Dàbù wūlóng chá

Da bu wu long cha (Dàbù wūlóng chá, 大埔乌龙茶) ndi ulong wa chigawo cha Da bu (大埔县) m’boma la Meizhou kum’mawa kwa chigawo cha Guangdong, m’dera la Ahaka. Ili ndi dzina lodzitchinjiriza la Meizhou, osati nthambi ya fenghuang dan cong ya Chaozhou, ngakhale mtundu wa “dan cong” ulipo pamndandanda wake. Chikalata chotetezera chili mwatsatanetsatane: mitundu inayi, dothi la mchenga la loam lokhala ndi pH 4.0–5.5, kubzala molimba pansi pa mitengo ya mthunzi, kukhazikika m’mphika pa 200–250 °C ndi kuyanika katatu — “kutentha katatu, kuzizira katatu.” Dzinali limatetezedwa kawiri: monga chizindikiro chaulimi chokhala ndi malo komanso, kuyambira 2025, monga chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi

• Mtundu: Ulon (乌龙茶, wūlóngchá) — tiyi wophikidwa theka. Gululi latchulidwa mu dzina lenileni, ndipo ukadaulo wa chikalata ndi wa ulong: kuyanika padzuwa, kugwedeza ndi kupuma, kukhazikika, kupota, kuyanika. Mlingo wa okosijeni mu manambala chikalatacho sichikupereka.
• Gulu: Ulong wa Guangdong wa dera la Ahaka la Meizhou; chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo (2025) ndi chizindikiro chaulimi chokhala ndi malo.
• Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Guangdong (广东, Guǎngdōng), boma la Meizhou (梅州, Méizhōu), chigawo cha Da bu (大埔, Dàbù).
• Malo otetezedwa: Malinga ndi chikalata cha 2025 — matauni ndi mafamu 15 a chigawochi: Hulia (湖寮), Baihou (百侯), Fenglang (枫朗), Dadong (大东), Guangde (光德), Taoyuan (桃源), Gaopi (高陂), Dama (大麻), Sanhe (三河), Zhourui (洲瑞), Yinjiang (银江), Chayang (茶阳), Xihe (西河), Qingxi (青溪) ndi nkhalango ya Fengxi (丰溪林场).
• Malo ogwirira ntchito: 116°18′–116°56′ kum’mawa, 24°01′–24°41′ kumpoto.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe

• Mbiri:
  • Chiyambi. Malinga ndi nkhani ya nyuzipepala ya “Nanfang Ribao” (2020), yomwe imatchula zolemba zakale osazitchula, tiyi ku Da bu anali kulima kale kumapeto kwa mzera wa Tang. Nyuzipepala yomweyi imati nthawi ya Ming minda inali ponseponse m’chigawocho, ndipo nthawi ya Qing tiyi wa Xiyan (西岩茶) anali m’gulu la tiyi asanu ndi atatu odziwika a mbiri ya Meizhou.
  • Zaka za Republic. Nyuzipepala imatchula zolembedwa mu mbiri ya “Da bu zhi” (大埔志) ya nthawi imeneyo: “tiyi wa chifunga” (云雾茶) wa chigawocho ankagulitsidwa ku madoko a Nyanja Zakumwera (南洋). Kenako, malinga ndi nyuzipepala, chifukwa cha nkhondo minda inasanduka bwinja.
  • 1958. Malinga ndi nkhani yomweyi, chigawocho chinayambitsanso ntchito ya tiyi: chinakhazikitsa minda ya tiyi ya Xiyanshan (西岩山茶场), Shuangjishan (双髻山茶场) ndi Feitianma (飞天马茶场) ndipo chinabweretsa mitundu ya lingtou dan cong (岭头单丛), fenghuang shuixian (凤凰水仙), meizhan (梅占) ndi daye qilan (大叶奇兰).
  • Ulemu. Malinga ndi nyuzipepala, m’zaka zaposachedwa chigawocho chinalandira maudindo a “kwawo kwa tiyi wotchuka wa China” (中国名茶之乡) ndi “chigawo chachikulu cha tiyi cha dziko” (全国重点产茶县); nyuzipepala siitchula zaka.
  • 2016. Malinga ndi zolemba, Unduna wa Zaulimi unalembetsa Da bu wu long cha monga chizindikiro chaulimi chokhala ndi malo (AGI01969). Mfundo yolembetsayi imatsimikizidwanso ndi nyuzipepala, popanda tsiku.
  • 2025. Bungwe la National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA) ndi chilengezo № 632 cha pa 9 June chidavomereza kuti ndi chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo. Wopempha — bungwe la makampani a tiyi la chigawo cha Da bu (大埔县茶叶行业协会).
• Kukula kwake: Malinga ndi zomwe ofesi yaulimi ya chigawocho inanena, zomwe nyuzipepala imatchula, pofika kumapeto kwa 2019 m’chigawochi munali mahekitala 108,000 a minda ya tiyi, ndipo zokolola zinali matani 7,800. Awa ndi manambala a tiyi wonse wa chigawocho, osati ulong wokha pansi pa chizindikirocho.
• Dzina: “Da bu” (大埔) — dzina la chigawo; “wu long cha” (乌龙茶) — “ulong,” m’chinenedwe chake “chinjoka chakuda.”
• Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Ulong wa Guangdong nthawi zambiri amangokhalira ku fenghuang dan cong ya Chaozhou; chigawo cha Ahaka cha Da bu chili ndi dzina lake lodzitchinjiriza. Nyuzipepala imati ulong pano ndi tiyi waukulu wa chigawocho.

3. Kufotokoza za Zomera ndi Zopangira

• Mitundu / Mbewu: Chikalata chimatchula zinayi: xiaoye wulong (小叶乌龙, xiǎoyè wūlóng, “ulong wa masamba aang’ono”), dan cong (单丛, dāncóng), huangzhixiang (黄枝香, huángzhīxiāng) ndi meizhan (梅占, méizhàn). Mndandandawu ndi wotseguka ndi mawu “ndi ena” (等).
• Kukolola: Masika — kuyambira March mpaka May, mphukira — kuyambira September mpaka November.
• Muyezo wa kukolola: Pamene mphukira yapamwamba yatseguka ndipo mphukira yaima pa masamba atatu kapena anayi (驻芽三四叶). Tsamba lisaphwanyidwe kapena kusiya chinyezi pa ilo.
• Zofunika pa zopangira: Mu dengu limodzi — osapitirira 3 kg ya tsamba latsopano.

4. Malo ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima

• Dothi: Malinga ndi chikalata — loam ya mchenga (砂壤土) wosanjikiza wozama kuposa 70 cm, wosacidic pang’ono, pH 4.0–5.5.
• Kubzala: Molimba: pafupifupi zitsamba 6000 pa hekitala, kuti zitsamba zokha zipange nyengo yamthunzi. Kuphatikiza apo, pa hekitala amabzala mitengo 270–300 ya 楹树 (yíngshù, albizia) kuti ipereke mthunzi.
• Kusamalira: M’nyengo yozizira amawonjezera feteleza wa organic; m’nyengo yamvula, kuyambira June mpaka August, zitsamba amazidula kuti zilimbikitse kukula.
• Kutalika ndi nyengo: Palibe zomwe zinapezeka m’magwero opezeka pa dera lonselo.

5. Ukadaulo Wopanga

Pansipa pali zofunika za chikalata cha 2025, osati ndondomeko yodziwika bwino ya gulu.

1. Kukolola (采摘, cǎizhāi): Malinga ndi muyezo wa gawo 3.
2. Kuyanika padzuwa (晒青, shàiqīng): Patsiku lowala, m’mawa kapena madzulo, wosanjikiza wochepa komanso padzuwa lofewa. Tsamba limataya pafupifupi 15% ya chinyezi, limada ndi kulendewera. Pamvula amagwiritsa ntchito makina oyanikira.
3. Kugwedeza (做青, zuòqīng): Kugwedeza (碰青, 摇青) kumasinthana ndi kupuma; kuzungulira kupita kuzungulira amagwedeza pafupipafupi komanso mwamphamvu, kupumako kumakhala kwautali, wosanjikiza wa tsamba — wokhuthala.
4. Kukhazikika (杀青, shāqīng): Mofulumira komanso pa kutentha kwakukulu: mphika 200–250 °C, tsamba losachepera 80 °C, mphindi 6–10 zokha. Poyamba tsamba limakazingidwa pansi pa chivundikiro, kenako limagwedezeka lotseguka, kumapeto njira ziwirizi zimasinthana. Tsamba lokonzeka ndi lofewa, lobiriwira chikasu, tsinde limapindika osasweka.
5. Kupota (揉捻, róuniǎn): Pambuyo pozizira pafupifupi 30 °C, ndikusinthana kukakamiza ndi kumasula — mpaka kupota kolimba ndikuwonongeka kwapakati kwa maselo.
6. Kuyanika (烘焙, hōngbèi): “Kutentha katatu, kuzizira katatu” (三焙三降温). Koyamba — pa 110–120 °C, mpaka 60% yowuma, pamene tsamba silimamatira m’manja. Kachiwiri — pa 90–100 °C, pafupifupi kuyanika kwathunthu: tsinde limasweka mosavuta. Kachitatu — pa 80–90 °C, mpaka tsamba liyamba kusweka pakati pa zala; chinyezi — pafupifupi 7%.

Gawo la kukonza ndi kuwotcha pambuyo kuyanika chikalatacho sichikufotokoza.

6. Makhalidwe a Kumva

Kufotokoza pansipa kwachokera ku chikalata cha 2025.

• Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: Kupota kwakukulu ndi kolimba, kodzaza, kosalala ndi kofanana (条索肥壮紧结，饱满光滑匀整); mtundu wakuda bulauni, wonyezimira ngati mafuta (乌褐油润).
• Fungo la tsamba louma: Silinafotokozedwe padera; palibe zomwe zinapezeka.
• Fungo la madzi: Fungo la maluwa ndi uchi, loyera ndi lachilengedwe, lolimba komanso lokhalitsa (花蜜香味，清香天然，香浓持久).
• Kukoma: Kolimba, kofewa ndi kotsekemera, kodzaza komanso kwatsopano, ndi kukoma kwautali pambuyo pomeza (醇厚甘润、浓醇鲜爽、回味甘甜).
• Mtundu wa madzi: Wamlalanje wachikasu, wowala, ndi kanyimbo kagolide (橙黄明亮、略显金黄).
• Tsamba pansi (tsamba lophikidwa): Lobiriwira lofewa, lofanana, lofewa ndi lonyezimira (嫩绿，匀齐柔亮).

“Nanfang Ribao” ikufupikitsa khalidwe la tiyi wa chigawochi ndi mawu asanu — 香、甘、韵、滑、醇: onunkhira, otsekemera, ndi kumveka kwautali mkamwa (韵, yùn), osalala, ofewa.

7. Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala

Chikalata chimapereka zizindikiro monga mipata, osati monga mfundo zochepetsera:

Chizindikiro	Kuchuluka
Ma polyphenols a tiyi	18.2–20.7%
Theanine	0.487–0.718%
Zinthu zosungunuka m’madzi	39.7–42.4%
Caffeine	1.82–3.01%
Anthocyanins	0.25–0.37%

Kuphatikiza apo, chikalata chimatchula mchere ndi ma amino acid aulere, koma sichimapereka manambala. Chinyezi cha tiyi womalizidwa chinatchulidwa kokha pofotokoza kuyanika — pafupifupi 7%.

8. Kaphikidwe

Njira ya gulu la ulong. Palibe malangizo apadera mu chikalata.

• Kutentha kwa madzi: 95–100 °C.
• Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 6–8 g pa 110–150 ml.
• Zida: Gaiwan kapena mphika wa dongo waung’ono.
• Ndondomeko:
  1. Tenthetsa zida.
  2. Ikani tiyi.
  3. Sakanizeni mwachangu ndi madzi otentha ndi kuthira.
  4. Maphukusi oyamba — masekondi 10–20.
  5. Thirani zonse.
  6. Bwerezani kuthira ndi kuwonjezera pang’ono nthawi.

9. Kusunga

Njira ya gulu la ulong. M’mapaketi otsekedwa, pamalo ozizira amdima ouma, opanda fungo lina.

10. Mtengo ndi Zachinyengo

Palibe zomwe zinapezeka za mitengo.

• Momwe mungapewere zachinyengo:
  • Fufuzani chizindikiro cha chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo; ufulu wake umatsimikiziridwa ndi CNIPA.
  • Onetsetsani kuti wopanga ali m’modzi mwa matauni ndi mafamu 15 a chigawo cha Da bu.
  • Tsamba louma — kupota kwakukulu kolimba kwakuda bulauni ndi konyezimira ngati mafuta; madzi — amlalanje wachikasu, fungo — la maluwa ndi uchi.

11. Zochititsa Chidwi

• Pamndandanda wa malo pamodzi ndi matauni pali nkhalango ya Fengxi: malowa adakonzedwa malinga ndi magawo opanga, osati kokha malinga ndi ndandanda wa boma.
• Mafotokozedwe a maonekedwe mu zikalata za Da bu wu long cha ndi Xiyan wu long cha amafanana pafupifupi ndi mawu ofanana — fungo, kukoma, mtundu wa madzi ndi tsamba pansi. Zimasiyana mtundu wa tsamba louma: ku Da bu ndi wakuda bulauni, ku Xiyan — wachikasu bulauni.

12. Kufanizira ndi ma ulong ena

• Xiyan wulongcha (西岩乌龙茶): Ulong wa tawuni ya Fenglang m’chigawo chomwecho, malinga ndi chigawocho — ndi minda pamwamba 1250 m, komanso ndi kukolola kumodzi kokha kwa masika; malo ake — ndi gawo la malo a Da bu wu long cha. Chikalata cha Xiyan chimafuna kuyanika magawo awiri (150 ndi 100 °C), chikalata cha Da bu — atatu (110–120, 90–100 ndi 80–90 °C).
• Xingning dan cong (兴宁单丛): Ulong wa chigawo cha Xingning m’boma lomwelo la Meizhou.
• Lingtou dan cong (岭头单丛): Ulong ndi mtundu wa dzina lomwelo wa chigawo cha Raoping m’boma la Chaozhou. Malinga ndi “Nanfang Ribao,” mtundu umenewu unabweretsedwa ku Da bu mu 1958; ku Da bu wu long cha pali mitundu inayi m’chikalata.
• Huangzhixiang dan cong (黄枝香单丛): Ku Fenghuang amatchula motero umodzi mwa mitundu ya fungo la dan cong; m’chikalata cha Da bu huangzhixiang ili m’gulu la mitundu.

Pomaliza:

Da bu wu long cha — ulong wa chigawo cha Ahaka kum’mawa kwa Guangdong, wosiyana ndi fenghuang dan cong ya Chaozhou. Chikalata chake chimafotokoza zonse kuyambira dothi mpaka kuyanika: mitundu inayi, kubzala molimba pansi pa mitengo ya mthunzi, kukhazikika m’mphika wotentha ndi kuyanika katatu. Mu kapu — fungo la maluwa ndi uchi, madzi amlalanje wachikasu ndi kanyimbo kagolide komanso kutsekemera kofewa. Chigawochi chili ndi ma ulong awiri otetezedwa — waukulu wa chigawo chonse ndi wopapatiza wamapiri, Xiyan wulongcha.

Magwero

Chizindikiro cha malo

• CNIPA 地理标志产品认定 №632

Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero