Téngchōng lǜchá

I-Tengchong Lücha (Téngchōng lǜchá, 腾冲绿茶) itiye eliluhlaza lasesifundeni sasedolobheni iTengchong (腾冲市) esifundeni sasedolobheni iBaoshan entshonalanga yesifundazwe saseYunnan, emngceleni neMyanmar. Igama lingelinye lamagama amahlanu okuqinisekisa ezindawo, iTengchong, ngokusho kweziphathimandla zendawo, eyawabhalisa ngo-2016 ngezigaba ezinhlanu zetiye.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi

• Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Isigaba sivezwe egameni, elime emgqeni wamagama amahlanu ngezigaba — 绿茶, 红茶, 乌龙茶, 黑茶, 白茶, — futhi kuqinisekiswa yincazelo yophawu: yonke imikhiqizo yalo iluhlaza.
• Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza laseYunnan; uphawu lokuqinisekisa indawo olusochungechungeni lwe «腾冲茶».
• Imikhiqizo yophawu: Itiye eliluhlaza eligoshiwe (炒青, chǎoqīng), elomiswe ngomoya oshisayo (烘青, hōngqīng) nelomiswe elangeni (晒青, shàiqīng), ngalinye linezinhlobo ezimbili — itiye elingalungiswanga (毛茶, máochá) nelicwengisisisiwe (精制茶, jīngzhìchá). Lokhu kwehlukanisa kwakukhona nasezingeni likazwelonke letiye eliluhlaza elinamaqabunga amakhulu i-GB/T 14456.2-2008; uhlelo lwango-2018, ngokusho kwesandulelo salo, lwakulahla.
• Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseYunnan (云南, Yúnnán), isifunda sasedolobheni iBaoshan (保山, Bǎoshān), isifunda sasedolobheni iTengchong (腾冲, Téngchōng).
• Indawo yophawu: Ngokwesizindalwazi esihlanganisiwe sezinkomba zendawo «地理标志特产大全», yonke indawo yokuphatha yesifunda saseTengchong yamanje (腾冲县现辖行政区域). Imithetho yophawu angiyitholanga; isicelo sawo wonke amagama amahlanu ochungechunge, ngokusho kwedatha yomnyango wamatiye wesifunda, sifakwe yinhlangano yetiye yaseTengchong.
• Izixhumanisi zokuma komhlaba: Cishe u-25.0° enyakatho no-98.5° empumalanga.

2. Umlando nokubaluleka kwamasiko

• Umlando:
  • Isiqalo. Ngokombhalo wesifunda wango-2014, itiye eTengchong litshalwa kusukela eminyakeni ye-Hongwu (洪武) yobukhosi bakwaMing (明).
  • 1912–1921. Ngokombhalo okuwebhusayithi kahulumeni waseTengchong (2021), uFeng Zhenguo (封镇国), kusukela ngo-1912 owayekhonza njengomhloli eXiaomengtong (小猛统) eduze kwendawo yetiye yaseMengku (勐库), wathenga ngaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingu-12 zamakhilogremu embewu yetiye yaseMengku wazitshala eduze komuzi wakubo eCuanlong (窜龙村), kwathi kamuva wasabalalisa imbewu ezifundeni kanye nomyalelo wokutshala. Umbhalo umbiza ngokuthi umsunguli wokutshalwa kwetiye okuhlelekile esigodini somfula iLongchuanjiang (龙川江). Umbhalo wesifunda wango-2014 uthi ukulethwa kwembewu kwenzeka ngeminyaka yawo-1920.
  • 1941–1942. Ngokombhalo ofanayo wango-2021, ngomhla zingama-30 kuMasingana 1941 esifundeni kwavulwa izifundo zokutshala itiye, lapho kwabhalisa khona abafundi abangaphezu kwekhulu; phakathi kwabafundisi kwakukhona uchwepheshe wetiye owayemenyiwe uLu Ying (陆溁). Indodana kaFeng Zhenguo, uFeng Weide (封维德), yahlanganisa ulwazi lwezizukulwane ezimbili yalufaka encwadini yokufundisa ethi «Isifinyezo sokutshala itiye» (《种茶浅说》); uLu Ying wayihlola futhi wabhala isandulelo. NgoMeyi 1942 iTengchong yathathwa amabutho aseJapane, futhi izifundo zahlakazwa.
  • 2015–2016. Ngokusho komnyango wamatiye wesifunda, ngo-2015 inhlangano yetiye yaseTengchong yafaka isicelo samagama amahlanu ngezigaba zetiye; ngokombiko kahulumeni, ngo-2016 amagama abhaliswa, phakathi kwawo kukhona iTengchong Lücha.
  • 2019. Uphawu lusohlwini lwesifundazwe lwezinkomba zendawo zaseYunnan lwangomhla zingama-28 kuZibandlela 2019 (umugqa wama-66).
  • 2024. Umnyango wezolimo ubike ngamagama amahlanu okuqinisekisa indawo wetiye esifundeni.
• Igama: 腾冲 (Téngchōng) yigama lesifunda sasedolobheni, phambilini iTengyue (腾越); 绿茶 (lǜchá) itiye eliluhlaza.
• IMoguocha. IMoguocha (磨锅茶, móguōchá) itiye lendawo laseTengchong. Ngokwempendulo yomnyango wezolimo wedolobha (2024), emiqhudelwaneni ka-2023 i-moguocha yahlulelwa njengesigaba esihlukile kweliteluhlaza, kanti uhlelo lokuthuthukisa imboni lwango-2023–2025 lubeka umsebenzi wokwakha uhlobo olulodwa lwe «磨锅茶» ngokugxila ekuvikeleni uphawu lwendawo. Ngokwendaba ekuwebhusayithi kahulumeni waseTengchong (2025), esifundeni sasePuchuan (蒲川) uphawu lwe-moguocha lwabhaliswa ngo-1994, futhi kusukela lapho abaningi bayalwenza lapho. Ukuthi i-moguocha ingaphansi kwasiphi isigaba nokuthi ihlobana kanjani nophawu lwe «腾冲绿茶», imithombo ayisho.

3. Incazelo yezitshalo nezinto zokusetshenziswa

• Uhlobo / I-cultivar: Encazelweni yophawu alubizwa. Ngokusho komnyango wezolimo, ngo-2023 esifundeni kwakukhona ngaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-50 zama-mu esixuku sezinhlobo zamaqabunga amakhulu aseYunnan (云南群体大叶种, Yúnnán qúntǐ dàyèzhǒng), izinkulungwane ezingama-64 zama-mu ze-clone yohlobo lwe-Yunkang 10 (云抗10号, Yúnkàng shí hào) kanye nezinkulungwane ezingama-47 zama-mu emiphakathi yezihlahla zetiye ezindala (1 mu cishe 667 m²). Ngo-2024 umnyango wezolimo wancoma izinhlobo ezimbili zetiye — i-Zijuan (紫娟, Zǐjuān) kanye ne-Foxiang 3 (佛香3号, Fóxiāng sān hào). Ukuthi yikuphi kwalokhu okusetshenziselwa itiye eliluhlaza, imithombo ayisho.
• Izinto zokusetshenziswa: Itiye elicwengisisisiwe eligoshiwe ngokwencazelo yophawu — amaqabunga aqhakaza ngamanye, okungukuthi izinto ezithambile kakhulu. Etiyeni elingalungiswanga «kuba khona iziqu ezithambile». Izinga lokuqoqa angilitholanga.
• Isikhathi sokuqoqa: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.

4. I-terroir nezici zokutshala

• Isifunda: Intshonalanga yeYunnan, eduze kwezintaba zeGaoligongshan (高黎贡山). Ngokusho kukahulumeni waseTengchong, umngcele wesifunda neMyanmar ungamakhilomitha ayi-150.
• Isimo sezulu nenhlabathi: ITengchong yaziwa ngezintaba-mlilo. Ngokombhalo wesifunda wango-2014, isimo sezulu lapha siyitropiki esinemonsoonal, izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi nendawo lingu-14.9 °C, imvula ingu-1400–1700 mm ngonyaka, kanti itiye likhula emathafeni enziwe nge-lava yentaba-mlilo, enhlabathini evundile eyenziwe ngumlotha wentaba-mlilo. Lena incazelo yesifunda, hhayi izidingo zophawu.
• Ukuphakama lapho kutshalwa khona: Endaweni yophawu ayikho imininingwane. Ngokombhalo wesifunda wango-2014, ukuphakama eTengchong kusukela kumamitha angama-930 kuye kwangama-3780.

5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza

Ubucwepheshe baleli tiye kanye nemingcele yabo ayikho emithonjeni etholakele. Itiye eliluhlaza livame ukwenziwa kanje:

1. Ukunwetshwa kweqabunga elisha (摊放, tānfàng).
2. Ukuqinisa ukungaguquki (杀青, shāqīng): Ukushisa kumisa i-oxidation.
3. Ukusonteka (揉捻, róuniǎn).
4. Ukomisa (干燥, gānzào): Ebhodweni — itiye eligoshiwe, ngomoya oshisayo — i-hongqing, elangeni — i-shaiqing.

Itiye elingalungiswanga bese lihlungwa futhi licutshungulwa libe elicwengisisisiwe. Lena indlela ejwayelekile yesigaba, hhayi incazelo yobuchwepheshe beTengchong Lücha.

6. Izici zokunambitheka

Isimo — ngokwencazelo yophawu kusizindalwazi esihlanganisiwe sezinkomba zendawo; ngezansi okuyinhloko ezincazelweni eziyisithupha.

• Isimo seqabunga elomile: Itiye eligoshiwe elingalungiswanga — licinene, lisindayo, linamaphuzu abukhali, liluhlaza okumpunga futhi lisha (灰绿鲜润); itiye eligoshiwe elicwengisisisiwe — amaqabunga aqhakaza amade aqondile, embozwe ngokuphelele uboya besiliva (单芽紧直…银毫满坡). I-hongqing — inyama, inamaphuzu, iluhlaza futhi inamafutha, inoboya. I-shaiqing — inyama, iluhlaza okumnyama, kwelicwengisisisiwe uboya «buningi kakhulu» (白毫特多).
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
• Iphunga lephantshi: Lihlanzekile, liphakeme futhi lihlala njalo (清高持久) kweligoshiwe elingalungiswanga, iphunga leqabunga elincane elihlala njalo (嫩香持久) kwelicwengisisisiwe, iphunga eliminyene leqabunga elincane kwi-hongqing, elihlanzekile (清香) kwi-shaiqing.
• Ukunambitheka: Kugcwele, kusha futhi kunamandla (浓鲜爽) kweligoshiwe, kusha, kunamandla futhi kuthambile (鲜爽浓醇) kwi-hongqing, kugcwele futhi kuthambile (浓醇) noma kuthambile futhi kugcwele (醇厚爽口) kwi-shaiqing.
• Umbala wephantshi: Uphuzi-oluhlaza futhi ucwebezela (黄绿明亮) cishe kuzo zonke izinhlobo; kwelicwengisisisiwe eligoshiwe — luhlaza futhi likhanya (绿亮).
• Indawo yetiye (iqabunga eselenzelwe): Inyama, incane futhi ithambile, iphuzi-oluhlaza futhi icwebezela; kwelicwengisisisiwe eligoshiwe — luhlaza ngokuncane; kwi-shaiqing — linamaqabunga aqhakaza. Encazelweni yetiye lelanga elingalungiswanga esizindalazweni kunamaphutha amabili asobala okubhala; umqondo ubuyiselwe ngezincazelo eziseduze.

7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali

Ayikho imininingwane ye-physicochemical emithonjeni etholakele.

8. Ukwenziwa kwetiye

Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza.

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
• Inani letiye: Amagremu ama-3 ku-150 ml.
• Isitsha: Ingilazi ekhanyayo noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
• Inqubo: Ukushisisa isitsha, thela amanzi ngasodongeni; iphantshi lokuqala — emva kwamasekhondi angama-40–60; phuza, ushiya ingxenye yephantshi, bese ugcwalisa amanzi; ukuthela kabili noma kathathu.

9. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wesigaba. Emaphaketheni avaliwe, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama kanye namaphunga. Kungcono ukuphuzwa phakathi nonyaka.

10. Intengo kanye nemikhiqizo mbumbulu

Ayikho imininingwane ngentengo emithonjeni etholakele.

• Ungakugwema kanjani ukukhohlisa:
  • Funa uphawu lokuqinisekisa indawo «腾冲绿茶»; ngokwesizindalwazi esihlanganisiwe sezinkomba zendawo, inombolo yalo ingu-17175323.
  • Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi ungowaseTengchong.
  • Ungaphambanisi uphawu namanye amagama amane asondelene ochungechunge: isigaba ngasinye sinephawu laso.

11. Amaqiniso athokozisayo

• Ngokombhalo wesifunda wango-2014, ukubalwa kwabantu kwathola eTengchong izinsiza zendawo eziyi-115 zezihlahla zetiye, futhi ochwepheshe babiza lesi sifunda ngokuthi «umgodi wezinhlobo».
• Enye yezinkampani zaseTengchong iphakathi kwabaqambi bezinga likazwelonke letiye eliluhlaza elinamaqabunga amakhulu i-GB/T 14456.2-2018.
• Ngokwendaba ekuwebhusayithi kahulumeni waseTengchong (2025), esifundeni sasePuchuan eziko kuphuzwa «itiye lokuduma» (雷响茶); indlela yokulenza, indaba ayichazi.

12. Ukuqhathanisa namanye amatiye aluhlaza aseYunnan

• IYunnan Lücha (云南绿茶): Ukubukwa kwetiye eliluhlaza laseYunnan lazo zonke izindlela ezintathu zokomisa.
• IHuilong Lücha (回龙绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda esingumakhelwane saseLianghe esifundeni saseDehong.
• IDehong Gushu Lücha (德宏古树绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lezihlahla ezindala zesifunda esingumakhelwane saseDehong.
• INanjian Lücha (南涧绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza elinophawu lwesifunda saseNanjian esifundeni saseDali.
• ITengchong Hongcha (腾冲红茶): Uphawu olusondelene lochungechunge olufanayo — itiye elibomvu.

Ekuphetheni:

ITengchong Lücha itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda esinezintaba-mlilo eduze kwezintaba zeGaoligongshan. Uphawu lwango-2016 luhlanganisa zonke izindlela ezintathu zokomisa, kusukela etiyeni elingalungiswanga kuya emaqabungwini aqhakaza anoboya besiliva, nephantshi eliphuzi-oluhlaza nokunambitheka okusha nokugcwele. Imithetho yophawu nobucwepheshe imithombo etholakele ayibasho, kanti ukuthi uphawu luhlobana kanjani ne-moguocha yendawo, kusalokhu kungumbuzo ovulekile.

Imithombo

Amazinga

• GB/T 14456.2-2008
• GB/T 14456.2-2018

Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo