Dǐxū Chá (Dǐxū chá, 底圩茶) ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa m’boma la Guǎngnán (广南县) m’chigawo chodzilamulira cha Wénshān Zhuàng Miáo (文山壮族苗族自治州) m’chigawo cha Yúnnán (云南). Dzina limeneli limagwiritsidwanso ntchito kutanthauza mtundu wa mbewu ya chitsamba cha tiyi wa komweko, umene tiyiyu amapangidwa kuchokera: mawonekedwe aungwi omwe kufotokoza kwa chizindikiro cha geographical indication kumawaika m’gulu la 白毛茶 (báimáo chá). Dzinali lachokera ku mzinda wa Dǐxū (底圩乡) kumpoto kwa bomalo, kumene tiyi anayamba kupangidwa koyamba. Kuyambira 2016, “底圩茶” ndi malonda omwe ali ndi chizindikiro cha agricultural geographical indication.
1. Kugawa ndi Chiyambi
- Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá): kufotokoza kwamtundu mu kaundula wa zizindikiro kwaperekedwa pa tiyi wobiriwira. Mtundu wa chitsamba chomwecho, malinga ndi kufotokoza kwa chizindikiro, umayenera kupangira tiyi wobiriwira, wachikasu, woyera, wofiira ndi woponderezedwa, koma tiyi wofiira, woyera ndi wa nsungwi wa Dǐxū ndi malonda ena.
- Gulu: Tiyi wobiriwira wa Yúnnán wochokera ku mtundu waungwi wa komweko; agricultural geographical indication (2016).
- Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Yúnnán (云南, Yúnnán), chigawo chodzilamulira cha Wénshān Zhuàng Miáo (文山, Wénshān), boma la Guǎngnán (广南, Guǎngnán), mzinda wa Dǐxū.
- Dera lotetezedwa: Malinga ndi kufotokoza kwa chizindikiro, mizinda 18 ndi matauni a bomalo: Dǐxū, Bāměi, Liánchéng, Zhétù, Zhétài, Zhúlín, Jiǔmò, Yángliǔjǐng, Dǒngbǎo, Bābǎo, Bànbàng, Nánpíng, Hēizhīguǒ, Shùguāng, Zhūjiē, Zhuǎnjiǎo, Nàsā ndi Wùzhū, komanso mafamu aboma a Shíshān ndi Tángshān.
- Malo ogwirira ntchito: Dera lili 104°25′–105°39′ E ndi 23°23′–24°33′ N; mzinda wa Dǐxū uli pafupifupi 24.3° N ndi 104.9° E.
2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe
- Mbiri:
- 1825. Malinga ndi nkhani yofotokozedwa mu “Mbiri ya Chigawo cha Guǎngnán” (《广南府志》), pafupi ndi mudzi wa Dǐxū, mtunda wopitilira 40 li kuchokera ku mapiri a Jiǔlóngshān, kumamera tiyi wa “kukoma kwabwino kwambiri” (其地产茶味绝美).
- Zaka za mwambo. Ziwerengero zikusiyana: buku lina lonena za “Mbiri ya Boma la Guǎngnán” (《广南县志》) limati pakhala pali zaka mazana atatu ndi kuposerapo za kulima, pamene buku la kaundula wa zizindikiro limati zaka mazana awiri ndi kuposerapo.
- Zaka za Tóngzhì. Malinga ndi nthano yolembedwa mu “Yìngxiàng Wénshān”, tiyi wa Dǐxū poyamba ankatuluka wowawa ndi wakuthwa, ndipo m’nthawi imeneyi munthu wa komweko dzina lake Yáng Jíchūn (杨吉春) atayesa mayeso anapanga “tiyi wa mu nsungwi”.
- 1982. Malinga ndi buku lina, Tea Institute ya Yúnnán Agricultural Institute itafufuza inavomereza kuti “dǐxū chá” ndi imodzi mwa mitundu yabwino kwambiri m’chigawo.
- 1983. Tiyi wa nsungwi wochokera ku Dǐxū unalowa m’gulu la tiyi khumi wabwino kwambiri wa Yúnnán pa msonkhano wachigawo wowunika tiyi.
- 1986. Malinga ndi buku lina, fakitale ya tiyi ya komweko inayamba kupanganso tiyi wofiira.
- 2012–2015. Malinga ndi nkhani yamakampani, pempho linakonzedwa ndi tea technical station ya bomalo: zitsanzo zinatumizidwa ku kafukufuku mu 2012, kuyendera ndi kuyesa kukoma kunachitika mu May 2015, ndipo chivomerezo chinabwera mu October 2015.
- 2016. Ndi chilengezo cha Ministry of Agriculture No. 2384 cha pa 31 March 2016, “底圩茶” chinalembedwa mu kaundula wa agricultural geographical indications; nambala yolembetsa ndi AGI01871.
- Dzina: “Dǐxū” (底圩) ndi dzina la mzinda ndi mudzi. Malinga ndi nkhani ya “Yìngxiàng Wénshān”, chilembo 圩 anthu a komweko amachiwerenga ngati hēi; mu kaundula dzinali linalembedwa malinga ndi katchulidwe kokhazikika.
- Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Pozungulira tiyi wa nsungwi, womwe pano amatchedwa 姑娘茶 (gūniang chá), “tiyi wa atsikana”, panali nthano ndi mwambo wa komweko wa kuwira (gawo 9).
3. Kufotokoza kwa Zomera ndi Zopangira
- Mtundu / Cultivar: Gulu la mbewu la 底圩茶 (有性群体品种). Buku la kaundula limauika m’gulu la 白毛茶 la mtundu wa camellia. Kwawo kwa mtunduwu amati ndi mapiri a Jiǔlóngshān (九龙山), kumene mitsinje ya Tuóniáng (驮娘江) ndi Xīyáng imayambira.
- Maonekedwe a chitsamba: Malinga ndi kufotokoza kwa chizindikiro, ndi mtengo wawung’ono wokhala ndi mphanda yofalikira pang’ono; mphukira zachinyamata zimakhala ndi aungwi ambiri; tsamba ndi lalikulu, lobiriwira kwambiri, lili ndi pamwamba pachifuwa, mbali yapansi yaungwi ndi m’mphepete mopindika pang’ono. Mphukira zimakhala zofewa kwa nthawi yayitali (持嫩性强).
- Zofunika pa zopangira: Malinga ndi kufotokoza kwa chizindikiro, tsamba latsopano limatengedwa kuchokera ku zitsamba za mtundu umenewu.
- Kukolola: Malinga ndi kufotokoza kwa chizindikiro, amakolola masika, chilimwe ndi mphukira, kamodzi kapena kawiri pa nyengo, makamaka ndi manja; m’mphukira yamvula yotentha kukolola kwa dzinja kumathekanso mpaka pakati pa December. Miyezo ya tsamba latsopano ndi bud limodzi, bud ndi tsamba limodzi, awiri kapena atatu, tsamba limodzi lokha kapena mphukira yotseguka (对夹叶) ya kufewa komweko.
4. Terroir ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima
- Mzinda wa Dǐxū: Kumpoto kwa bomalo; kutalika kwake kuyambira 698 mpaka 1915 m, malinga ndi zolembedwa za mzindawo. Malinga ndi portal ya Yúnnán (2020), m’mzindawu muli mahekitala oposa chikwi a mitengo yakale ndi yakutchire ya tiyi.
- Dera la chizindikiro: Kusintha kuchokera ku chigwa cha kumwera kwa Yúnnán kupita ku mapiri otsika a kumadzulo kwa Guǎngxī. Kutalika kwake kuyambira 450 mpaka 1800 m, minda yambiri ili pa 800–1500 m, pa malo otsetsereka a 15–35°.
- Nthaka: Yellow-red ndi red sandy loam pa slate ndi sandy slate, pH 4.5–6.5, makulidwe a nthaka yopitilira mita imodzi.
- Mitsinje: Mitsinje ya Zhūjiāng ndi Hónghé.
- Nyengo: Central subtropical highland monsoon; m’nyengo yozizira ndi yachisanu kumakhala masiku ambiri a chifunga. M’derali pafupifupi 17.9 °C pachaka, 1224 mm ya mvula, chinyezi 78 %, maola 1561 a dzuwa, masiku 306 opanda chisanu.
- Malo: Malinga ndi buku lina, pofika kumapeto kwa 2017 m’mzindawu munali mahekitala 168,000 a minda yobala zipatso, ndipo malonda anali 178 million yuan. Malinga ndi portal ya Yúnnán (2020), mahekitala 168,000 omwewo ndi 38 % ya minda ya bomalo; mu 2019 panali matani 3750 a tiyi pa 180 million yuan.
5. Tekinoloje ya Kupanga
Malinga ndi kufotokoza kwa chizindikiro, tiyi wobiriwira amapangidwa motere: tsamba latsopano → kufalitsa (摊放, tānfàng) → kukhazikitsa (杀青, shāqīng) → kuzizira → kuziziranso → kuwuluka (风选, fēngxuǎn) → kukama (揉捻, róuniǎn) → kuumitsa (烘干, hōnggān) → kulongedza. Mitundu imatchulidwa motere: wapadera (特级), woyamba (一级), wachiwiri (二级) ndi “tiyi wa anthu wamba” (大众茶), ngakhale m’malemba mwalembedwa kuti “mitundu itatu”. Kutentha ndi nthawi sizinatchulidwe m’magwero omwe tapeza.
Kubzala. Mwachikale ankabzala mbewu molunjika pamtunda wotsetsereka, 300–500 zomera pa mu; tsopano amabzala pa masitepe, 800–1000 zomera pa mu, ndi mbewu kapena cuttings, ndi cholinga chosinthira ku cuttings za zomera zosankhidwa: pakubzala ndi mbewu kumatuluka mitundu yambiri yosafunika.
Tiyi wa nsungwi. Ndi malonda ogwirizana, osati “dǐxū chá” malinga ndi chizindikirocho. Malinga ndi nkhani ya “Yìngxiàng Wénshān”, mutu wa nsungwi wa 金竹 umadzazidwa ndi tiyi wa masika, umayikidwa mu chotengera chapamwamba pa mpunga womata womwe ukuwira, ndipo amauumitsa pang’onopang’ono pamakala, motero kumachokera “fungo lachitatu”: la tiyi, la nsungwi ndi la mpunga. “Tiyi wa atsikana”, malinga ndi iyo, ndi wa chiyambi chimodzi ndi 底圩茶, koma amapangidwa mosiyana pang’ono.
6. Makhalidwe a Organoleptic
Kufotokoza kwa tiyi wobiriwira malinga ndi buku la kaundula wa zizindikiro:
- Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: Lokulungidwa molimba ndi lowonda, lobiriwira, lokhala ndi aungwi oonekera; lobiriwira ndi loyera mofanana, koma loyera ndi lochuluka (外形紧结清秀，干茶色绿显毫，绿白相间以白为主).
- Fungo la tsamba louma: Fungo losangalatsa la aungwi (毫香宜人).
- Fungo la madzi: Lalitali (香高).
- Kukoma: Kofewa ndi kotsekemera pang’ono (味醇甘).
- Mtundu wa madzi: Chikasu chobiriwira, chowala (汤色黄绿明亮).
- Tsamba lotsalira (pambuyo kuwira): Lofewa ndi lofanana (叶底嫩匀).
Kwa “tiyi wa atsikana” wa nsungwi, malinga ndi nkhani ya “Yìngxiàng Wénshān”, madzi ake ndi agolide achikasu ndi owala (茶汤金黄明亮).
7. Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala
Miyezo ya tiyi wobiriwira (毛茶) malinga ndi kufotokoza kwa chizindikiro:
| Chizindikiro | Kufunika |
|---|---|
| Ma polyphenols a tiyi | osachepera 22 % |
| Zinthu zosungunuka m’madzi | osachepera 30 % |
| Caffeine | osachepera 2.2 % |
| Ma amino acid aulere | osachepera 3.9 % |
| Chinyezi | osapyola 7 % |
Izi ndi zochepera, osati zotsatira za kafukufuku wa gulu linalake.
8. Kuwira
Njira yofanana ndi ya tiyi wobiriwira.
- Kutentha kwa madzi: 80–85 °C.
- Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml.
- Chida: Kapu yagalasi kapena gaiwan yoyera.
- Ndondomeko:
- Tenthetsa chida.
- Ikani tiyi ndi kutsanulira madzi m’mphepete.
- Kutulutsa koyamba pakatha masekondi 40–60.
- Kubwereza kuwiritsa kawiri kapena katatu.
Kwa “tiyi wa atsikana” nkhani ya “Yìngxiàng Wénshān” imafotokoza mwambo wa komweko wa zochita zisanu ndi zitatu: kung’amba nsungwi, kuchotsa tiyi, kuuika, kutsuka, kutsuka makapu, kutsanulira madzi, kutaya madzi oyamba ndi kumwa. Kutentha ndi nthawi za madzi pa mwambowu sizinapezeke m’magwero.
9. Kusunga
Njira yofanana ndi ya kalasi. M’paketi yotsekedwa bwino, m’firiji pa 0–5 °C, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo. Ndi bwino kumwa mkati mwa chaka chimodzi.
10. Mtengo ndi Zabodza
Palibe deta ya mitengo ya malonda m’magwero omwe tapeza.
- Momwe mungapewere zabodza:
- Fufuzani chizindikiro cha agricultural geographical indication ndi boma la Guǎngnán monga malo opangira.
- Kumbukirani kuti malinga ndi chizindikiro ichi ndi tiyi wobiriwira: tiyi wofiira, woyera ndi wa nsungwi wa dera lomwelo ndi malonda ena.
- Chizindikiro cha maonekedwe ndi tsamba lolimba ndi lowonda lokhala ndi aungwi ambiri oyera ndi madzi achikasu obiriwira owala.
11. Zochititsa Chidwi
- Dzina limodzi limatanthauza mtundu wa chitsamba, mzinda ndi tiyi.
- Tiyi ndi wamkulu kuposa chizindikiro: zolemba za 1825 za “tiyi wa kukoma kwabwino kwambiri” zatsala pafupifupi zaka mazana awiri chizindikiro cha 2016 chisanachitike.
- Mu 1983 m’gulu la tiyi khumi wabwino kwambiri wa Yúnnán sanaloŵe tiyi wobiriwira koma tiyi wa nsungwi wa Dǐxū, zaka zopitilira makumi atatu chizindikiro chisanachitike.
12. Kufanizira ndi tiyi ena ochokera ku mitundu yaungwi
- Lèchāng Báimáo Chá (乐昌白毛茶): Tiyi wobiriwira wa ku Guǎngdōng wochokera ku mtundu waungwi wa komweko ndi wofanana kwambiri pa zopangira.
- Kāishān Báimáo Chá (开山白毛茶): Tiyi wobiriwira waungwi wa Guǎngxī, chigawo choyandikana ndi Guǎngnán.
- Nàkǎ (那卡): Mudzi wa pu’er ku Yúnnán kumene mwambo wa tiyi mu nsungwi umasungidwanso; zopangira ndi dera n’zosiyana.
Pomaliza:
Dǐxū Chá ndi tiyi wobiriwira wochokera ku mtundu wake waungwi wa boma la Guǎngnán, wotetezedwa kuyambira 2016. Chikalata cha chizindikiro chimafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane, kuyambira dera ndi nthaka mpaka zochepera za kapangidwe, ndipo chikuwonetsa maonekedwe: tsamba lowonda lokhala ndi aungwi oyera ochuluka, fungo la aungwi, madzi achikasu obiriwira. Pafupi pali “tiyi wa atsikana” wa nsungwi, malonda ogwirizana omwe ali ndi nthano ndi mwambo wawo.
Magwero
Chizindikiro cha malo
Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero