Pōliǔ niángniang chá

I-Polu Niangniang Cha (Pōliǔ niángniang chá, 坡柳娘娘茶) — «itiye lamantombazane lasePolu», itiye elenziwa ngesandla lasedolobhaneni lasePolu (坡柳村) esifundeni saseZhenfeng eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeGuizhou. Iqabunga liqoqwa libe yinqwaba bese ligingqwa ngezandla libe njengengxenye yebhulashi lokubhala, yingakho amanye amagama — «itiye-bhulashi» (文笔茶) kanye «nebhulashi lika-zhuangyuan» (状元笔茶). «Niangniang», ngokwendaba kamabonakude waseGuizhou, — indlela yendawo yokubiza amantombazane angakashadi aneminyaka eyishumi nesikhombisa kuya kweyishumi nesishiyagalombili: ngokwesiko itiye laliqoqwa futhi lenziwa amantombazane esizwe samaBuyi. Imithombo ye-class ibiza ngegama elihlukile, futhi igama livikelwe kusukela ngo-2019.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

• Uhlobo: I-class ayikamiswanga ngokucacile. IYunivesithi yaseGuizhou (2022) ibiza itiye ngokuthi eliphuzi, futhi «indondo ekhethekile yegolide» walithola emqhudelwaneni wetiye eliphuzi; umbiko we-«Guizhou Daily» (2024) ufaka ekukhiqizeni ukubila (闷黄, mēnhuáng) — uphawu lwe-class ephuzi. Izidingo zokuvikela zika-2025 zinikeza uchungechunge oluhlukile: ukubuna, ukusonga, ukuvutshelwa (发酵, fājiào) amahora angu-6–8, ukubunjwa, ukomiswa — lusondelene netiye elibomvu, nakuba idokhumenti ingayibizi i-class.
• Isigaba: Itiye elenziwa ngesandla lomlando lesizwe samaBuyi; umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
• Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseGuizhou (贵州, Guìzhōu), isifunda esizimele sase-Qianxinan-Buyi-Miao, isifunda sase-Zhenfeng (贞丰, Zhēnfēng), idolobhana lase-Longchang (龙场镇, Lóngchǎng), idolobhana lase-Polu.
• Indawo yokuvikela: Amadolobhana ase-Longchang, i-Wanlan (挽澜镇, Wǎnlán) kanye ne-Xiaotun (小屯镇, Xiǎotún) — ngokubhaliswa kuka-2019 amadolobhana okuphatha angu-57 kanye nemiphakathi. Izingqimba eziqhelile — amadolobhana aseZhetang empumalanga, i-Sanhe entshonalanga, i-Dianzi eningizimu kanye ne-Shuiyindong enyakatho.
• Izixhumanisi zendawo: 105°25′–105°38′ E, 25°19′–25°32′ N.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

• Umlando:
  • 1853. I-«Xingyi Prefecture Records» (《兴义府志》) ibika ukuthi itiye likhula «enxenyeni esenyakatho naseTunjiao» nokuthi «leli yitiye le-maojian». IYunivesithi ihambisa lezi zindawo neDongpan yamanje yesifunda saseXingbei kanye nedolobhana lasePolu. Igama lamanje alikho kulesi sicaphuno.
  • Iminyaka. IYunivesithi ilinganisela umlando wokukhiqiza nokuhweba njengeminyaka engaphezu kuka-500, umabonakude waseGuizhou — njengekhulu nangaphezulu.
  • Intela. Ngokwenganekwane, echazwa iyunivesithi, eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-200 edlule itiye lalipakishwa ngamahlumela ayi-100 «ebhulashini» nangamabhulashi ayi-16 «enqwabeni» cishe ye-jin elilodwa, lisongwe ngesilika obomvu futhi lithunyelwa njengentela. Umabonakude ubhala ukuthi itiye lalinikelwa ku-Emperor Qianlong; akukho dokhumenti yalokhu emithonjeni etholiwe.
  • Uhwebo. Ngokweyunivesithi, idolobhana lalikhiqiza amajin afinyelela ku-10,000 ngonyaka; emakethe eseduze yase-Poao kwakuhweba kakhulu ngetiye, futhi itiye lalifinyelela e-Baise e-Guangxi.
  • Kuze kube ngama-1960 e-Polu kwakusenziwa ngesandla «itiye lezinqwaba» (把把茶, bǎbǎ chá). Amasu ayehanjiswa ngomlomo; kamuva kwahlala kuphela izinkampani ezincane zasekhaya ngaphandle kwe-standard eyodwa.
  • 2019. Ngesimemezelo soMnyango Wezolimo Nezindaba Zasemakhaya No. 213 sango-4 Septhemba 2019 itiye labhaliswa njengomkhiqizo wezolimo onophawu lwendawo; inombolo yesitifiketi — i-AGI02755. Ingxoxo ngesicelo yaqhubeka kusukela ngomhla ka-15 Novemba kuya ku-14 Disemba 2018.
  • 2022. I-Institute Yetiye yeNyuvesi yaseGuizhou yasiza inkampani yendawo ukulungisa ukukhiqiza, futhi kwavela i-standard yenkampani «坡柳娘娘茶加工技术规程». NgoJulayi itiye lathola «indondo ekhethekile yegolide» yomqhudelwano wesikhombisa wetiye eliphuzi laseChina «Mengding Huang Ya» — ngokuchaza kweyunivesithi, ngenxa yamaphuzu aphezulu kokubili ngokubukeka nangekhwalithi yangaphakathi. Imiklomelo yanikezwa ngomhla ka-1 Novemba embukisweni wetiye waseSichuan.
  • 2025. Ngesimemezelo se-State Intellectual Property Office No. 646 sango-23 Septemba 2025 itiye laqashelwa njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
• Igama: «Polu» — igama ledolobhana, «niangniang» — indlela yendawo yokubiza amantombazane angakashadi.
• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Ngokwendaba kamabonakude, kumaBuyi itiye lisetshenziselwa ukwamukela izihambeli nezihlobo, futhi «itiye le-niangniang» ekuqaleni lalibiliswa ebhodweni lobumba elisemshikashikeni, ngezikhathi ezimbili kuya kwezintathu.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa

• Izinhlobo ngokwezidingo zokuvikela: Izihlahla zasendaweni ezingapheli, ezisakazwa ngeziqu, kanye nohlobo lwe-龙井43 (Lóngjǐng 43) phakathi kwezinye ezifanele.
• Izihlahla ezindala: Ngokombiko we-«Guizhou Daily» (2024), e-Polu kunezihlahla zetiye ezindala ezingaphezu kuka-3,000, cishe ezingu-700 zimakwe ngamapuleti futhi ziyavikelwa. Uhlobo lwezitshalo kanye negama labantu bendawo akushiwongo emithonjeni etholiwe.
• Izinto zokusetshenziswa: Ngokweyunivesithi, ihlumela elingamasentimitha amathathu kuya kwamane ubude — ihlumela elinamaqabunga amabili kuya kwamane.
• Isikhathi sokuqoqa: Entwasahlobo — ngemva kweQingming; ngokwendaba kamabonakude, ngezinsuku ezintathu ezingcono kakhulu zesizini, kusukela ngehora lesishiyagalombili kuya kweyisishiyagalolunye ekuseni. Ekwindla — kusukela e-Liqiu kuya e-Hanlu, ngokwale phephandaba. Izidingo zokuvikela zivumela kuphela ukuqoqa ngesandla.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala

• Isifunda: INingizimu-ntshonalanga yeGuizhou. Idolobhana lasePolu, ngokwendaba kamabonakude, lisezansi kwentaba iLongshan, emakhilomitheni angaphezu kwangu-20 ukusuka enkabeni yesifunda.
• Inhlabathi: Ngokwezidingo zokuvikela — ikakhulukazi ephuzi, ekhululekile, ejulile, ecebile ngezinto eziphilayo.
• Ukuphakama kanye nesimo sezulu: Ayikho imininingwane yezinombolo emithonjeni etholiwe; abakhiqizi bendawo bakhuluma ngezingadi eziphakeme ezinelanga eliningi.
• Ukunakekelwa ngokwezidingo: Umquba oyinhloko wezinto eziphilayo — ekupheleni kukaNovemba, ukujula okungaphezu kwamasentimitha angu-20, okungenani amakhilogremu ayi-1,000 nge-mu ngalinye; ukufaka umquba kabili, ngoMeyi-Juni nango-Okthoba-Novemba. Ezihlahleni ezincane — ukuthenwa kokubumba kathathu kuya kane, kungcono ngoMashi.
• Isikali: Ngokwesicelo sika-2018 — amahektha angu-2,800 kanye namatani angu-6,000 ngonyaka.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Imithombo ichaza ukukhiqiza kathathu, futhi izincazelo azihambisani.

Okwendabuko (iyunivesithi, 2022): ngemva kokulungisa iqabunga lisongwa ngezandla ethreyini yoqalo, liqoqwa libe yinqwaba futhi, ngokuliginqa phakathi kwezintende, licindezelwa libe njengebhulashi; inqwaba iboshwa ngentambo futhi yomiswa phezu kwamalahle angenantuthu noma elangeni. Akukho ukubila lapha.

I-«Guizhou Daily» (2024, itiye lasekwindla): ukubuna (晾青), ukulungisa (杀青), ukubila (闷黄), ukusonga (揉捻), ukubunjwa (做形), ukomiswa (干燥); ukulungisa nokusonga kwenziwa ngesandla.

Izidingo zokuvikela (2025):

1. Ukusakazwa (摊放, tānfàng).
2. «Ukulungisa» (杀青, shāqīng): Ngokombhalo — ukusakazwa endlini kanye nokubuna elangeni.
3. Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn): imizuzu engu-30–45, kuze kube yilapho ijusi iqala ukunamathela ezandleni.
4. Ukuvutshelwa (发酵, fājiào): amahora angu-6–8 ku-28–35 °C kanye nomswakama womoya wama-40–60 %.
5. Ukubunjwa (造型, zàoxíng).
6. Ukomiswa: amahora angu-3–5 ku-60 °C, bese ukomiswa okwengeziwe ku-80 °C kanye nemizuzu emi-5 ku-130–140 °C ngephunga elimnandi.

I-standard yenkampani ka-2022 ayivulekile, futhi ukuthi isondelene naluphi uhlelo akushiwongo.

6. Izici Zokunambitha

• Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Inqwaba esesimweni sebhulashi lokubhala (呈毛笔形状).
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Akukho ncazelo ehlukile emithonjeni etholiwe.
• Iphunga lomuthi wetiye: Ngokwezidingo zokuvikela — elilula (微香), elinobuhle betiye obujulile (茶韵深远); iyunivesithi ikhuluma ngephunga lezimbali lezihlahla ezindala (古树花香).
• Ukunambitha: Ngokwezidingo — kulula futhi kuhle, nokubuya okumnandi nokunambitheka okuhlala isikhathi eside (入口淡雅回甘); e-university — kuminyene, kuthambile futhi kumnandi.
• Umbala womuthi wetiye: Isagolide-ophuzi, osobala (金黄透亮). Itiye lasekwindla, ngokwe-«Guizhou Daily», linikeza umuthi obukhanya bomvu (红亮).
• Indawo yetiye (iqabunga eliphisiwe): Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholiwe.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Inkomba	Isidingo sokuvikela
Umswakama	okungenani ngaphansi kwe-6,5 %
Umlotha ophelele	okungenani ngaphansi kwe-7,0 %
Izinto ezikhishwayo	okungenani ngaphezu kwe-36,0 %

Ayikho eminye imininingwane emithonjeni etholiwe.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba we-class. Ayikho imingcele yaleli tiye ngqo, futhi i-class iyaphikisana; ngezansi kukhona imingcele evamile yetiye eliphuzi.

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 85–90 °C; ngetiye lasekwindla elinomuthi obomvu — 90–95 °C.
• Inani letiye: amagremu angu-3 nge-150 ml.
• Isitsha: I-gaiwan noma ingilazi ecacile.
• Inqubo: Ukuphisa kokuqala — cishe umzuzu owodwa, bese kuba ukuphisa okuningana ngokwengeza kancane isikhathi.

9. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba we-class. Emaphaketheni aminyene, endaweni eyomile emnyama, kude namaphunga; kungcono ukuphuzwa phakathi nonyaka.

10. Intengo kanye Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi

Ayikho imininingwane ngamanani emithonjeni etholiwe; ngokwe-«Guizhou Daily» (2024), itiye elenziwe ngesandla lithengiswa eZhejiang, eFujian naseGuangdong.

• Ukwazi ukugwema imikhiqizo yomgunyathi:
  • Bheka uphawu lwendawo kanye nomkhiqizi ovela emadolobhaneni aseLongchang, eWanlan noma eXiaotun.
  • Uphawu oluyinhloko — inqwaba esesimweni sengxenye yebhulashi, umuthi wetiye usagolide-ophuzi.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

• Ngokwesiko lona umsebenzi wamantombazane: ukuqoqa — izinsuku ezintathu ezingcono kakhulu zesizini, kusukela ngehora lesishiyagalombili kuya kweyisishiyagalolunye ekuseni.
• Ikhronike ka-1853 ibiza itiye lalezi zindawo ngokuthi «maojian».
• I-«Guizhou Daily» embikweni ka-2024 ibhala igama ngomunye umlingiswa — 孃孃 esikhundleni sika-娘娘.

12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye eGuizhou kanye namatiye aphuzi

• I-Haima Gong Cha (海马宫茶): Elinye itiye lomlando laseGuizhou, i-corpus elibeka ku-class ephuzi.
• I-Mengding Huang Ya (蒙顶黄芽): Itiye eliphuzi laseSichuan, eligama lalo liqanjwe umqhudelwano ka-2022.
• I-Pu’an Hongcha (普安红茶): Itiye elibomvu lesifunda saseQianxinan; uphawu lwalo lwabhaliswa ngesimemezelo esifanayo sika-2019, futhi indawo ifaka isifunda saseZhenfeng.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Polu Niangniang Cha — itiye elenziwa ngesandla ledolobhana lamaBuyi, eligingqwe libe yingxenye yebhulashi lokubhala. Emuva kwayo kukhona umugqa wekhronike ka-1853, inganekwane ngentela kanye nesiko lokuqoqa kwamantombazane, futhi kusukela ngo-2019 — ukuvikelwa kwegama. I-class imithombo ibiza ngegama elihlukile: iyunivesithi nomqhudelwano — njengephuzi, izidingo zokuvikela zichaza ukuvutshelwa kwamahora amaningi.