Báizhúshān chá

I-Baizhushan Cha (Báizhúshān chá, 白竹山茶) “itiye lentaba yoqalo olumhlophe” itiye elihlaza lasentabeni lasedolobhaneni i-Fabiao (法脿镇) esifundeni i-Shuangbai (双柏县) esifundazweni esizimele sase-Chuxiong Yi esifundazweni sase-Yunnan. Lenziwa ngenani lendawo lase-Yunnan lamahlamvu amakhulu etiye, elethwa entabeni i-Baizhushan, ngokwencwadi yezinkomba zezimpawu zezindawo, ngo-1942. Igama livikelwa kabili: kusukela ngo-2013 njengomkhiqizo wezolimo onophawu lwendawo, futhi kusukela ngo-2025 njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

• Uhlobo: Itiye elihlaza (绿茶, lǜchá), elingavutshelwanga. UMnyango Wezolimo wase-Yunnan (2025) ulibiza ngetiye elihlaza lekhwalithi ephezulu; ubuchwepheshe ngokwezimfuneko zika-2025 buluhlaza, ngokulungiswa ku-180–220 °C.
• Isicupho segama: Uhlamvu 白 (bái, “okumhlophe”) lubhekise egameni lentaba, hhayi esigabeni. Akulona itiye elimhlophe.
• Isigaba: Itiye elihlaza lasentabeni elenziwe ngezinto zase-Yunnan zamahlamvu amakhulu; umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
• Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Yunnan (云南, Yúnnán), isifunda esizimele sase-Chuxiong Yi (楚雄, Chǔxióng), isifunda i-Shuangbai (双柏, Shuāngbǎi), idolobhana i-Fabiao (法脿, Fǎbiào). Ngokwencwadi yesifunda ka-2024, intaba i-Baizhushan iseningizimu-mpumalanga yesikhungo sesifunda.
• Indawo evikelwe: Imizana engu-13 yokuphatha yedolobhana i-Fabiao: i-Fabiao (法脿), i-Lanni (烂泥), i-Shitou (石头), i-Pusi (铺司), i-Liujie (六街), i-Shuangba (双坝), i-Zhekeshao (者科哨), i-Maidi (麦地), i-Yulong (雨龙), i-Fadian (法甸), i-Gumu (古木), i-Hongli (红栗) kanye ne-Zheju (折苴). Umfakisicelo nguhulumeni wesifunda sase-Shuangbai.
• Izixhumanisi zendawo: 101°44′–101°50′ empumalanga no-24°26′–24°40′ enyakatho.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

• Umlando:
  • 1942. Ngokwencwadi yezinkomba zezimpawu zezindawo, isakhamuzi sase-Fabiao u-Yao Xingcun (姚兴存) waletha itiye lase-Yunnan lamahlamvu amakhulu esifundeni i-Jingdong (景东) futhi walitshala ngempumelelo entabeni i-Baizhushan.
  • 1958. Inhlangano yase-Fabiao yathumela iqembu lentsha ukuyothuthukisa intaba ngetiye. Isimo samanje setiye incwadi yezinkomba isichaza cishe amashumi ayisikhombisa eminyaka yokujwayela kwendawo.
  • Imiklomelo. Ngokwencazelo yencwadi yezinkomba, ngo-1995 itiye lendawo elithi “Yunwu longzhao” (云雾龙爪, yúnwù lóngzhǎo) lathola umklomelo wesiliva, kwathi ngo-2002 elithi “Biluochun” (碧螺春) lathola igolide. Incwadi yezokuvakasha ibeka isiliva ngo-1985, okuwukungqubuzana.
  • 15 Ephreli 2013. UMnyango Wezolimo we-PRC wabhalisa “白竹山茶” njengomkhiqizo wezolimo onophawu lwendawo (农产品地理标志).
  • 2025. Ihhovisi likazwelonke lobunikazi bengqondo lase-China (CNIPA) ngesimemezelo No. 625 sango-1 Ephreli 2025 laqaphela amagama angu-90 njengemikhiqizo enophawu lwendawo; i-Baizhushan Cha isohlwini ngenombolo 69.
• Igama: 白竹 “uqalo olumhlophe”, 山 “intaba”, 茶 “itiye”. Igama linikezwe ngentaba i-Baizhushan, isikhungo sesifunda.
• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: “Ubuciko bokwenza i-Baizhushan Cha” (白竹山茶制作技艺) bufakwe ohlwini lwamagugu amasiko angaphatheki ezingeni lesifunda sase-Chuxiong; unyaka wokufakwa awushiwongo emithonjeni etholakele.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa

• Uhlobo / I-cultivar: Ngokwezimfuneko zika-2025, inani lendawo (地方群体种, dìfāng qúntǐzhǒng), elakhiwe ngesisekelo setiye lase-Yunnan lamahlamvu amakhulu (云南大叶种, Yúnnán dàyèzhǒng). Ama-clone alethwa ngaphandle, okukhulunywa ngawo embhalweni ka-2017, awashiwongo ezimfunekweni.
• Ukusabalalisa nokutshala: Izithombo zikhuliswa kusukela ngo-Okthoba kuya kuJuni wonyaka olandelayo, ngokusabalalisa ngembewu noma ngama-clone. Zitshalwa ngoJulayi, izithombo ezingu-3500–4000 ngama-667 m², emigqeni ephindwe kabili ngesinyathelo esingaba ngu-25 × 30 cm, futhi endaweni efanayo, izihlahla eziyishumi zomthunzi.
• Ukubunjwa: Isihlahla esinobude obungu-0.8–1 m, isihlahla esingu-1.5–2 m.
• Ukuvuna: Entwasahlobo ngoMashi kuya ku-Ephreli, ehlobo ngoJuni, ekwindla ngo-Agasti kuya kuSepthemba; ngamaqoqo, kushiywa amahlamvu esihlahleni, “ngokuphakamisa isandla” (提手采, tíshǒucǎi). Incazelo yencwadi yezinkomba inikeza izikhathi ezihlukile (Mashi kuya kuMeyi, Julayi kuya ku-Agasti, Septhemba kuya ku-Okthoba).
• Izinga lokuvuna: Ihlumela elinamahlamvu elilodwa noma amabili (一芽一叶, 一芽二叶). Ngokombiko wesifundazwe ka-2025, entwasahlobo, kubhasikidini woqalo, kuvunwa ihlumela elithambile kakhulu elineqabunga elilodwa; ukuvuna kokuqala kwentwasahlobo kwalowo nyaka kwathatha cishe izinsuku eziyishumi.

4. I-Terroir Nezici Zokukhulisa

• Isifunda: Intaba i-Baizhushan enezintaba eziphakeme nezigodi ezijulile ezizungezile.
• Ukuphakama kokutshala: 1800–2600 m ngokwezimfuneko zika-2025. Izincazelo zencwadi yezinkomba zibiza u-1800–2350 m kanye nezingadi emithambekeni engezansi kuka-2000 m enokwehla okungu-25°; incwadi yesifunda ka-2024 ibiza indawo ephakeme kakhulu yentaba engu-2550 m.
• Isimo sezulu: I-subtropical yasenyakatho yezwekazi elinamandla emvula asolwandle, imvula engu-900–1100 mm ngonyaka, ngokwesilinganiso esingaba ngu-1000 mm (ngokwezincazelo zencwadi yezinkomba); usuku olufushane olunelanga, inkungu, isikhathi eside esingenasithwathwa (incwadi yezinkomba).
• Umhlabathi: I-humus, onsomi nophuzi (黄壤土); izinto eziphilayo azingaphansi kuka-3.0%, ukujula kwesendlalelo akungaphansi kuka-1.0 m, i-pH 4.5–6.0, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba angekho eduze kuka-2.0 m ngokwezimfuneko zika-2025. Ubuningi bamahlathi bezungeze izingadi bungaphezu kuka-88% ngokwencazelo yencwadi yezinkomba.
• Indawo yezingadi: Imininingwane iyahluka: amahektha angu-667 kanye namathani angu-500 ngonyaka kwimininingwane yokubhalisa ka-2013; ngaphezu kuka-7000 mu embhalweni ka-2017; “izinkulungwane eziyishumi mu” encwadini yesifunda ka-2024.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Izimfuneko zika-2025 zibeka imisebenzi eyisishiyagalolunye kanye nezindlela zayo. Kusukela ekuvuneni kuya emakethe, ngokombiko ka-2025, kuthatha izinsuku ezintathu kuya kwezinhlanu.

1. Ukusabalalisa amahlamvu amasha (摊凉, tānliáng): Amahlamvu asatshalaliswa ngongqimba olungu-5–10 cm isikhathi esingaphezu kwamahora angu-1–2.
2. Ukulungiswa (杀青, shāqīng): 180–220 °C. Ihlumela kufanele “libulawe” ngokuphelele futhi ngokulinganayo; ukusha okuncane emaphethelweni kuyavunyelwa, kodwa akumele kube khona iziqu noma amahlamvu abomvu. Inhloso “imibala emithathu eluhlaza”: umbala wehlumela elomile, wokumnika kanye nehlumela elibilisiwe.
3. Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn): Ngomshini, cishe imizuzu engu-35–45: ihlumela elithambile “ingcindezi elula, ukusonga okufushane”, eliqinile “ingcindezi enamandla, ukusonga okude”.
4. Ukuhlukanisa izigaxa (解块, jiěkuài): Ihlumela lisatshalaliswa kancane futhi lihlukaniswe ukuze imicu iqonde futhi ilingane.
5. Ukomisa (烘干, hōnggān): Ukomisa kokuqala ngu-110–120 °C, imizuzu engu-5–10.
6. “Umlilo oluhlaza” (毛火, máohuǒ): 90–110 °C, ebhodweni imizuzu engu-30–35.
7. “Umlilo ogcwele” (足火, zúhuǒ): Ibhodwe elingaba ngu-80 °C; njengoba loma, izinga lokushisa lehliselwa ku-65–70 °C, umthwalo ngamunye uthatha imizuzu engu-40–45.
8. Ukuhlunga (筛选, shāixuǎn): Izihlungo ezine: kusuka kwesokuqala kuphuma itiye elikhulu, kwesesine kuphuma imvuthuluka.
9. Ukukhetha (拣剔, jiǎntī): Ukungcola kukhethwa ngesandla.

