I-Dixu Cha (Dǐxū chá, 底圩茶) itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda sase-Guangnan (广南县) esifundazweni sase-Wenshan Zhuang kanye ne-Miao Autonomous Prefecture esifundazweni sase-Yunnan. Leli gama liphinde lisetshenziswe ukuchaza uhlobo lwembewu yesihlahla setiye lwendawo, okuyilona elenziwa ngalo itiye: uhlobo olunoboya obuncane, oluchazwa incazelo yesiqinisekiso sendawo njengolwehlukahlukana lwe-白毛茶 (báimáo chá). Igama linikezwe isigodi sase-Dixu (底圩乡) enyakatho yesifunda, lapho itiye laqala ukwenziwa khona. Kusukela ngo-2016, i-«底圩茶» ingumkhiqizo onesiqinisekiso sendawo sezolimo.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá): incazelo yekhwalithi ebhalisweni leziqinisekiso inikezwe itiye eliluhlaza. Uhlobo lwaso, ngokwencazelo yesiqinisekiso, lufanele itiye eliluhlaza, eliphuzi, elimhlophe, elibomvu kanye netiye elicindezelwe, kodwa itiye elibomvu, elimhlophe kanye netiye likaqalo lase-Dixu yimikhiqizo ehlukile.
- Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza lase-Yunnan elivela ohlotsheni lwendawo olunoboya obuncane; isiqinisekiso sendawo sezolimo (2016).
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Yunnan (云南, Yúnnán), i-Wenshan Zhuang kanye ne-Miao Autonomous Prefecture (文山, Wénshān), isifunda sase-Guangnan (广南, Guǎngnán), isigodi sase-Dixu.
- Indawo evikelwe: Ngokwencazelo yesiqinisekiso, izigodi namadolobhana angu-18 esifunda: i-Dixu, i-Bamei, i-Liancheng, i-Zhetu, i-Zhetai, i-Zhulin, i-Jiumo, i-Yangliujing, i-Dongbao, i-Babao, i-Banbang, i-Nanping, i-Heizhiguo, i-Shuguang, i-Zhujie, i-Zhuanjiao, i-Nasa kanye ne-Wuzhu, kanye nezikhungo zikahulumeni zase-Shishan nase-Tangshan.
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: Indawo — 104°25′–105°39′ empumalanga kanye no-23°23′–24°33′ enyakatho; isigodi sase-Dixu — cishe u-24.3° enyakatho no-104.9° empumalanga.
2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- 1825. Ngokulandisa kabusha kwe-«Chronicle of Guangnan Prefecture» (《广南府志》), eduze kwesigodi sase-Dixu, okungaphezu kwamamayela angu-40 ukusuka ezintabeni zase-Jiulongshan, kukhula itiye «elinambitheka omuhle kakhulu» (其地产茶味绝美).
- Ubude besiko. Izilinganiso ziyehluka: incwadi yezinkomba ecaphuna i-«Guangnan County Chronicle» (《广南县志》) ikhuluma ngeminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu yokutshalwa, incwadi yezinkomba yebhaliswa leziqinisekiso ikhuluma ngeminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili.
- Iminyaka ye-Tongzhi. Ngokwenganekwane ekushicilelweni kwe-«映象文山», itiye lase-Dixu ekuqaleni laliphuma libaba futhi linomsoco, futhi kule nkathi indoda yendawo u-Yang Jichun (杨吉春) ngemva kokuhlola yasungula «itiye likaqalo».
- 1982. Ngokwencwadi yezinkomba, i-Tea Institute yase-Yunnan Agricultural Institute ngemva kocwaningo yavuma ukuthi i-«Dixu cha» ingenye yezinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu zesifundazwe.
- 1983. Itiye likaqalo lase-Dixu langena phakathi kwetiye eziyishumi ezihamba phambili zase-Yunnan emhlanganweni wesifundazwe wokuhlola itiye.
- 1986. Ngokwencwadi yezinkomba, ifektri yetiye yendawo yaqala ukukhiqiza netiye elibomvu.
- 2012–2015. Ngokokushicilelwa komkhakha, isicelo salungiswa yisiteshi sobuchwepheshe betiye sesifunda: amasampula athunyelwa ekuhlolweni ngo-2012, ukuhlolwa kwendawo kanye nokuhlolwa kokunambitha kwenzeka ngoMeyi 2015, ukuvunywa kwafika ngo-Okthoba 2015.
- 2016. Ngesimemezelo soMnyango Wezolimo No. 2384 sangoMashi 31, 2016, i-«底圩茶» yangeniswa ebhalisweni leziqinisekiso sendawo sezolimo; inombolo yokubhalisa — AGI01871.
- Igama: I-«Dixu» (底圩) yigama lesigodi kanye nesigodi. Ngokokushicilelwa kwe-«映象文山», uphawu 圩 abantu bendawo balubiza ngokuthi hēi; ebhalisweni igama libhalwe ngendlela ejwayelekile yokubiza.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Kuzungeze itiye likaqalo, lapha elibizwa ngokuthi 姑娘茶 (gūniang chá), «itiye lamantombazane», kune nganekwane kanye nesiko lendawo lokuphisa (isigaba 9).
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa
- Uhlobo / I-Cultivar: Uhlobo lwembewu yabantu 底圩茶 (有性群体品种). Incwadi yezinkomba yebhaliswa iluhlukanisa njengolwehlukahlukana lwe-白毛茶 lomndeni we-camellia. Indabuko yalolu hlobo kuthiwa iwuchungechunge lwezintaba i-Jiulongshan (九龙山), lapho kuqala khona imifula i-Tongyang (驮娘江) ne-Xiyang.
- Isimo sesihlahla: Ngokwencazelo yesiqinisekiso — isihlahla esincane esinomqhele osakazeka kancane; amahlumela amancane anoboya obuningi; iqabunga likhulu, liluhlaza okotshani, linobuso obunamaqhuqhuva, uhlangothi olungezansi lunoboya futhi umphetho unamagagasi amancane. Amahlumela ahlala ethambile isikhathi eside (持嫩性强).
- Izidingo zezinto zokusetshenziswa: Ngokwencazelo yesiqinisekiso, iqabunga elisha lithathwa ezihlahleni zalolu hlobo.
- Ukuvuna: Ngokwencazelo yesiqinisekiso, kuvunwa entwasahlobo, ehlobo nasekwindla, ngokuvuna kanye noma kabili ngesizini, ikakhulukazi ngesandla; ekwindla enemvula efudumele kungenzeka nokuvunwa kwasebusika kuze kube maphakathi noDisemba. Amazinga eqabunga elisha — ihlumela elilodwa, ihlumela elineqabunga elilodwa, amabili noma amathathu, iqabunga elilodwa noma ihlumela elivulekile (对夹叶) lobuthambile obufanayo.
4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala
- Isigodi sase-Dixu: Inyakatho yesifunda; ukuphakama — kusuka ku-698 kuye ku-1915 m, ngokwemininingwane yesigodi. Ngokwe-Yunnan portal (2020), esigodini kunezinkulungwane ezingaphezu kweyinkulungwane zama-mu ezihlahla zetiye ezindala nezasendle.
- Indawo yesiqinisekiso: Uguquko olusuka ethafeni lase-South Yunnan luya emagqumeni aphansi asentshonalanga ye-Guangxi. Ukuphakama — 450–1800 m, iningi lezingadi lisendaweni ephakeme engu-800–1500 m, emithambekeni enokukhuphuka okungu-15–35°.
- Inhlabathi: Inhlabathi ephuzi-bomvu nebomvu enesihlabathi esiningi phezu kwe-slate kanye ne-slate enesihlabathi, i-pH 4.5–6.5, ubukhulu bongqimba bungaphezu kwemitha.
- Imifula: Imifula yase-Zhujiang nase-Honghe.
- Isimo sezulu: Isimo sezulu se-subtropical highland monsoon; ebusika nasentwasahlobo kunezinsuku eziningi ezinenkungu. Endaweni yonke — 17.9 °C ngokwesilinganiso ngonyaka, 1224 mm yemvula, umswakama ongu-78%, amahora ilanga angu-1561, izinsuku ezingama-306 ezingenasithwathwa.
- Izindawo: Ngokwencwadi yezinkomba, ekupheleni kuka-2017 esigodini kwakunama-168 wezinkulungwane zama-mu ezingadi ezithelayo, umkhiqizo wawungama-yuan ayizigidi ezingu-178. Ngokwe-Yunnan portal (2020), wona la ma-168 wezinkulungwane zama-mu — 38% wezingadi zesifunda; ngo-2019 — amathani angu-3750 etiye ngama-yuan ayizigidi ezingu-180.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Ngokwencazelo yesiqinisekiso, itiye eliluhlaza lenziwa kanje: iqabunga elisha → ukubola (摊放, tānfàng) → ukufakwa (杀青, shāqīng) → ukuphola → ukuphola kabusha → ukuphephetha (风选, fēngxuǎn) → ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn) → ukomisa (烘干, hōnggān) → ukupakisha. Izinhlobo zibizwa kanje: ezikhethekile (特级), ezokuqala (一级), ezesibili (二级) kanye ne-«tiye labantu bonke» (大众茶), nakuba umbhalo uthi «izinhlobo ezintathu». Amazinga okushisa kanye nezikhathi awatholakali emithonjeni etholakele.
Ukutshala. Ngokwendlela yakudala kwakutshalwa ngembewu ngqo emthambekeni, izitshalo ezingu-300–500 nge-mu; manje — emathafeni, izitshalo ezingu-800–1000 nge-mu, ngembewu noma ngezihlamvu, ngenhloso yokushintshela ezihlamvwini zezitshalo ezikhethiwe: lapho kutshalwa ngembewu kuvela izinhlobo eziningi ezingafuneki.
Itiye likaqalo. Umkhiqizo ohlobene, hhayi i-«Dixu cha» ngokwesqinisekiso. Ngokokushicilelwa kwe-«映象文山», igxathu likaqalo 金竹 ligcwaliswa ngetiye lasentwasahlobo, libekwe esitsheni sokupheka phezu kwerayisi elinamathelayo elibilayo bese lomiswa kancane emalahleni — ngalokhu kuvela «amakha amathathu»: etiye, kakaqalo kanye nelayisi. «Itiye lamantombazane», ngokusho kwayo, linomsuka owodwa ne-底圩茶, kodwa lenziwa ngendlela ehluke kancane.
6. Izici Zokunambitha Nokubukeka
Incazelo yetiye eliluhlaza ngokwencwadi yezinkomba yebhaliswa leziqinisekiso:
- Isimo seqabunga elomile: Lisongwe ngokuqinile futhi lizacile, liluhlaza, linoboya obuncane obubonakalayo; okuluhlaza nokumhlophe kuyalingana, kodwa okumhlophe kuyadla (外形紧结清秀，干茶色绿显毫，绿白相间以白为主).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Iphunga elimnandi loboya obuncane (毫香宜人).
- Iphunga lokuphisa: Liphakeme (香高).
- Ukunambitheka: Kuthambile futhi kunoshukela omncane (味醇甘).
- Umbala wokuphisa: Uphuzi-oluhlaza, okhanyayo (汤色黄绿明亮).
- Isisefo setiye (iqabunga eliphisiwe): Lithambile futhi liyalingana (叶底嫩匀).
Kitiye likaqalo le-«lamantombazane», ngokokushicilelwa kwe-«映象文山», ukuphisa kusagolide-ophuzi futhi kukhanyayo (茶汤金黄明亮).
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Izinkomba zetiye elingahluziwe (毛茶) ngokwencazelo yesiqinisekiso:
| Inkomba | Imfuneko |
|---|---|
| Ama-polyphenols etiye | okungenani amaphesenti angu-22 |
| Izinto ezincibilikayo emanzini | okungenani amaphesenti angu-30 |
| I-caffeine | okungenani amaphesenti angu-2.2 |
| Ama-amino acid akhululekile | okungenani amaphesenti angu-3.9 |
| Umswakama | okungenani amaphesenti angu-7 |
Lezi yizindlela eziphansi, hhayi imiphumela yokuhlaziya kwenqwaba ethile.
8. Ukuphisa
Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
- Ubuningi betiye: 3 g nge-150 ml.
- Izitsha: Ingilazi ekhanyayo noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
- Inqubo:
- Shisisa izitsha.
- Beka itiye bese uthela amanzi ngasodongeni.
- Ukuphisa kokuqala — ngemva kwemizuzwana engu-40–60.
- Ukuphisa kabili noma kathathu.
Nge-«lamantombazane» ukushicilelwa kwe-«映象文山» kuchaza isiko lendawo lezinto eziyisishiyagalombili: ukuhlukanisa uqalo, ukukhipha itiye, ukuligcwalisa, ukuligeza, ukukhanyisa izinkomishi, ukuthela amanzi, ukukhipha ukuphisa nokuphuza. Amazinga okushisa namanzi kanye nezikhathi zalokhu akutholakali emithonjeni etholakele.
9. Ukugcinwa
Umkhuba wesigaba. Ephasikeni elivalekile, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama kanye namakha. Kungcono ukuphuza phakathi nonyaka.
10. Intengo kanye Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi
Akukho mininingwane ngezintengo zokudayisa emithonjeni etholakele.
- Ukwenza kanjani ukugwema imikhiqizo yomgunyathi:
- Bheka uphawu lwesiqinisekiso sendawo sezolimo kanye nesifunda sase-Guangnan njengendawo yokukhiqiza.
- Khumbula ukuthi ngokwesqinisekiso lena itiye eliluhlaza: elibomvu, elimhlophe kanye netiye likaqalo lendawo efanayo — yimikhiqizo ehlukile.
- Inkomba yokubukeka — iqabunga eliqinile nelizacile elinobuningi boboya obumhlophe kanye nokuphisa okuphuzi-oluhlaza nokucacile.
11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo
- Igama elilodwa liphethwe uhlobo lwesihlahla, isigodi kanye netiye.
- Itiye lidala kunophawu: amarekhodi ka-1825 e-«tiye elinambitheka omuhle kakhulu» andulela isiqinisekiso sika-2016 cishe ngeminyaka engamakhulu amabili.
- Ngo-1983, kwabayishumi wetiye ezihamba phambili zase-Yunnan akungenanga itiye eliluhlaza, kodwa itiye likaqalo lase-Dixu — iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu ngaphambi kwesiqinisekiso.
12. Ukuqhathanisa namanye atiye avela ezinhlotsheni ezinoboya obuncane
- I-Lechang Baimao Cha (乐昌白毛茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lase-Guangdong elivela ohlotsheni lwendawo olunoboya obuncane — eliseduze kakhulu ngezinto zokusetshenziswa.
- I-Kaishan Baimao Cha (开山白毛茶): Itiye eliluhlaza elinoboya obuncane lase-Guangxi, isifundazwe esingumakhelwane ne-Guangnan.
- I-Naka (那卡): Isigodi sase-Yunnan se-puerh, lapho futhi kugcinwa khona isiko letiye likaqalo; izinto zokusetshenziswa nendawo kuhlukile.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Dixu Cha itiye eliluhlaza elivela ohlotsheni lwayo olunoboya obuncane lwesifunda sase-Guangnan, elivikelwe kusukela ngo-2016. Umbhalo wesqinisekiso ulichaza ngokuningiliziwe — kusukela endaweni nasenhlabathini kuya emikhawulweni yokwakheka — futhi ubonisa isimo: iqabunga elizacile elinokwanda koboya obumhlophe, iphunga loboya obuncane, ukuphisa okuphuzi-oluhlaza. Eduze kuhlala itiye likaqalo le-«lamantombazane» — umkhiqizo ohlobene onenganekwane yawo kanye nesiko lawo.
Imithombo
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo