu — awase-Tianlushan nawase-Longshan (天露山茶、龙山茶). I-Xiangwo, ngokuchazwa kombiko, iyingxenye yetiye lase-Tianlushan.
- Ukutshalwa kwetiye kwasekuqaleni. Ngokusho kombiko ofanayo, kuze kube ngawo-1950 itiye eduze kwentaba i-Xiangwo (象窝山) lalitshalwa kancane futhi ngokwehlukahlukana ngabalimi bendawo nezindela. Embhalweni kubhalwe ukuthi «kuze kube ngawo-50 eminyaka yekhulu le-19» — eduze kwendaba yonyaka we-1956 lokhu kubukeka njengephutha lokubhala.
- 1956. Ngokombiko, abantu abasha abafundile baya ezintabeni ukuyovula amasimu, bafika ngamaqoqo belethe uhlobo lwamaqabunga amakhulu lwase-Yunnan (云南大叶种, Yúnnán dàyèzhǒng), bafunda ukusabalalisa ngezinqumo futhi banda indawo yamasimu yaya ngaphezu kwamakhulu ayisishiyagalombili ama-mu; itiye laqanjwa igama elithi «象窝茶».
- 2007. Ngokombiko ofanayo, ngomhla ka-16 Januwari 2007 i-Guangdong Xiangshun Holding Group (广东翔顺控股集团) yaqala ukuhlanganisa izinsiza zepulazi, yaletha imishini emisha futhi yavuselela ukukhethwa kwezinhlobo, ukutshala, ukunakekelwa nobuchwepheshe.
- 2010. Isicelo sokuvikelwa njengomkhiqizo onesibonakaliso sendawo samukelwa ukucutshungulwa. Izinombolo nezinsuku zomthetho wokugunyaza irejista ayizange izibuyise.
- 2013–2014. Izinga lesifundazwe i-DB44/T 1254-2013 «地理标志产品 象窝茶» lashicilelwa ngomhla ka-20 Disemba 2013 futhi laqala ukusebenza ngomhla ka-20 Mashi 2014. Ngokwendlela yokusebenza kwalo lihlobene netiye ukuvikelwa kwalo okwagunyazwa yi-AQSIQ.
- 2021. Kwakhishwa izinga lendawo likamasipala wase-Yunfu i-DB4453/T 06—2021 elinesihloko esifanayo: lashicilelwa ngomhla ka-20 Meyi 2021, laqala ukusebenza ngomhla ka-20 Juni 2021. Phakathi kwabaqambi kukhona izinhlaka zesifunda zokuhlola ikhwalithi nezolimo kanye ne-LLC «Ipulazi Letiye lase-Xiangwo».
- 2022. Uhlelo lwezolimo lukamasipala wase-Yunfu lwenkathi yesi-5 lwezinhlelo zeminyaka emihlanu lubala i-Xiangwo Cha njengomkhiqizo wesifunda sase-Xinxing onesibonakaliso sendawo, kanti i-Xinxing kanye nedolobha lase-Luoding (罗定) njengezifunda ezibalulekile zetiye zikamasipala.
- 2023. Izinga lesifundazwe langowezi-2013 lahoxiswa kusukela ngomhla ka-1 Februwari 2023. Ngokuhoxiswa kwezinga likamasipala langowezi-2021 emibhalweni etholakele akukho mininingwane.
- Imiklomelo: Umbiko ubala ngaphandle kweminyaka nangaphandle kwamagama abanikezeli: «itiye eliphilayo», «umkhiqizo odumile wase-Guangdong», omunye wemikhiqizo eyishumi enethemba kakhulu yetiye elibomvu lase-China, umklomelo wokuqala womncintiswano kazwelonke wamatiye adumile, omunye wamatiye ayishumi adumile ase-Guangdong.
- Igama: 象 — «indlovu», 窝 — «isidleke, umhume»; 象窝 — igama lentaba nepulazi. Embikweni wangowezi-2019 umkhiqizo ubizwa ngokuthi «象窝禅茶» — «itiye le-Chan lase-Xiangwo».
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Umbiko uhlobanisa igama elithi «禅茶» nesigodlo sezindela i-Guoensi (国恩寺), esihlukaniswe nepulazi ngentaba eyodwa, futhi ususa isiko letiye lase-Xiangwo enkathini yenkosi yesithupha yesikole se-Chan u-Huineng (惠能). Lokhu kuyisimangalo somkhiqizo, angikubhekanga. Ngokwemininingwane yombiko ofanayo, ipulazi lakhipha ebuphofini imindeni engaphezu kwamakhulu amane yemizana emine eseduze.
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nempahla Eluhlaza
- Uhlobo / I-cultivar: Ngokombiko wangowezi-2019, kusukela ngo-1956 emasimini kwatshalwa uhlobo lwamaqabunga amakhulu lwase-Yunnan olwalulethwe (云南大叶种, Yúnnán dàyèzhǒng). Izinhlobo zamanje nezinhlobo ezivunyelwe izinga azikho emithonjeni etholakele.
- Ukuvuna: Akukho mininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.
- Izinga lokuvuna: Akukho mininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.
- Izidingo zempahla eluhlaza: Umbhalo wezinga angiwubonanga, ngakho-ke izidingo zawo angizisho.
4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala
- Isifunda: Umngcele osenyakatho wokhahlamba lwase-Tianlushan esifundeni sase-Xinxing.
- Ukuphakama kokutshala: Ngokombiko wangowezi-2019, amasimu angaphezu kwamamitha angu-600, indawo ephakeme kakhulu ingamamitha angu-860.
- Isimo sezulu: Unyaka wonke kunenkungu, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu nomswakama — ngokombiko ofanayo; azikho izinombolo.
- Umhlabathi: Akukho mininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.
- Indawo: Ngokombiko, e-ecopark yepulazi kunama-mu angaphezu kuka-7000 ehlathi kanye nama-mu angaphezu kuka-4000 amasimu etiye.
- Ukunakekelwa kwamasimu: Umquba oyinhloko — utshani, amakhoba kabhontshisi, umquba wezinkukhu nowezinkomo; izinambuzane ziqedwa ngezindlela zebhayoloji, izicupho zokukhanya nokuqoqwa ngesandla, izibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali, ngokwamazwi ombiko, azisetshenziswa.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Ubucwepheshe be-Xiangwo Cha abukho emithonjeni etholakele, umbhalo wezinga angiwubonanga. Ukuze uthole umhlahlandlela — izikimu ezijwayelekile zezigaba, hhayi incazelo yaleli tiye:
- Itiye eliluhlaza: ukubuna (摊放, tānfàng), ukumisa ngokushisa (杀青, shāqīng), ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn), ukomisa (干燥, gānzào).
- Itiye elibomvu: ukubuna (萎凋, wěidiāo), ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn), i-oxidation (发酵, fājiào), ukomisa (干燥, gānzào).
Uchungechunge olugugile «陈香茶» lwenziwa kanjani, emithonjeni etholakele akuchazwanga.
6. Izimpawu Zokunambitha Nokubonwayo
Izincazelo — ezivela embikweni wangowezi-2019, ngokochungechunge; izidingo zezinga mayelana nokubukeka angizibonanga.
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Akukho mininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Akukho mininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.
- Iphunga lokuphuzwa: Uchungechunge oluluhlaza — oluthambile, oluphakeme nolusha (香气香嫩高爽); olubomvu — olumnandi nolujiyile (茶香甘甜浓郁). Kuchungechunge olubomvu akucaciswanga ukuthi iphunga lokuphuzwa yini noma leqabunga elomile.
- Ukunambitheka: Uchungechunge oluluhlaza — okusha nokuthambile (滋味鲜醇); olubomvu — okugcwele, okuvusayo, okusha nokumnandi (滋味浓爽鲜甜).
- Umbala wokuphuzwa: Uchungechunge oluluhlaza — oluphuzi-oluhlaza, olukhanyayo (汤色黄绿明亮); olubomvu — olubomvu ngokugqamile, olusobala (汤色红艳明亮).
- Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga eliphekiwe): Akukho mininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Akukho mininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.
8. Ukuphisa
Umkhuba wesigaba — imingcele incike ochungechungeni.
- Uchungechunge oluluhlaza: 80–85 °C, amagremu angu-3 ku-150 ml, ukuphisa kokuqala imizuzwana engama-40–60, ingilazi yengilazi noma i-gaiwan, ukuphisa kabili noma kathathu.
- Uchungechunge olubomvu: 90–95 °C, amagremu angu-3 ku-150 ml, ukuphisa kokuqala cishe umzuzu, i-gaiwan noma imbiza ye-porcelain, ukuphisa okuningana nokwandisa isikhathi.
- Uchungechunge olugugile: Isigaba asishiwongo, ngakho-ke imingcele angiyinikezi.
9. Ukugcinwa
Umkhuba wesigaba. Itiye eliluhlaza — ephaketheni elivaleke kahle, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga, liphuzwe phakathi nonyaka. Elibomvu — endaweni eyomile emnyama ezingeni lokushisa legumbi, ephaketheni eliminyene, kude namaphunga.
10. Intengo Nokukhwabanisa
Akukho mininingwane ngezintengo emithonjeni etholakele. Ngokombiko wangowezi-2019, inani lomkhiqizo we-Xiangwo Cha (产值) ngonyaka wezi-2018 leqa izigidi ezingama-20 zama-yuan — cishe amahlandla angamashumi amabili kunangaphambi kweminyaka engaphezu kweshumi.
- Indlela yokugwema ukukhwabanisa:
- Bheka uphawu lomkhiqizo onesibonakaliso sendawo ephaketheni kanye nereferensi yezinga i-DB4453/T 06—2021.
- Qiniseka ukuthi itiye lenziwe esifundeni sase-Xinxing, endaweni yezintaba zase-Tianlushan.
- Bheka ukuthi yiluphi uchungechunge olusephaketheni — oluluhlaza, olubomvu noma olugugile: igama elilodwa alisho isigaba.
11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo
- Ukuthi kungani intaba ibizwa ngokuthi «isidleke sendlovu», imithombo etholakele ayichazi.
- Igama lashintsha amazinga amabili: elesifundazwe langowezi-2013 nelikamasipala langowezi-2021; elokuqala lahoxiswa ngowezi-2023.
- Ngokombiko wangowezi-2019, indawo yamasimu yanda kusuka ema-mu angaphezu kwamakhulu ayisishiyagalombili ngeminyaka yokutshala kokuqala yaya kwangaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezine.
12. Ukuqhathaniswa Namanye Amatiye Ase-Guangdong
- I-Ying De Hong Cha (英德红茶): Itiye elibomvu lasenyakatho ye-Guangdong; ngokwe-athikili ye-corpus, nalo lakhula ngohlobo lwamaqabunga amakhulu lwase-Yunnan, olwalethwa e-Yingde ngo-1955. Ngokungafani ne-Xiangwo, isigaba salo sinqunywa igama ngokwalo.
- I-Renhua Baimao Cha (仁化白毛茶): Igama lase-Guangdong elinesibonakaliso sendawo, ngaphansi kwalo futhi kwenziwa itiye elibomvu neliluhlaza, — isimo esifanayo «segama elibanzi kunesigaba».
- I-Fengkai Hong Cha (封开红茶): Itiye elibomvu lasentshonalanga ye-Guangdong likamasipala wase-Zhaoqing.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Xiangwo Cha igama lepulazi lasentabeni emngceleni osenyakatho we-Tianlushan, ngaphansi kwalo kunochungechunge oluluhlaza, olubomvu nolugugile. Imibhalo ngayo ikhuluma ngendawo, amazinga nokuvikelwa, hhayi ngokubukeka. Okunye — inkungu engaphezu kwamamitha angu-600, uhlobo lwamaqabunga amakhulu lwase-Yunnan kusukela ngo-1956, umbhalo wesifunda owawudumisa itiye lase-Tianlushan — kwaziwa ikakhulu kusuka embikweni womkhiqizo. Kufanele ukhethe ngokochungechunge, hhayi ngegama.
Imithombo
Amazinga
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo