I-Renhua Baimao Cha (Rénhuà báimáo chá, 仁化白毛茶) itiye lasesifundeni sase-Renhua (仁化县) emkhakheni wedolobha i-Shaoguan enyakatho yesifundazwe sase-Guangdong, livela emphakathini wendawo onamaqabunga aminyene anoboya. Leli gama lisho “itiye elinoboya obumhlophe lase-Renhua” futhi likhuluma ngeqabunga, hhayi ngesigaba: ngobuchwepheshe kule nto eluhlaza kwenziwa itiye elibomvu kanye neliluhlaza. Esifundeni kunezintaba zase-Danxiashan — amadwala abomvu, lapho izazi zokuma komhlaba zaqala khona ukuchaza indawo eyi-danxia landform. Kusukela ngo-2014 itiye livikelwe njengomkhiqizo onegeographical indication, futhi kusukela ngo-2021 linezinga lendawo lomkhiqizo we-GI.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Izigaba ezimbili ngaphansi kwegama elilodwa — elibomvu (红茶, hóngchá) neliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). «白毛» — «uboya obumhlophe» — igama lenani labantu, hhayi isigaba esimhlophe.
- Isigaba: Itiye lenani lendawo elinoboya obumhlophe lasenyakatho ye-Guangdong; umkhiqizo onegeographical indication (2014).
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Guangdong (广东, Guǎngdōng), idolobha i-Shaoguan (韶关, Sháoguān), isifunda sase-Renhua (仁化县, Rénhuà Xiàn). Indawo yokuvikela ibekwa yizinga lendawo; imingcele yayo eqondile ayikho emithonjeni etholakele. Ngokwemininingwane eyisithenjwa, izindawo eziyinhloko zokukhiqiza ngamadolobhana i-Hongshan (红山镇) ne-Chengkou (城口镇).
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: Isifunda sase-Renhua — cishe 25.1° N no-113.7° E.
2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- I-Ming — «白茅茶». Igama elidala letiye — 白茅茶 (báimáo chá): lizwakala lifana nelamanje, kodwa libhalwa ngezinhlamvu 茅 — «utshani bu-mao». Imithombo eyisithenjwa ibeka ukudalwa kwetiye enkathini ye-Ming.
- I-Qing — intela. Ngesikhathi sika-Jiaqing (1796–1820), ngokwemininingwane eyisithenjwa, itiye lase livele lithunyelwa enkantolo.
- 2014. Ngo-2 Septemba iGeneral Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) yathatha i-Renhua Baimao Cha ngaphansi kokuvikelwa njengomkhiqizo onegeographical indication; ngokwemininingwane eyisithenjwa, lokhu kwakuyisimemezelo No. 96 sika-2014.
- 2021 — izinga. Izinga lendawo ledolobha i-Shaoguan DB4402/T 10—2021 «地理标志产品 仁化白毛茶» lashicilelwa ngomhlaka 13 Agasti futhi laqala ukusebenza ngomhlaka 13 Septemba 2021. Libeka amagama, indawo yokuvikela, izimo zemvelo, ukukhethwa kwezinhlobo, ukutshalwa nokucutshungulwa, izigaba zomkhiqizo, izidingo zekhwalithi, izindlela nemithetho yokuhlola, ukumakwa, ukupakishwa, ukuthuthwa nokugcinwa. Ababhali — ihhovisi le-national modern agriculture demonstration zone yesifunda sase-Renhua, inkampani yezolimo yase-Shaoguan kanye ne-cooperative yetiye yedolobhana i-Hongshan (红山镇).
- 2025. Ngesimemezelo se-CNIPA No. 654 (Disemba 2025) abakhiqizi be-Renhua Baimao Cha bavunyelwe ukusebenzisa uphawu olukhethekile lomkhiqizo we-GI.
- Igama:
- «Renhua» (仁化) yigama lesifunda.
- «Baimao» (白毛, báimáo) — «uboya obumhlophe»: amaqabunga amancane enani ambozwe kakhulu uboya besiliva.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Izinhlobo ezinoboya obumhlophe ziwumndeni okhethekile wamatiye aseningizimu ye-China: ezifundeni ezingomakhelwane kukhona ezazo — i-Lechang ne-Rucheng. I-Renhua yavikela igama layo elivikelwe kanye nezinga lendawo lenani layo.
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe
- Uhlobo / Cultivar: Inani lendawo elisakazwa ngembewu (有性系): isihlahla esincane (小乔木型), iqabunga elikhulu (大叶类), ukuqhakaza kwasekuqaleni (早生种), i-diploid (二倍体). Amaqabunga amancane amakhulu futhi awugqinsi, ambozwe kakhulu uboya besiliva.
- Ukuvuna: Inani lokuqhakaza kwasekuqaleni. Ngokwemininingwane eyisithenjwa, okungcono kakhulu kuthathwa njenge “Qingming tea” (清明茶) — iqabunga elivunwa eduze komkhosi we-Qingming; eminye imihla ayikho emithonjeni etholakele.
- Izinga lokuvuna: Alikavezwa emithonjeni etholakele.
- Izidingo zezinto ezingavuthiwe: Ukukhethwa kwezinhlobo kubekwa yizinga lendawo.
4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala
- Isifunda: Inyakatho ye-Guangdong, umkhawulo oseningizimu wezintaba ze-Nanling, umngcele ne-Hunan ne-Jiangxi. Esifundeni kune-Danxiashan (丹霞山) — izintaba zesihlabathi esibomvu, lapho izazi zokuma komhlaba zaqala khona ukuchaza indawo eyi-“danxia” landform.
- Ukuphakama kokutshala: Imininingwane ayikho emithonjeni etholakele.
- Inhlabathi: Imininingwane ayikho emithonjeni etholakele.
- Isimo sezulu: Izimo zemvelo zichazwa yizinga lendawo, kodwa umbhalo walo awukatholakali emphakathini; imininingwane yesimo sezulu ayikho emithonjeni etholakele.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Ubuchwepheshe bazo zombili izigaba bubekwa yizinga lendawo i-DB4402/T 10—2021, kodwa umbhalo walo awukatholakali emphakathini. Ngezansi kukhona kuphela uhlelo olujwayelekile lwezigaba, hhayi incazelo yokucutshungulwa kwendawo:
- Itiye elibomvu: ukubuna (萎凋 — wěidiāo), ukugoqeka (揉捻 — róuniǎn), ukuvutshelwa (发酵 — fājiào), ukomisa (干燥 — gānzào).
- Itiye eliluhlaza: ukuhlakazeka kweqabunga elisha (摊放 — tānfàng), ukulungisa (杀青 — shāqīng), ukugoqeka (揉捻 — róuniǎn), ukomisa (干燥 — gānzào).
Ukuthi ukucutshungulwa kwendawo kwehluke kangakanani kokujwayelekile, akukashiwongo emithonjeni etholakele.
6. Izici Zokunambitha Nokuhogela
Incazelo ejwayelekile yetiye ngokwemithombo eyisithenjwa:
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Amaqabunga amancane amakhulu awugqinsi, ambozwe kakhulu uboya besiliva (芽粗大肥壮，茸毛银白密布).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho incazelo ehlukile.
- Iphunga lokuphisa: Licolekile, “njenge-orchid” (香气清幽如兰).
- Ukunambitheka: Kunephunga elimnandi, kusha, kumnandi futhi kuthambile (滋味香爽甘醇).
- Umbala wokuphisa: Kusobala futhi kukhanya (汤色清澈明亮).
- Izinsalela zetiye (iqabunga eliphisiwe): Ayikho incazelo ehlukile.
Kafushane itiye lichazwa ngezimpawu ezine: iqabunga elikhulu, uboya obuningi, ukunambitheka okumnandi okuthambile, iphunga le-orchid.
Imithombo efanayo yehlukanisa izigaba kafushane. Eliluhlaza — iqabunga eliminyene elinombala oluhlaza ogcwele elinoboya obubonakalayo, iphunga elisha eligcwele, ukuphisa okukhanyayo okuluhlaza okukhanyayo, ukunambitheka okusha nokumnandi ngemuva. Elibomvu — ukusonteka okuminyene okuhle okunoboya obubonakalayo, umbala obomvu ocwebezelayo, iphunga eligcwele elinethoni yezimbali, ukuphisa okubomvu okukhanyayo, ukunambitheka okugcwele, iqabunga elibomvu elithe xaxa futhi elibushelelezi.
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Izidingo zekhwalithi zibekwa yizinga, kodwa izinombolo zalo azikho emphakathini. Amawebhusayithi ayisithenjwa aletha imininingwane engavumelani: ngokomunye, i-provincial tea research institute ithole ukuthi ama-polyphenol angaphansi kuka-23% kweliluhlaza futhi angaphansi kuka-13% kwelibomvu, ama-amino acid angu-1.98%, izinto ezincibilikayo emanzini zingaphezu kuka-38%; ngokomunye, leyo nhlangano ngo-1996 yathola kumafomu ayisithupha endawo isilinganiso esingu-38.7% sama-polyphenol, u-3.68% wama-amino acid kanye no-4.66% we-caffeine. Izindlela namasampuli akukavezwa.
8. Ukuphisa
Umkhuba wesigaba. Azikho izincomo ezihlukile; imingcele incike esigabeni.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: eliluhlaza — 80–85 °C; elibomvu — 90–95 °C.
- Inani letiye: 3–4 g nge-150 ml.
- Izitsha: ingilazi yegilasi kweliluhlaza — ukuze ubone amaqabunga anoboya; i-gaiwan kwelibomvu.
- Inqubo:
- Fudumeza izitsha.
- Faka itiye.
- Eliluhlaza — thela amanzi amancane uvumele amaqabunga avuleke; elibomvu — manzisa iqabunga kafushane.
- Ukuphisa kokuqala: eliluhlaza — imizuzu eyi-1–2; elibomvu ku-gaiwan — imizuzwana engu-20–30.
- Thela.
- Ukuphisa okuphindaphindiwe ngokwengeza isikhathi.
9. Ukugcinwa
Umkhuba wesigaba. Eliluhlaza — ekupakisheni okuvalekile esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C. Elibomvu — ekupakisheni okuqinile endaweni eyomile epholile emnyama. Ngaphandle kwephunga langaphandle kuzo zombili izimo.
10. Intengo kanye Nokukhwabanisa
Imininingwane ngentengo ayikho emithonjeni etholakele.
- Ukwazi ukugwema ukukhwabanisa:
- Funa uphawu olukhethekile lomkhiqizo we-GI ekupakisheni.
- Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi ungowesifunda sase-Renhua.
- Igama elithi «白毛» alisho ukuthi “ngowase-Renhua”: amatiye anoboya obumhlophe akhona e-Lechang, e-Rucheng nakwezinye izifunda.
- Amaqabunga amancane — amakhulu, awugqinsi, ambozwe kakhulu uboya.
11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo
- Igama elidala letiye — 白茅茶: ezindlebeni kuyefana, kodwa esikhundleni “sobuntu” kukhona “utshani”.
- Enanini elilodwa kwenziwa itiye elibomvu neliluhlaza.
- Emadwaleni abomvu ase-Danxiashan esifundeni sase-Renhua izazi zokuma komhlaba zaqala khona ukuchaza indawo eyi-danxia landform.
- Inani lingelesigaba sokuqhakaza kwasekuqaleni.
12. Ukuqhathaniswa Namanye Amatiye
- I-Renhua Yinhao (仁化银毫): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda esifanayo, lichazwe esihlokweni esihlukile; i-Renhua Baimao Cha yigama elivikelwe, ngaphansi kwalo kuphuma itiye elibomvu neliluhlaza.
- I-Lechang Baimaocha (乐昌白毛茶): Inani elinoboya obumhlophe lesifunda esingumakhelwane esifundeni esifanayo sase-Shaoguan.
- I-Rucheng Baimaocha (汝城白毛茶): Inani elinoboya obumhlophe lesifunda sase-Rucheng esifundazweni sase-Hunan, esingumakhelwane wase-Renhua enyakatho.
- I-Yingde Hongcha (英德红茶): Elinye itiye elibomvu lase-Guangdong, lase-Yingde; i-Renhua — elibomvu lenani lendawo elinoboya obumhlophe.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Renhua Baimao Cha itiye lenani, hhayi lobuchwepheshe: amaqabunga amancane amakhulu, ambozwe kakhulu uboya besiliva, aletha itiye elibomvu neliluhlaza elinephunga le-orchid nokunambitheka okumnandi okuthambile. Isifunda sase-Danxiashan savikela igama elivikelwe kanye nezinga lendawo; ubuchwepheshe nezinombolo zezinga emithonjeni evulekile akukachazwa.
Imithombo
Amazinga
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo