Kaishan Baimao Cha (Kāishān báimáo chá, 开山白毛茶) ndi “tiyi wa Kaishan wa ubweya woyera”, tiyi wobiriwira wa m’tauni ya Kaishan (开山镇) m’chigawo cha Babu m’boma la Hezhou kum’mawa kwa Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Mawu oti “ubweya woyera” (白毛) m’dzina amatanthauza masamba okhala ndi ubweya, osati gulu la tiyi woyera. Lamulo limanena momveka kuti “开山白毛茶（绿茶）”. Chikhalidwe chachikulu chomwe lamulo limatchula ndi fungo looneka ngati la maapulo. Mafotokozedwe amatchula tiyiyu m’gulu la tiyi asanu odziwika a Guangxi. Kuyambira 2014, dzinali limatetezedwa ngati chizindikiro chaulimi chadziko, ndipo kuyambira 2025 ngati chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro chadziko.
1. Magulu ndi Chiyambi
- Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá); gulu limatchulidwa mu malamulo a mtundu ndi m’makolo. Zolemba za cholowa chosagwirika zimanena kuti masamba amakazingidwa (炒制, chǎozhì) ndipo ntchito zonse zimachitidwa ndi manja.
- Gulu: Tiyi wobiriwira wa m’mapiri wochokera ku mbewu ya komweko, chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro chadziko.
- Chiyambi: China, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (广西, Guǎngxī), m’boma la Hezhou (贺州, Hèzhōu), chigawo cha Babu (八步区, Bābù).
- Malo otetezedwa: Matauni a Kaishan (开山镇), Guiling (桂岭镇), Daning (大宁镇) ndi mzinda wa Huangdong (黄洞乡). Mu imodzi mwa zowonjezera za mndandanda wa 2025, mzindawu walembedwa kuti 黄桐乡.
- Malo ogwirira ntchito: 24°28′54″–24°46′24″ N ndi 111°41′12″–111°47′41″ E.
2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe
- Mbiri:
- M’badwo wa Ming. Malinga ndi mafotokozedwe, tiyiyu adayamba kulimidwa kuno mu m’badwo wa Ming; zitsamba poyamba zinali zakutchire.
- Zaka za Qianlong (1736–1795). Malinga ndi mafotokozedwe omwewo, otengera buku la “Zolemba za Tiyi Odziwika a China”, voliyumu ya “Guangxi” (中国名茶志·广西卷), anthu adasamutsa zitsamba zakutchire kupita kunyumba zawo, ndipo minda yam’nyumba idayamba (家园茶).
- Nthano. Mwambowo umanena kuti mfumu Qianlong adayankhula mawu oti “一品开山茶，天下无佳茗” - “mukalawa tiyi wa Kaishan, simupezanso wabwinonso padziko lapansi”; ndandanda wa malonda aulimi wa dipatimenti yaulimi ya Guangxi ndi zolemba zodziwika zimawonjezera kuti pambuyo pake tiyiyu adakhala msonkho kwa nyumba yachifumu. Umboni wolembedwa wa mawu awa kapena udindo wa msonkho sunapezeke m’magwero omwe adapezeka.
- Mphotho. Malinga ndi ndandanda wa malonda aulimi wa dipatimenti yaulimi ya Guangxi, tiyiyu adalandira mphotho yapamwamba kwambiri (特等奖) ya mpikisano wa Guangxi “桂茶杯”. Buku lotchedwa 茶百科 limati izi zidachitika mu 2004; palibe umboni wodziyimira pawokha wa chaka.
- 2012. Luso lopanga lidalembedwa ndi boma la chigawo mu mndandanda wachinayi wa cholowa chosagwirika cha chikhalidwe cha Guangxi, monga momwe zolemba za cholowa ichi pa tsamba la mzinda wa Huangyao (黄姚古镇) ku Hezhou zimanenera.
- 2014. Mwa chilengezo cha Unduna wa Zaulimi nambala 2179, tiyiyu adalembetsedwa ngati chizindikiro chaulimi chadziko. Kalozera wa zizindikiro umapereka tsiku la 28 Novembala 2014, buku la 茶百科 limati 18 Novembala; kusiyana sikunathetsedwe. Mapempho ogwiritsa ntchito chizindikirochi amalandiridwa ndi Center for Agricultural Technology Extension ya chigawo cha Babu (八步区农业技术推广中心).
- 2017 ndi 2022. Tiyiyu adalowetsedwa m’ndandanda wa boma wa zinthu zaulimi zodziwika, zapadera, zabwino ndi zatsopano (名特优新).
- 2025. Bungwe la National Intellectual Property Administration mwa chilengezo nambala 640 lidavomereza dzinali ngati chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro chadziko; wopempha akuti ndi boma la anthu la chigawo cha Babu.
- Dzina: “Kaishan” (开山) ndi dzina la tawuni; “baimao” (白毛) ndi “ubweya woyera”; “cha” (茶) ndi tiyi. Dzina lomwelo limagwiritsidwanso ntchito pa mtundu wa tsamba la tiyi wa komweko.
- Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe: “Dongosolo la chikhalidwe cha tiyi la Kaishan Baimao Cha” (广西八步开山白毛茶文化系统) lidalowa m’zotsatira za kafukufuku wadziko lonse wa cholowa chaulimi.
3. Kufotokozera Zomera ndi Zopangira
- Mtundu / Cultivar: Mtundu wa komweko, wotchedwa chimodzimodzi ndi tiyi, 开山白毛茶. Mafotokozedwe amati ndi mtundu wochokera ku mbewu (有性系): mtengo wawung’ono (小乔木型), masamba apakatikati, nthawi yapakatikati, diploid; tsamba ndi lozungulira, lofewa. Palibe nambala yolembetsa yamtundu omwe idapezeka.
- Mzere wotolera: Zofunikira za 2025 zimalongosola malamulo: kutolera m’magulu, monga momwe amamerera, ndikugwiritsa ntchito chala “chokweza”, popanda kukanthidwa ndi msomali kapena kuchotsa khungu; popanda mamba, “masamba a nsomba”, zipatso ndi nthambi zakale. Mulingo wa “tsamba ndi mphukira” sunapezeke m’magwero omwe adapezeka.
4. Terroir ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima
- Chigawo: Phiri la Mengzhuling (萌渚岭) pamalire a Guangxi ndi Hunan. Malo oyambira a tiyi ndi zigwa za mudzi wa Dongnan (东南村) mu tawuni ya Kaishan: Miaotangchong, Gaotianchong, Zhaiyanchong ndi Gongdanchong (庙塘冲、高田冲、寨岩冲、公胆冲); buku la 茶百科 limati tsamba labwino kwambiri ndi lochokera ku Gongdanchong. Phirili limagwira ntchito ngati malire pakati pa mtsinje wa Yangtze ndi mtsinje wa Pearl.
- Kutalika kwa kulima: Zambiri zimasiyana. Lamulo la 2014 limatchula malo otsetsereka a 300–600 m pakukhazikitsa minda. Ponena za dera loyambira la tiyi, lamulo lomwelo limati “pamwamba pa 500 m”, mafotokozedwe ena amati “pamwamba pa 1000 m”, zolemba za cholowa chosagwirika zimati “pafupifupi 1000 m”.
- Mapiri: Malo okwera kwambiri ndi nsonga ya Matangding (马塘顶, 1787 m) pamalire ndi Jianghua Yao Autonomous County m’chigawo cha Hunan; pali nsonga pafupifupi makumi awiri za 900–1300 m mu phirili.
- Nyengo: Malinga ndi lamulo la 2014, kutentha kwapachaka ndi 19.9 °C, mvula ndi 1516.9 mm, masiku 320 opanda chisanu, nthawi zambiri kumakhala chifunga, dzuwa lochepa komanso kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kutentha pakati pa usiku ndi usana.
- Dothi: Dothi lofiira ndi lachikasu-lofiira pa mchenga, miyala ya slate ndi granite, pH 4.5–6.5. Zofunikira za 2025 zimatchula dothi la loam ndi sandy loam lokhala ndi organic matter 1–2% kapena kuposerapo ndi kutsetsereka mpaka 25°.
- Dera: Malinga ndi zolemba za 2014, dera lotetezedwa ndi mahekitala 4000, pansi pa tiyi ndi mahekitala 400, kutolera masamba atsopano pafupifupi matani 500 pachaka.
- Mitsinje: Malinga ndi zolemba zomwezo za 2014, m’matauni a Kaishan, Guiling, Daning, Huangdong ndi Hejie kwa pafupifupi 100 km kumayenda mtsinje wa Guilinghe (桂岭河), womwe pambuyo pa Hejie umalowa mumtsinje wa Hejiang (贺江).
5. Ukadaulo Wopanga
Ndondomeko zopangira zokhala ndi nthawi siziperekedwa ndi lamulo la 2014 kapena zofunikira za 2025; kwa minda, lamulo limatchula malamulo a ulimi NY/T 5018-2001, kwa chilengedwe, NY 5020-2001. Zodziwika ndi zochepa:
- Malinga ndi zolemba za cholowa chosagwirika, njira yochokera ku tsamba latsopano kupita ku tiyi womalizidwa ndi ntchito 7–8, ndipo zonse zimachitidwa ndi manja.
- Luso lakhala likupatsirana kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira kwa zaka mazana ambiri; malinga ndi zolemba zomwezo, aluso alibe nthawi zenizeni, zonse zimatsimikiziridwa ndi chidziwitso, ndipo kusintha kwa nyengo ndi zopangira kumakhudza kwambiri.
- Malinga ndi zolemba zomwezo, masamba amakazingidwa (炒制).
Kwa tiyi wobiriwira wokazingidwa, ndondomeko yodziwika ndi iyi:
- Kufota (摊放, tānfàng).
- Kukhazikitsa (杀青, shāqīng): kutentha kumayimitsa okosijeni.
- Kukulunga (揉捻, róuniǎn).
- Kuumitsa (干燥, gānzào).
Iyi ndi ndondomeko yodziwika ya gulu, osati mafotokozedwe a ukadaulo wa Kaishan Baimao Cha.
6. Makhalidwe a Kumva
Malinga ndi lamulo, ndi zowonjezera za mabuku.
- Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: Lolimba, lopyapyala komanso lofanana, lokhala ndi nsonga zakuthwa (有锋苗), ubweya woyera wowoneka (白毫显露). Zolemba za cholowa chosagwirika zimalongosola kupindika kwa spiral (螺形卷曲) ndi mtundu wa “silver-green wokhala ndi emerald sheen” (银绿隐翠); mafotokozedwe ena amati tiyiyu ndi wonga singano, “wopyapyala, wozungulira komanso wowongoka” (细圆光直). Maonekedwe amasiyana m’mafotokozedwe.
- Fungo la tsamba louma: Palibe mafotokozedwe apadera omwe adapezeka.
- Fungo la madzi: Loyera komanso lozama, lokhala ndi fungo looneka ngati la maapulo (清香、浓郁，苹果香突显). Mafotokozedwe am’deralo amati tiyiyu ndi “tiyi yokha m’dzikoli yokhala ndi fungo la maapulo” - awa ndi mawu otsatsa.
- Kukoma: Kwathunthu, kofewa, kotsekemera (醇厚甘爽). Malinga ndi mafotokozedwe, pakumwa koyamba kumakhala kowawa pang’ono, kenako kumakhala kotsekemera komanso malovu ambiri.
- Mtundu wa madzi: Wobiriwira wowala komanso wonyezimira (清绿明亮); zolemba za cholowa chosagwirika zimati “yellow-green, transparent” (黄绿清澈).
- Pansi pa tiyi (masamba ophikidwa): Wofewa wachikasu komanso wofanana (叶底嫩黄匀称) - malinga ndi zolemba za cholowa chosagwirika; m’malemba otetezedwa palibe mafotokozedwe.
7. Zomwe Zili M’thupi
Zolemba za 2014:
| Chizindikiro | Mulingo |
|---|---|
| Chinyezi | osapitirira 6.3 % |
| Phulusa lonse | osapitirira 4.92 % |
| Fiber yosaphika | osapitirira 11.4 % |
| Zinthu zosungunuka m’madzi | osachepera 56.4 % |
| Ma polyphenol a tiyi | osachepera 23.6 % |
| Ma amino acid aulere | osachepera 2.5 % |
Zofunikira za 2025 zimapereka zizindikiro zomwezo m’magawo: chinyezi 4.12–6.3 %, phulusa lonse 4.74–4.92 %, zinthu zosungunuka m’madzi 56.4–57.9 %, fiber yosaphika 9.39–11.4 %, ma polyphenol 23.6–26.9 %, ma amino acid aulere 2.5–2.9 %. Izi ndi malamulo a chinthu chotetezedwa, osati kuyeza kwa gulu linalake.
8. Kupanga Tiyi
Mchitidwe wa gulu la tiyi wobiriwira.
- Kutentha kwa madzi: 80–85 °C.
- Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml.
- Zida: Kapu yagalasi kapena gaiwan yoyera.
- Ndondomeko:
- Tenthetsa chida.
- Ikani tiyi ndikutsanulira madzi m’mphepete.
- Kupaka koyamba - pakatha masekondi 40–60.
- Imwani, kusiya gawo la madzi.
- Onjezerani madzi.
- Kubwereza kawiri kapena katatu.
9. Kusunga
Mchitidwe wa gulu. Mu phukusi lotsekedwa, mufiriji pa 0–5 °C, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo; bwino kumwa mkati mwa chaka.
10. Mtengo ndi Zonyenga
Palibe zambiri zotsimikizika za mitengo zomwe zidapezeka.
- Momwe mungapewere zonyenga:
- Yang’anani chizindikiro chaulimi chadziko ndi dzina la chinthu pa phukusi.
- Onetsetsani kuti wopanga ndi wochokera ku matauni a Kaishan, Guiling, Daning kapena mzinda wa Huangdong m’chigawo cha Babu.
- Tsamba ndi lopyapyala, lolimba, lokhala ndi ubweya woyera wowoneka; fungo limakhala la maapulo.
11. Zochititsa Chidwi
- Mtundu ndi tiyi amakhala ndi dzina limodzi: 开山白毛茶 - zitsamba ndi tiyi wobiriwira womalizidwa.
- Fungo la maapulo silimangolembedwa m’malonda okha, komanso m’malamulo a mtundu.
- Minda malinga ndi lamulo la 2014 imakhazikitsidwa pa 300–600 m, pomwe nsonga yayikulu ya phiri ndi 1787 m.
12. Kufanizira ndi Tiyi Ena
- Zhaoping Yinshan Cha (昭平银杉茶) ndi Zhaoping Lu Cha (昭平绿茶): Tiyi wobiriwira wa m’chigawo cha Zhaoping m’boma lomwelo la Hezhou.
- Lechang Bai Mao Cha (乐昌白毛茶): Tiyi wobiriwira wa Guangdong wokhala ndi ubweya woyera wokhala ndi vuto lofanana la dzina.
- Lingyun Bai Cha (凌云白茶): Tiyi wa Guangxi wokhala ndi ubweya woyera wochokera ku Lingyun - kuti tisiyanitse: kumeneko “woyera” amatanthauza kale gulu.
Pomaliza:
Kaishan Baimao Cha ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa m’mapiri wochokera kumalire a Guangxi ndi Hunan kuchokera ku mtundu wa mbewu ya komweko yokhala ndi dzina lomwelo. Lamulo limalongosola kupindika kopyapyala kokhala ndi ubweya, madzi obiriwira owala, kukoma kotsekemera kosalala ndi fungo la maapulo, ndipo amapangidwabe ndi manja. “Ubweya woyera” m’dzina ndi za ubweya pa mphukira, osati za gulu.
Magwero
Miyezo
Chizindikiro cha malo
Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero