Bìluóchūn

I-Bìluóchūn (碧螺春, bìluóchūn) ingelinye lamatiye aluhlaza amakhulu aseShayina, aqukethwe ohlwini olungokomthetho ‘Lwamatiye Ayishumi Adumile aseShayina’ (中国十大名茶). Idunyiswa ‘ngokuphelela okune’ (四绝) kwayo: isimo sobuhle — imizulane egoqeke ngokuqinile efana namagobolondo eminenke; umbala wobuhle — oluhlaza-siliva nohlaza okhanyayo; iphunga elicebile — amanothi aqinile ezimbali nezithelo; ukunambitheka okumsulwa — kusha, kunoshukela futhi kumnandi. Ngenxa yobumnene bayo nobucwebile, le tiye yathola igama lesibongo elithi “inhliziyo yetiye” (茶中仙子, chá zhōng xiānzǐ).

1. Isigaba Nemvelaphi:

• Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (elingagaywanga). Lingaphansi kwezinga lamatiye aluhlaza athosiweyo (炒青绿茶, chǎoqīng lǜchá) anemizombe yamaqabunga esongwe ngokuvavangu, anamaqabunga amancane (中小叶) ngokwezihlobo.

• Isigaba: Ingena ohlwini ‘lwamatiye Ayishumi Adumile aseShayina’ (中国十大名茶, Zhōngguó shí dà míngchá). Ngo-2011 ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza ngesandla bangeniswa eNcwadini Yokubhalisa Yamagugu Angaphatheki eSive le-PRC ezingeni likahulumeni, kwathi ngo-2022 bangeniswa ohlwini lwamaGugu Angaphatheki Esintu e-UNESCO ngaphansi kwesiphakamiso esithi ‘Amasu endabuko aseShayina okukhiqiza itiye kanye namasiko ahambisana nawo’.

• Imvelaphi: IShayina, iSifundazwe saseJiangsu (江苏, Jiāngsū), iDolobha laseSuzhou (苏州, Sūzhōu), isiFunda saseWuzhong (吴中, Wúzhōng) — iziqhingi nezintaba zaseDongting Shan (洞庭山, Dòngtíng Shān) eChibini laseTaihu (太湖, Tàihú). Ilungelo legama elithi ‘Dongting Biluochun’ (洞庭碧螺春) livikelwe izinga likazwelonke lophawu lwendawo i-GB/T 18957-2008; imingcele yendawo evikelwe, amazinga ayo kanye nokuqinisekiswa kobuqiniso kuxoxwe ngakho esihlokweni esithi «Дун Тин Би Ло Чунь (洞庭碧螺春)».

• Izixhumanisi Zendawo: Cishe i-31°05′ enyakatho ye-latitude, 120°22′ empumalanga ye-longitude.

• Qaphela ngegama: I-洞庭 egameni laleli tiye yizintaba zaseDongting eChibini laseTaihu eJiangsu, hhayi iChibi laseDongtinghu (洞庭湖) eHunan. Ukufana kwamagama kudale ukudideka okuqhubekayo: eDongtinghu yaseHunan benza itiye eliphuzi iJunshan Yinzhen, elingahlobene neBiluochun.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko:

• Umlando: Amasiko okutshala itiye eDòngtíng Shān aqala enkathini yamaSuí namaTáng (Ikhulu le-6 kuya kwele-10), lapho itiye lendawo lalizwakala ngamagama anjenge “Dòngtíngchá” (洞庭茶) kanye ne “Xiàshārénxiāng” (吓煞人香, xiàshārénxiāng — ngokwezwi nezwi “iphunga elimangalisayo”). Leli gama lokugcina liwubufakazi obugqamile bomphakathi bokuthi iphunga elingajwayelekile lalabashaya kanjani abantu bakuleso sikhathi.

  Inguquko emlandweni wetiye ixhumene negama loMbusi uKāngxī (康熙, Kāngxī) wohlanga lwaseQīng. Ngomnyaka wamashumi amathathu nesishiyagalombili wokubusa kwakhe (1699), uKāngxī wahambela iChibi iTàihú. Umbusi waseSūzhōu, uSòng Luò (宋荦, Sòng Luò), wethula itiye lendawo kumbusi. UKāngxī wahlatshwa umxhwele yizimfanelo zalo, kodwa igama lomphakathi elithi “Xiàshārénxiāng” walibona lingafanele, walinika igama elisha: “Bìluóchūn” (碧螺春) — elahlanganisa imifanekiso emithathu: “umbala oluhlaza okotshani” (碧), “isimo esiyizindilinga esifana nomnenke” (螺) kanye “nentwasahlobo — isikhathi sokuvuna” (春). Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, i-Bìluóchūn yaba ngomunye ‘wamatiye wokwethulwa’ (贡茶, gòngchá) asenkantolo yasebukhosini.

  Esikhathini samanje, itiye laqhubeka nokuthola udumo: ngo-1915, i-Bìluóchūn yathola indondo yegolide embukisweni wePanama-Pacific; ngo-1959 yafakwa ohlwini olusemthethweni ‘Lwamatiye Ayishumi Adumile aseShayina’. Ngo-2022, ubuchwepheshe bayo bangeniswa ohlwini lwamaGugu angabonakali eSintu yi-UNESCO.

• Igama:

  • “Bì” (碧) — “okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka”, “okuluhlaza okotshani”: likhomba umbala wokusetshenziswa kwetiye nekhasi elomile.
  • “Luó” (螺) — “umnyama”, “ukuzungeleza”: lichaza isimo sekhasi eligoqeke ngendlela efana negobolondo elincane.
  • “Chūn” (春) — “intwasahlobo”: ligcizelela ukuthi itiye livunwa ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo kuphela.

• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: I-Bìluóchūn iyikhadi lokuvakasha laseSūzhōu nalonke isifunda saseJiāngnán (江南), ifanekisela isiko elicwengekile ‘lezivande zaseningizimu’. Itiye lihlotshaniswa kakhulu nomfanekiso weTàihú — elinye lamachibi amakhulu aseShayina — nezindawo zalo eziyiziqhingi, lapho izivande zetiye sezikhulile khona amakhulu eminyaka zihlangene nezihlahla zezithelo. I-Bìluóchūn yethulwa njengesipho sikahulumeni njalo, kanti ukuvulwa kwetiye ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo eDòngtíng Shān kungumcimbi obalulekile wesifunda.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nemikhiqizo Ehlaza:

• Uhlobo / Isithombo: Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Dòngtíng Bìluóchūn yoqobo kusetshenziswa uhlobo lwendawo lomdabu — i-Dòngtíngshān Qúntǐzhǒng (洞庭山群体种, Dòngtíngshān Qúntǐzhǒng) — Camellia sinensis var. sinensis yokuzalanisa ngembewu (ngokobulili). Lolu hlobo lunamacembe amancane luphawuleka ‘ngokukwazi ukugcina ubumnene isikhathi eside’ (持嫩性, chí nèn xìng): amahlumela ahlala ethambile isikhathi eside. Iphrofayili yamakhemikhali ibonakala ngesilinganiso esihambisanayo sama-polyphenol nama-amino acid (酚氨比, fēn’ān bǐ): okuqukethwe yi-amino acid yetiye kungaphezu kuka-2.5%, okuqinisekisa ubusha noshukela ogqamile. I-Qúntǐzhǒng ngokuyihlo ebanga iphunga elidumile lezimbali nezithelo le-Bìluóchūn.

• Ukuvunwa: Ukuvuna kuqala ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Okubaluleke kakhulu yitiye ‘elivunwa ngaphambi kwe-Qīngmíng’ (明前茶, Míngqián chá) — elivunwa kusukela ekulinganisweni kwemini nobusuku entwasahlobo (Chūnfēn, 春分, ~20 Mashi) kuze kube umkhosi we-Qīngmíng (清明, Qīngmíng, ~5 Ephreli). Lolu hlobo luqukethe imiqumbululu egcwele noma amahlumela athambile “iqumbululo elilodwa — ikhasi elilodwa elisanda kuvuleka” futhi luphawuleka ngobumnene obukhulu nokukhanya kwephunga. Itiye elivunwa kusukela ku-Qīngmíng kuze kube u-Gǔyǔ (谷雨, Gǔyǔ, ~20 Ephreli) — ‘itiye langaphambi kwemvula’ (雨前茶, Yǔqián chá) — linikeza ukunambitheka okuqinile nokucebile ngentengo ethengeke kakhulu. Itiye elivunwa ngemva kwe-Gǔyǔ alisabhekwa njenge-Bìluóchūn yasendulo, kodwa lingaphansi kwesigaba setiye eliluhlaza eligazingiwe elijwayelekile (炒青).

• Izinga lokuvunwa: Ezinhlotsheni eziphakeme kakhulu — iqumbululo elilodwa elinekhasi elisanda kuvuleka kancane (一芽一叶初展, yī yá yī yè chū zhǎn). Okwelokuqala izinga — iqumbululo elilodwa nekhasi elilodwa. Okwesibili — iqumbululo elilodwa namacembe amabili asesigabeni sokuqala sokuvuleka. Ukukhiqiza amagremu angu-500 etiye elomile elisezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu (特级) kudinga iziqumbululo ezingama-60 000–70 000 — lokhu kungenye yamatiye asebenza kanzima kakhulu emhlabeni.

• Izidingo zemikhiqizo ehlaza: Ziphakeme kakhulu ngokukhethekile. Amahlumela kufanele abe osayizi abalinganayo, aphelele, ngaphandle kokulimala ngomshini. Ukuvuna kwenziwa ngesandla ekuseni kakhulu. Izinto ezisanda kuvunwa zihlungwa ngokushesha ngesandla (拣剔, jiǎn tī): kususwa amacembe anezinkinga, izingcezu eziqinile, iziqu, ‘amaqabunga enhlanzi’ (鱼叶). Ukucutshungulwa kufanele kuqale ngalo lolo suku.

4. Indawo Nezimpawu Zokutshalwa:

IBiluochun yitiye lendawo eyodwa. Indawo yalo yakudala futhi okuwukuphela kwayo evikelwe — iziNtaba zaseMpumalanga neNtshonalanga zaseDongting eChibini laseTaihu: isimo sezulu esincane sasechibini, izingadi zetiye nezithelo, inhlabathi ene-asidi encane kanye nemingcele yophawu lwendawo kuchazwe ngokugcwele esihlokweni esithi «Дун Тин Би Ло Чунь (洞庭碧螺春)».

Kafushane ngokuthi kungani indawo ibalulekile: iphunga lezimbali nezithelo leBiluochun alizalwa embizeni, kodwa engadini — izihlahla zetiye zaseDongting zikhula zixubene nezihlahla zezithelo futhi zimunca iphunga lezimbali zazo. Akukho uhlobo noma ubuchwepheshe bodwa obunganikeza lokhu.

Kukhiqizwa kuphi okunye. Ukusongwa okuyivavangu kanye nezinto ezingavuthiwe zamaqabunga amancane kwenziwa nakude kakhulu nangaphandle kweJiangsu — eZhejiang, eSichuan, eGuizhou naseYunnan. Ukwakheka kweqabunga letiye, ubulembu kanye nokwamukelwa okujwayelekile kuyaphindwa, kodwa iphunga lezimbali nezithelo laseDongting — aliphindwa. Amatiye anjalo kubizwa ngawo ngokufanele ngokuthi i-biluochun ngokohlobo, hhayi ngokwemvelaphi. Ngokuhlukile i-Taiwan Sanxia Biluochun (三峽碧螺春): leli yitiye elizimele elivela kuhlobo lwendawo i-Qingxin Ganzai (青心柑仔) elinephunga likabhontshisi, elihlanganyela neSuzhou igama kuphela kanye nokuma kweqabunga — kunikezelwe ngalo esihlokweni esithi «Санься Би Ло Чунь (三峽碧螺春)».

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza:

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Bìluóchūn kuyinqubo eyenziwa ngesandla ngokuphelele, eyenziwa ngomgomo othi “isandla asiyeki itiye, itiye aliyeki iketela” (手不离茶，茶不离锅). Wonke umjikelezo kusukela ekungenisweni kwezinto ezingavuthiwe kuze kube kutholwa itiye eliphelele uthatha cishe imizuzu engama-40 ekulayisheni okukodwa (okungukuthi ukugxilisa okukodwa kwe-wok).

• Ukuvuna (采摘 — cǎi zhāi): Ukuvunwa ngesandla kwenziwa ekuseni kakhulu. Kuvunwa imiqumbululu emnene kakhulu enamacembe amabili noma amathathu. Ngokuhambisana, ukuhlunga kokuqala kwenziwa embizeni.

• Ukuhlunga (拣剔 — jiǎn tī): Ukususa ngokucophelela ngesandla amacembe alimele, aqinile nangahambisani nezindinganiso, iziqu ‘namaqabunga enhlanzi’. Izinga lalesi sigaba linquma ngokuqondile ukufana komkhiqizo wokugcina.

• Ukuhlukanisa / ukubheda ukoma (摊放 — tān fàng): Izinto ezihlungiwe zendlalwa ngendlela ewulekile endaweni epholile, enomoya omuhle amahora ambalwa. Ngalesi sikhathi, umswakama owedlulele uyahamba, nezinto ezandulela amakha ziqala ukwakheka.

• “Ukubulawa kokuluhlaza” / Ukulungiswa (杀青 — shāqīng): Amaqabunga afakwa eketeleni lensimbi elishisayo (铁锅) ezingeni lokushisa elingu-180–200°C. Ingcweti ngezandla ezisheshayo iphakamisa futhi ixube izinto ezingavuthiwe, imise ukusebenza kwama-enzyme e-oxidation futhi iqinise iphunga elihlanzekile eliluhlaza. Lesi sigaba sithatha imizuzu embalwa futhi sidinga ukunemba okuphelele — ukushisa ngokweqile okuncane kungaletha ukunambitheka kokusha, ukungashisi kahle — ukunambitheka kotshani.

• Ukugoqeka (揉捻 — róuniǎn): Lapho izinga lokushisa leketela lehla laya ku-70–80°C, ingcweti iqala ukugoqeka: amaqabunga ayaqoqwa, acindezelwe futhi agoqeke, aqale ukwakha isimo esiyizindilinga. Uketshezi lwezingqamuzana luphumela ngaphandle, okuqinisekisa ukuxilongwa okusheshayo lapho kwenziwa itiye.

• Ukugingqika ngezindilinga nokuveza uboya (搓团显毫 — cuō tuán xiǎn háo): Lesi sigaba esibalulekile nesikhulu ubuciko, esinika i-Bìluóchūn isimo sayo esidumile. Ezingeni lokushisa elingu-60–65°C, ingcweti iqoqa amaqabunga ibe amabhola amancane bese iwagingqika ngezandla ngobunono, yakhe izindilinga eziqinile. Ngasikhathi sinye kwenzeka “ukuvezwa koboya” — izinwele ezincane zesiliva (白毫, báiháo) ziyahlukana ebusweni bekhasi bese zimboze izindilinga ezigoqeke, zinike itiye ukubukeka kwalo okuyisiliva noluhlaza. Yile ndlela okuwuphawu lobuciko: lapho uboya bujulile futhi isiphetho siqine kakhulu, izinga liphezulu.

• Ukomisa ngomlilo ophansi (文火干燥 — wénhuǒ gānzào): Ukomisa kokugcina ezingeni lokushisa eliphansi elingu-50–60°C. Itiye lifinyelela esimweni esizinzile, iphunga lokugcina liyakheka. Umswakama emkhiqizweni ophelele awukho ngaphezu kuka-7%.

6. Izimpawu Zokuzwa:

• Ukubukeka kwekhasi elomile: Imizulane emincane, egoqeke ngokuqinile (条索纤细蜷曲), efana namagobolondo amancane eminenke (螺形). Umbala uluhlaza-siliva nohlaza okhanyayo ocashile (银绿隐翠, yínlǜ yǐncuì). Ubuso bumbozwe kakhulu uboya obumhlophe obuthambile (白毫密布). Ezinhlotsheni eziphakeme kakhulu, kufana: isiphetho ngasinye sinosayizi ofanayo, ngaphandle kwemvuthuluka nezingcezu eziqinile.

• Iphunga lekhasi elomile: Linamandla, liyinkimbinkimbi, linamanothi agqamile ezimbali nezithelo (花果香馥郁, huāguǒ xiāng fùyù) — ikhwapheni, i-waxberry, izimbali zomndeni we-citrus. Phezu kwesendlalelo sezithelo — ubusha obuhlanzekile obuluhlaza kwamahlumela amancane (嫩香). Iphunga likhanya kakhulu kangangokuba lona kanye lanikeza itiye igama laso elidumile lomlando elithi “Xiàshārénxiāng” — “iphunga elimangalisayo”.

• Iphunga lokusetshenziswa: Liphakeme, linobuhle, futhi lihlala isikhathi eside (清香高雅持久). Amanothi ezimbali nezithelo ayabusa, engezwe ubusha obuhlaza obumnandi. Lapho inkomishi iphola (冷杯, lěng bēi), kuvela amanothi ojuxu ne-vanilla, ahlala enkomishini imizuzu embalwa.

• Ukunambitheka: Kusha futhi kunamanzi (鲜爽, xiānshuǎng) — umbono wokuqala: ubuqabavu, ubusha “obuphilayo” obubangelwa okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-amino acid (≥3.5%). Ubumnandi obubuyela emuva ngokushesha (回甘迅速, huígān xùnsù) — ngemva kokuphuza kokuqala, umlomo ugcwala ubumnandi obuthambile bezithelo. Umzimba — ophakathi ngokuqina, uthambile futhi uyindilinga (醇厚, chúnhòu). Okuqukethwe yi-polyphenol (20–24%) kunikeza ukujiya okulula kwesakhiwo, kodwa ngaphandle kokuqina. Ukunambitheka kwangemva — okuhlala isikhathi eside, okuqabulayo, nomkhondo wezithelo.

• Umbala wokusetshenziswa: Oluhlaza okhanyayo, ohlanzekile futhi okhanyayo (嫩绿清澈). Lapho kwenziwa itiye engilazini, kuvela umphumela “wamagagasi eqhwa anamaparele” (雪浪喷珠) — izinwele ezimhlophe ezahlukanayo nekhasi, zintanta ekusetshenzisweni, zenza isithombe esihle.

• Inhlabathi yetiye (ikhasi elenziwe itiye): Amaqabunga athambile, aguquguqukayo, afanayo ombala oluhlaza okhanyayo, avuleke ukusuka ezindilingeni. Agcina isimo esithi “iqumbululo elilodwa — ikhasi elilodwa”. Ikhasi liphelele, ngaphandle kokulimala, linombala olinganayo.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali:

Iphrofayili yamakhemikhali ye-Bìluóchūn inqunywa ukuvunwa ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, isithombo esinamacembe amancane, nendawo eyingqayizivele yase-Dòngtíng Shān. Ngezansi kunezinkomba ezijwayelekile zetiye elivunwa entwasahlobo:

• Ama-polyphenol (ama-catechin): Okuqukethwe — u-20–24% wesisindo esomile. Ingxenye eyinhloko yi-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), enikeza amandla amakhulu okulwa nokugqoka. Ngokocwaningo lokuqhathanisa, ukusebenza kwe-antioxidant kwama-polyphenol e-Bìluóchūn kuphakeme cishe ngo-30% kunakwetiye eliluhlaza elijwayelekile, okuhlobene nesilinganiso esiphezulu se-EGCG kuphrofayili ye-catechin.

• Ama-amino acid: Okuqukethwe — kungaphansi kwe-3.5% yesisindo esomile. I-L-theanine (茶氨酸, chá’ānjīsuān) ibusa, ibangele ubusha, inothi ‘ye-umami’ nomphumela othambile wokuphumula. Izinga eliphezulu lama-amino acid kanye nezinga elilinganiselwe lama-polyphenol kwakha ukunambitheka okuhambisanayo, okuthambile nokunoshukela ngaphandle kokuqina okugqamile.

• Ama-alkaloid: Okuqukethwe yi-caffeine kusesilinganisweni esiphakathi (cishe u-3.0–4.0% wesisindo esomile). Umphumela we-caffeine wehliswa yi-L-theanine, unikeze umphumela olinganiselayo, othambile wokuvuselela. Kukhona futhi i-theobromine ne-theophylline.

• Amavithamini: I-Vitamin C — okuqukethwe kuphezulu, njengoba ukuvunwa ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo nokugazingwa ngesandla ngobunono kugcina leli vithamini elingazinzile. Amavithamini eqembu B (B₁, B₂), i-Vitamin E, ama-carotenoid (i-provitamin A).

• Amaminerali: I-Potassium, i-magnesium, i-zinc, insimbi, i-manganese, i-fluoride. Iphrofayili yamaminerali inqunywa inhlabathi ephuzi ene-asidi encane yase-Dòngtíng Shān.

• Amafutha abalulekile nezinto ezinephunga: Uhlelo oluguquguqukayo lwamakha lwe-Bìluóchūn lucebe kakhulu: i-linalool, i-geraniol, i-nerol, i-cis-jasmone namanye ama-terpenoid akha iphunga eliyisakhiwo esinezimbali nezithelo. Ubungqayizivele bephunga buhlobene nohlelo lokutshala okuhlanganisiwe — ukukhula kanye nezihlahla zezithelo.

• Ushukela oncibilikayo emanzini nama-pectin: Anikeza ukusetshenziswa “umzimba” othambile nomuzwa wobumnandi.

8. Izakhiwo Ezinomusa:

• Umsebenzi we-antioxidant: Ama-catechin (ikakhulukazi i-EGCG) anciphisa ngempumelelo ama-radical akhululekile, anciphise ukucindezeleka kwe-oxidation nezinqubo zokuguga kwamangqamuzana.

• Umphumela wokuvuselela nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwengqondo: I-caffeine ihlanganiswe ne-L-theanine inikeze amandla aphansi, alinganiselayo ngaphandle kokukhuphuka okukhulu nokuwa okulandelayo. I-L-theanine yengeza ekugxiliseni ingqondo nasekuthuleni okunokugxilisa.

• Umphumela wokupholisa nokuqabulayo: I-Bìluóchūn ngokwesiko ibhekwa njengamatiye “apholile” (性凉, xìng liáng), anconywa ngesikhathi esishisayo ukuze kuthuliswe ukoma futhi kususwe ukushisa kwangaphakathi.

• Ukuthuthukisa ukugaya: Ama-polyphenol etiye akhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwama-enzyme okugaya, asize ekuhlukaniseni amafutha futhi asuse ukuzizwa usinda ngemva kokudla.

• Ukuqinisa inhlelo yenhiziyo nemithambo: Ama-polyphenol ne-Vitamin C asiza ukwehlisa amazinga e-LDL-cholesterol futhi aqinise izindonga zemithambo.

• Umsebenzi wokulwa namagciwane: Ama-catechin avimbela ukukhula kwamagciwane ayizimbangela emlonyeni, aqabulule ukuphefumula.

• Ukusekela imetabolism: I-caffeine nama-catechin ashukumisa izinqubo ze-metabolic, asize ekuhlukaniseni amafutha.

• Kubalulekile: lezi zakhiwo ezibaluliwe zisekelwe emininingweni etholakala emithonjeni evamile mayelana nokwakheka kwetiye eliluhlaza futhi akuzona izeluleko zezokwelapha.

9. Ukwenza Itiye:

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85°C (amanzi abilayo apholile isikhathi esicishe sibe yimizuzu emi-2). Ungalokothi usebenzise amanzi abilayo — ukushisa ngokweqile kulimaza imiqumbululu emnene kakhulu, kubangele ukuqina nokulahleka kwephunga.

• Inani letiye: Amagremu angu-3 ngamanzi angu-150–200 ml.

• Isitsha: Ingilazi (玻璃杯, bōli bēi) — iyindlela engcono kakhulu, ivumela ukubuka umphumela odumile “wamagagasi eqhwa anamaparele” nokuvuleka kwezindilinga emanzini. Kuvunyelwe i-gài wǎn yeporcelain emhlophe (白瓷盖碗) ukuze kulawuleke kahle iphunga. Akunconywa ukusebenzisa iketela le-Yíxīng (紫砂壶) — isivalo esiqinile nezindonga ezinemigodi “kuyacisha” iphunga elintekenteke.

• Inqubo (indlela yokudluliswa okuphezulu / 上投法, shàng tóu fǎ):

  1. Fudumeza ingilazi ngamanzi ashisayo, uwachithe.
  2. Thela amanzi (80–85°C) aze afinyelele ku-7/10 womthamo wengilazi.
  3. Thela amagremu angu-3 etiye — izindilinga zizoqala ukuwela kancane, zivuleke futhi “zidine” emanzini.
  4. Linda aze amaqabunga azinze (cishe imizuzwana engu-30–40).
  5. Ukusetshenziswa kokuqala sekulungile — phuza, ujabulele ubusha namanothi okuqala ezithelo.
  6. Okwesibili nokwesithathu — yandisa isikhathi ngemizuzwana eyi-10 isikhathi ngasinye. Itiye limelana nokusetshenziswa okugcwele oku-3.

• Qaphela: indlela “yokudluliswa okuphezulu” (kuqala amanzi, bese kuba itiye) iyindlela yasendulo ye-Bìluóchūn. Ivimbela ukusha kwemiqumbululu ethambile futhi ivumela ukubuka ukuvuleka kwekhasi. Izinga lokushisa elifanele lokuphuza licishe libe ngu-60°C: yilona lapho ubumnandi nobusha buzwakala kahle kakhulu.

10. Ukugcinwa:

• Gcina esitsheni esivaleka kahle — embizeni ye-porcelain, yengilazi noma kathayela — endaweni emnyama nepholile, kude namaphunga angaphandle.
• Izinga lokushisa elifanele lokugcina ngu-0–5°C (esiqandisini), endaweni ehlukile, ngaphandle kokuxhumana nemikhiqizo enamaphunga aqinile. Ukuvaleka kahle kwekhava kubaluleke kakhulu: itiye limunca kalula umswakama futhi lifake kalula amaphunga angaphandle.
• Gwema ukukhanya, umswakama nokushisa — izitha eziyinhloko zetiye eliluhlaza.
• Ngemva kokuvula iphakethe, kunconywa ukuthi itiye liphuzwe phakathi nenyanga eyodwa ukuze kugcinwe ubusha obukhulu.
• Isikhathi sokugcina uma imigomo igciniwe — sifinyelela ezinyangeni eziyi-12, kodwa ukuze uthole ukunambitheka okuhle kakhulu, kunconywa ukuthi liphuzwe phakathi nezinyanga eziyisi-6 ngemva kokuvuna.

11. Intengo Nezinto Zomgunyathi:

IBiluochun — ngelinye lamatiye aluhlaza abiza kakhulu eShayina. Intengo yakhiwa yizinto ezine: isikhathi sokuvuna (i-mingqiancha ibiza ngokuphindwe kaningana kune-yuqiancha), izinga (igreyidi), ukucutshungulwa okuphelele ngezandla kanye nobuqiniso bemvelaphi.

• Okusemumva kwezinga (igreyidi): izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lidinga izinhlumela eziyi-60 000 – 70 000 kumagremu angama-500 etiye elilungele ukuphakwa — ngesinye sezinkomba ezidinga umsebenzi omningi kakhulu emhlabeni wetiye; yingakho kunomehluko omkhulu entengweni phakathi kwezinyathelo. Isikali esijwayelekile samagreyidi esinolwazi lwezinzwa oluyindinganiso lwesinyathelo ngasinye sibekelwe igama elivikelwe futhi sinikezwe esihlokweni esithi «Дун Тин Би Ло Чунь (洞庭碧螺春)».

• Amanani entengo awumhlahlandlela (ngowezi-2024): izinga eliphakeme kakhulu (特级) i-mingqiancha — ukusuka kuma-yuan ayi-1200 kumagremu angama-50 kuya phezulu; izinga lokuqala (一级) — ama-yuan angama-300–500 kumagremu angama-500; izinga lesibili nelesithathu — lishibhe kakhulu.

• Imithetho ejwayelekile yokuthenga:

  • Thenga kubathengisi abaqinisekisiwe, abasebenza ngokukhethekile ngamatiye aseSuzhou.
  • Hlola ubulembu: iBiluochun yaseqophelweni eliphezulu yangempela imbozwe kakhulu ubulembu obuyisiliva. Nokho, ubulembu obudlulele ‘obuyimpushana’, obuhlubukayo lapho buthintwa, bungase bubonise ukwengezwa kokwenziwa.
  • Hlola iphunga: iBiluochun yangempela inukisa ngezithelo ezintsha nezimbali — ngokwemvelo, ngokugcwele, ngaphandle kwamanothi ‘afana namakha’ noma amakhemikhali. Ukunukiswa kokwenziwa kuzwakala ngokubukhali futhi kuphelelwa amandla ngokushesha.
  • Hlola ukugaywa: kuhlanzekile, kucwebile, kuluhlaza okotshani okuncane. Ukugaywa okudungekile noma okufiphele kuyisizathu sokungabaza.

• Ungayihlukanisa kanjani itiye laseDongting ngempela kwi-biluochun evela kwezinye izifundazwe — ukumakwa kwezinga, ubulembu, iphunga, umkhawulo wentengo — kuhlaziywe esihlokweni esithi «Дун Тин Би Ло Чунь (洞庭碧螺春)».

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo:

• Ukuze kukhiqizwe i-jin (500 g) eyodwa yeBiluochun yezinga eliphakeme kakhulu kudingeka kuqoqwe futhi kucutshungulwe izinhlumela eziyisithupha eziyizigidi nezinkulungwane eziyikhulu — ngesinye sezinkomba ezidinga umsebenzi omningi kakhulu emhlabeni wetiye.

• ‘Amagagasi eqhwa anamaparele’ (雪浪喷珠, xuělàng pēnzhū) — igama eliyinkondlo lomphumela ovelayo lapho kuthelwa: izinhlamvu ezimhlophe ziyahlubuka kwimizombe evulekayo futhi zintanta ekugayweni okuluhlaza, kwakha isithombe seqhwa eliwayo.

• UKangxi, owanikeza itiye igama elithi ‘Biluochun’, wayengumthandi owaziwayo wobuciko obuhle. Ukuqamba kabusha igama elithi ‘Xia Sha Ren Xiang’ ngokuthi ‘Biluochun’ — ngesinye sezibonelo ezidume kakhulu ‘zokuqamba igama kombusi’ emlandweni wezokudla okuyisidlakela waseShayina.

• IBiluochun — ngelinye lamatiye ambalwa aseShayina, okusetshenziswa ngawo ngokwendabuko indlela ‘yokuthela phezulu’ (上投法): kuqala kuthelwa amanzi, bese kufakwa itiye. Kwamanye amatiye amaningi aluhlaza kusetshenziswa indlela ephambene.

• I-cellulose eBiluochun ngokwezinga ivumelekile ukuthi ingabi ngaphezu kwe-14.0% — iqine ngokuphawulekayo kunesilinganiso esijwayelekile setiye eliluhlaza (16–16.5%). Lokhu kuwumphumela oqondile wobuthamba bezinto ezingavuthiwe: izinhlumela namaqabunga asanda kuvuleka awabi naso isikhathi sokuqina.

13. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye aluhlaza adumile aseShayina:

• I-Xi Hu Long Jing (西湖龙井, Xīhú Lóngjǐng): Evela eSifundazweni saseZhejiang. Iqabunga eliyisicaba, iphunga elinjenge-castnut nobhontshisi, ukunambitheka ‘okuhlelekile’ okunenothi ‘ye-umami’ egqamile. IBiluochun — iyaphikisana ngokuphelele ngokwakheka (imizombe ephambene nokuphansi) kanye neprofayela yephunga (izimbali nezithelo ephambene ne-castnut nobhontshisi). Uma i-Long Jing ‘iwukuqina kwezakhiwo’, iBiluochun ‘iwubumnene obudwetshiweyo’.

• I-Huangshan Mao Feng (黄山毛峰, Huángshān Máo Fēng): Evela eSifundazweni sase-Anhui. Iqabunga elisesimweni ‘sezilimi zenyoni’ elinobulembu obumhlophe, iphunga lezimbali elimnene, ukunambitheka okumnene. I-Mao Feng imnene futhi iyathamba, iBiluochun — igqamile futhi inezithelo ngokwengeziwe, inephunga elinamandla kakhulu.

• I-Taiping Hou Kui (太平猴魁, Tàipíng Hóu Kuí): Evela eSifundazweni sase-Anhui. Amaqabunga amakhulu ayisicaba, iphunga le-orchid, ukunambitheka okujulile okunotshani. Umehluko uyamangalisa: i-Hou Kui — yiqabunga elikhulu kunawo wonke phakathi kwamatiye aluhlaza adumile, iBiluochun — ngelinye lamancane kakhulu.

• I-Anji Bai Cha (安吉白茶, Ānjí Bái Chá): Evela eSifundazweni saseZhejiang. Itiye eliluhlaza elivela ezingxenyeni ezikhulayo ezingenayo i-chlorophyll ezinomthamo omkhulu wama-amino acid (6–7%). I-Anji Bai Cha — ‘ubumnandi obuhlanzekile ne-umami’ ngaphandle kokuba nezithelo okugqamile, kanti iBiluochun — ikakhulukazi ingcebo nokugcwala kwephunga lezimbali nezithelo.

• I-Liu’an Gua Pian (六安瓜片, Liù’ān Guā Piàn): Evela eSifundazweni sase-Anhui. ‘Izimbewu zethanga’ eziyisicaba ezivela emaqabungeni kuphela, ngaphandle kwezinhlamvu. Ukunambitheka kuminyene futhi kunotshani, kunamanothi ezimbewu ezithosiwe. IBiluochun — imnene ngokwengeziwe, ilula futhi inephunga elimnandi.

• I-Yin Luo (银螺, Yín Luó): Ifana kakhulu ngokusemthethweni ngokubukeka — imizombe efanayo, ubulembu obufanayo. Kodwa i-Yin Luo ayiboshelwe ndawonye ngokwendawo, yenziwa ezifundazweni ezimbalwa ngezihlobo ezihlukene, inamaqabunga amakhulu futhi ayinalo iphunga lezimbali nezithelo. Lena yindlela ejwayeleke kakhulu yokuthengisa ‘i-biluochun’ eshibhe kakhulu kunaleyo yangempela.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Bìluóchūn iwukubonakaliswa kwentwasahlobo enkomishini yetiye: isiphetho ngasinye esincane esigoqekile, lapho sivuleka emanzini afudumele, sinikela ngephunga lezivande eziqhakazayo zase-Dòngtíng Shān, ubusha benkungu yasekuseni phezu kweTàihú nobumnandi bezithelo zokuqala. Lena itiye labo abafuna hhayi nje isiphuzo, kodwa isipiliyoni sobuhle — kusukela ekucabangeni “kwamaparele eqhwa” engilazini kuya ekungathandekini okude kwezithelo ngemva kokunambitheka, okukhumbuza ukuthi amatiye amahle kakhulu azalwa lapho imvelo nobuciko bomuntu buse kuhlanganeni okuphelele.

the teas described here are available from teamotea