6. Izici Zezitho Zomzimba

• Ukubukeka kwehlumela elomile: Lisongwe ngokuqinile futhi lilingana, lineziqu ezithambile; umbala uluhlaza okumpunga kancane ngokucwebezela (条索紧实、匀整、有嫩茎、色泽微灰绿润).
• Iphunga lehlumela elomile: Ayikho incazelo ehlukile emithonjeni etholakele.
• Iphunga lokumnika: Lapho kubiliswa, lihlanzekile futhi liphakeme (开汤香气清高).
• Ukunambitheka: Kugcwele futhi kuthambile (滋味浓醇). Ngokwencwadi yezinkomba, kunambitheka kamnandi ngemva kokugwinya futhi kumelana nokuphindwa kaningi.
• Umbala wokumnika: Uphuzi-oluhlaza, okhanyayo (汤色黄绿明亮). Incwadi yesifunda ka-2024 ibhala ngokuhlukile “oluhlaza ngokuhlanzekile, okhanyayo” (清绿明亮).
• Isisekelo setiye (ihlumela elibilisiwe): Uphuzi-oluhlaza, lithambile futhi lilingana (叶底黄绿嫩匀).

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Izinkomba zomzimba namakhemikhali ngokwezimfuneko zika-2025:

Inkomba	Imfuneko
Ama-polyphenol etiye	angaphansi kuka-20.0%
I-caffeine	angaphansi kuka-2.5%
Ama-amino acid akhululekile	angaphansi kuka-3.1%
I-theanine	angaphansi kuka-1.5%

8. Ukubiliswa

Umkhuba wesigaba setiye elihlaza; azikho izincomo ezithile emithonjeni etholakele.

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
• Inani letiye: 3 g ngama-150 ml.
• Izitsha: Ingilazi noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
• Inqubo:
  1. Fudumeza izitsha.
  2. Faka itiye bese uthela amanzi ngasodongeni.
  3. Ukumnika kokuqala ngemva kwemizuzwana engu-40–60.
  4. Phuza, ushiya ingxenye yokumnika.
  5. Thela amanzi futhi.
  6. Ukuphindwa kabili noma kathathu.

9. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wesigaba. Ephaketheni elivalekile, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama kanye namaphunga. Kungcono ukuphuzwa phakathi nonyaka.

10. Intengo Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi

Ayikho imininingwane ngezintengo emithonjeni etholakele.

• Ungakugwema kanjani ukukhwabanisa:
  • Bheka uphawu olukhethekile lwendawo. Ilungelo lalo liqinisekiswa yi-CNIPA ngesicelo esidlula ezikhungweni zesifunda nezifundazwe.
  • Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi uvela edolobhaneni i-Fabiao esifundeni i-Shuangbai.
  • Ihlumela liqinile, lilingana, luhlaza okumpunga ngokucwebezela; ukumnika kuphuzi-oluhlaza futhi kukhanya.
  • Ungathathi igama njengetiye elimhlophe: 白 kulo liyingxenye yegama lentaba.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

• Ngokwencwadi yezinkomba, ngo-2000–2002, amatiye endawo “Baizhu yinhao” (白竹银毫, Báizhú yínháo) kanye ne-”Biluochun” imincintiswano emithathu elandelanayo yathola igolide le-”Yuncha bei” (云茶杯).
• Ibhulogi yesifunda ka-2017 iveza ukulinganisa komkhiqizo “双柏县白竹山茶” ngonyaka ka-2016 ongama-487 wezigidi zama-yuan futhi ibika ukuthi izimboni ezimbili zetiye zathola izitifiketi “zokudla okuluhlaza” zemikhiqizo eyisikhombisa.

12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye aluhlaza ase-Yunnan

• I-Yunnan Lücha (云南绿茶): Igama elijwayelekile lamatiye aluhlaza amahlamvu amakhulu esifundazwe.
• I-Baohongcha (宝洪茶): Itiye elithosiwe eliyisicaba lesifunda sase-Yiliang elivela ezinhlobonhlobo zamahlamvu amancane.
• I-Nanjian Lücha (南涧绿茶): Itiye elihlaza lesifunda sase-Nanjian esifundeni sase-Dali.
• I-Tengchong Lücha (腾冲绿茶): Itiye elihlaza lesifunda sedolobha i-Tengchong.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Baizhushan Cha itiye elihlaza elivela entabeni eyatshalwa ngetiye maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule: izihlahla zamahlamvu amakhulu ezivela esifundeni i-Jingdong, izingadi ekuphakameni okungu-1800–2600 m, inkungu kanye nomhlabathi onomuncu. Izimfuneko zika-2025 ziyichaza ngokunembile, kusukela ekulungisweni ku-180–220 °C kuya ekumnikeni okuphuzi-oluhlaza, futhi zivikela igama emingceleni yedolobhana elilodwa.

Imithombo

Inkomba yendawo

• CNIPA 地理标志产品认定 №625

Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo