I-Dabu Wulong Cha (Dàbù wūlóng chá, 大埔乌龙茶) iwulong yesifunda saseDabu (大埔县) kumasipala wedolobha iMeizhou empumalanga yesifundazwe saseGuangdong, endaweni yamaHakka. Leli yigama elizimele elivikelwe laseMeizhou, hhayi igatsha lama-dancong aseFenghuang eChaozhou, nakuba uhlobo lwe “dancong” lukhona ohlwini lwalo. Umbhalo wokuvikela unezinininingwane: izinhlobo ezine, i-sandy loam ene-pH 4,0–5,5, ukutshala okuminyene ngaphansi kwezihlahla zomthunzi, ukulungisa ebhodweni ku-200–250 °C kanye nokomisa kathathu — “ukushisa kathathu, ukuphola kathathu.” Igama livikelwe kabili: njengophawu lwezolimo lwendawo futhi, kusukela ngo-2025, njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: I-wulong (乌龙茶, wūlóngchá) — itiye elivutshelwe kancane. Isigaba siqanjwe egameni ngokwalo, futhi ubuchwepheshe bombhalo buyi-wulong: ukuvutshelwa elangeni, ukunyakazisa nokubeka phansi, ukulungisa, ukusonga, ukomisa. Izinga lokuvutshelwa ngamadijithi umbhalo awalibeki.
- Isigaba: I-wulong yaseGuangdong yesifunda samaHakka saseMeizhou; umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo (2025) kanye nophawu lwezolimo lwendawo.
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Guangdong (广东, Guǎngdōng), umasipala wedolobha iMeizhou (梅州, Méizhōu), isifunda iDabu (大埔, Dàbù).
- Indawo evikelwe: Ngokombhalo ka-2025 — amadolobhana nezindawo zokulima eziyi-15 zesifunda: iHuliao (湖寮), iBaihou (百侯), iFenglang (枫朗), iDadong (大东), iGuangde (光德), iTaoyuan (桃源), iGaopi (高陂), iDama (大麻), iSanhe (三河), iZhourui (洲瑞), iYinjiang (银江), iChayang (茶阳), iXihe (西河), iQingxi (青溪) kanye nehlathi laseFengxi (丰溪林场).
- Ama-coordinate: 116°18′–116°56′ E, 24°01′–24°41′ N.
2. Umlando nokubaluleka kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Imvelaphi. Ngokombiko wephephandaba i-“Nanfang Ribao” (2020), ocaphuna imibhalo yomlando, ngaphandle kokuyiqamba, itiye eDabu lalitshalwa kakade ekupheleni kobukhosi bakwaTang. Leli phephandaba libhala ukuthi ngesikhathi sakwaMing kwakunezingadi kuso sonke isifunda, kanti ngesikhathi sakwaQing itiye laseXiyan (西岩茶) laliphakathi kwamatiye ayisishiyagalombili adumile omlando aseMeizhou.
- Iminyaka yeRiphabhliki. Leli phephandaba licaphuna umbhalo womlando we-“Dabu zhi” (大埔志) waleso sikhathi: “itiye lenkungu” (云雾茶) lesifunda lalithengiswa emachwebeni oLwandle lwaseNingizimu (南洋). Ngokwephephandaba, ngenxa yezimpi izingadi zacwila ekuncipheni.
- 1958. Ngokomshicileli ofanayo, isifunda saphinde saliphakamisa udaba lwetiye: sasungula amapulazi etiye iXiyanshan (西岩山茶场), iShuangjishan (双髻山茶场) kanye neFeitianma (飞天马茶场) futhi sethula izinhlobo ze-lingtou dancong (岭头单丛), i-fenghuang shuixian (凤凰水仙), i-meizhan (梅占) kanye ne-daye qilan (大叶奇兰).
- Iziqu. Ngokwephephandaba, eminyakeni yamuva isifunda sithole iziqu ze-“khaya letiye elidumile laseChina” (中国名茶之乡) kanye ne-“sifunda setiye esiyinhloko sezwe” (全国重点产茶县); iphephandaba alisho iminyaka.
- 2016. Ngokwemibiko eyisifinyezo, uMnyango wezoLimo wabhalisa i-Dabu Wulong Cha njengophawu lwezolimo lwendawo (AGI01969). Iqiniso lokubhalisa liqinisekiswa yiphephandaba, ngaphandle kosuku.
- 2025. UMnyango Kazwelonke Wempahla Yobuhlakani (CNIPA) ngesaziso No. 632 sangoJuni 9 walemukela njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo. Umfakisicelo — inhlangano yemboni yetiye yesifunda saseDabu (大埔县茶叶行业协会).
- Isilinganiso: Ngokwemininingwane yomnyango wezolimo wesifunda, ecashunwe yiphephandaba, ekupheleni kuka-2019 isifunda sasinezingadi zetiye eziyizi-108 000 mu, umkhiqizo — 7,8 kt. Lezi zibalo ezetiye lonke lesifunda, hhayi eze-wulong kuphela ngaphansi kophawu.
- Igama: “Dabu” (大埔) yigama lesifunda; “wulong cha” (乌龙茶) — “wulong,” ngokwezwi nezwi “udrako omnyama.”
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: I-wulong yaseGuangdong ivame ukwehliselwa kuma-dancong aseFenghuang eChaozhou; isifunda samaHakka saseDabu sinegama laso elivikelwe. Iphephandaba libhala ukuthi i-wulong lapha yitiye eliyinhloko lesifunda.
3. Incazelo yezitshalo kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa
- Izinhlobo / Ama-cultivar: Umbhalo ubala ezine: i-xiaoye wulong (小叶乌龙, xiǎoyè wūlóng, “i-wulong enamaqabunga amancane”), i-dancong (单丛, dāncóng), i-huangzhixiang (黄枝香, huángzhīxiāng) kanye ne-meizhan (梅占, méizhàn). Uhlu luvulwa ngegama elithi “nabanye” (等).
- Ukuvuna: Entwasahlobo — kusukela ngoMashi kuya kuMeyi, ekwindla — kusukela ngoSepthemba kuya kuNovemba.
- Izinga lokuvuna: Lapho ihlumela eliphezulu selivulekile futhi ihlumela selimile emaqabungeni amathathu kuya kwamane (驻芽三四叶). Iqabunga alicindezelwa futhi akushiywa umswakama kulo.
- Izidingo zezinto zokusetshenziswa: Kubhasikidi owodwa — kungabi ngaphezu kuka-3 kg weqabunga elisha.
4. I-Terroir nezici zokutshala
- Umhlabathi: Ngokombhalo — i-sandy loam (砂壤土) ngokujula okungaphezu kwama-70 cm, i-acidic kancane, i-pH 4,0–5,5.
- Ukutshala: Okuminyene: cishe izihlahla eziyizi-6000 ngehektha, ukuze izihlahla ngokwazo zenze isimo sezulu esinomthunzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngehektha kutshalwa izihlahla ze-楹树 ezingama-270–300 (yíngshù, i-albizia) ukuze kube nomthunzi.
- Ukunakekela: Ebusika kufakwa umquba ophilayo; ngenkathi yezimvula, kusukela ngoJuni kuya ku-Agasti, izihlahla ziyathenwa ukuze kugqugquzelwe ukukhula.
- Ukuphakama nesimo sezulu: Imininingwane yendawo yonke ayitholakali emithonjeni etholakele.
5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza
Ngezansi kunezidingo zombhalo ka-2025, hhayi uhlelo olujwayelekile lwesigaba.
- Ukuvuna (采摘, cǎizhāi): Ngokwezinga lesigaba sesi-3.
- Ukuvutshelwa elangeni (晒青, shàiqīng): Ngosuku olucacile, ekuseni noma kusihlwa, ngongqimba oluncane kanye naselangeni elimnene. Iqabunga lilahlekelwa cishe amaphesenti ayi-15 omswakama, liba mnyama futhi lilengise. Emvuleni kusetshenziswa umshini wokuvutshela.
- Ukunyakazisa (做青, zuòqīng): Ukunyakazisa (碰青, 摇青) kushintshaniswa nokubeka phansi; kusukela emzuliswaneni kuya komunye kunyakaziswa kaningi nangamandla, ukubeka phansi kwenziwa isikhathi eside, ungqimba lwamaqabunga — lukhulu.
- Ukulungisa (杀青, shāqīng): Ngokushesha nasezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu: ibhodwe 200–250 °C, iqabunga alingabi ngaphansi kuka-80 °C, konke imizuzu eyi-6–10. Iqabunga liqala ukuthoswa ngaphansi kwesembozo, bese linyakaziswa ngokuvulekile, ekugcineni kushintshaniswa zombili izindlela. Iqabunga eliphelele lithambile, liluhlaza okuphuzi, isiqu siyagoba, singaphuki.
- Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn): Ngemva kokuphola cishe ku-30 °C, kushintshaniswa ukucindezela nokukhulula — kuze kube yimisongo eminyene ngokucekelwa phansi okulingene kwamangqamuzana.
- Ukomisa (烘焙, hōngbèi): “Ukushisa kathathu, ukuphola kathathu” (三焙三降温). Isinyathelo sokuqala — ku-110–120 °C, kuze kube amaphesenti angamashumi ayisithupha omile, lapho iqabunga lingasanamatheli ezandleni. Esesibili — ku-90–100 °C, cishe lome ngokuphelele: isiqu siphuka kalula. Esesithathu — ku-80–90 °C, kuze iqabunga liqale ukuchotshozeka eminweni; umswakama — cishe amaphesenti ayi-7.
Isigaba sokucwengisa nokugazinga ngemva kokomisa umbhalo awusichazi.
6. Izici zokuzwa nokubona
Incazelo engezansi ithathwe embhalweni ka-2025.
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Imisongo emikhulu neminyene, egcwele, ebushelelezi futhi elinganayo (条索肥壮紧结，饱满光滑匀整); umbala umnyama onsundu, onamafutha (乌褐油润).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Alichazwanga ngokwehlukile; imininingwane ayitholakali emithonjeni etholakele.
- Iphunga lokumnika: Izimbali noju, okuhlanzekile nokwemvelo, okuminyene futhi okuqhubekayo (花蜜香味，清香天然，香浓持久).
- Ukunambitheka: Okuminyene, okuthambile nokumnandi, okusuthi futhi okuqabulayo, nokunambitheka kwangemva okumnandi isikhathi eside (醇厚甘润、浓醇鲜爽、回味甘甜).
- Umbala wokumnika: Okuphuzi okuwolintshi, okukhanyayo, nokuthinta okusagolide (橙黄明亮、略显金黄).
- Iqabunga elisetshenzisiwe: Okuluhlaza okuncane, okulinganayo, okuthambile nokucwebezelayo (嫩绿，匀齐柔亮).
I-“Nanfang Ribao” ifingqa isimilo setiye lesifunda ngamagama amahlanu — 香、甘、韵、滑、醇: okunephunga, okumnandi, nomsindo omude emlonyeni (韵, yùn), okushelelayo, okuthambile.
7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali
Umbhalo wethula izinkomba njengezibanga, hhayi izilinganiso eziphansi:
| Inkomba | Okuqukethwe |
|---|---|
| Ama-polyphenol etiye | 18,2–20,7 % |
| I-Theanine | 0,487–0,718 % |
| Izinto ezikhiphekayo ezincibilikayo emanzini | 39,7–42,4 % |
| I-Caffeine | 1,82–3,01 % |
| Ama-Anthocyanin | 0,25–0,37 % |
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbhalo usho usawoti nama-amino acid akhululekile, kodwa awunikezi izinombolo zawo. Umswakama wetiye eliphelele ushiwo kuphela encazelweni yokomisa — cishe amaphesenti ayi-7.
8. Ukuphisa
Inkambiso yesigaba se-wulong. Azikho izincomo ezihlukile embhalweni.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 95–100 °C.
- Inani letiye: 6–8 g ku-110–150 ml.
- Isitsha: I-gaiwan noma itiye pot elincane lobumba.
- Inqubo:
- Ukufudumeza isitsha.
- Ukubeka itiye.
- Ukuligeza ngokushesha ngamanzi ashisayo bese uyawachitha.
- Ukuphisa kokuqala — imizuzwana eyi-10–20.
- Ukuthela ngokuphelele.
- Ukuphinda uthele ngokwengeza isikhathi esincane.
9. Ukugcina
Inkambiso yesigaba se-wulong. Kupakishwe okuvalekile, endaweni epholile emnyama eyomile, ngaphandle kwephunga langaphandle.
10. Intengo nama-mbokiso
Imininingwane ngezintengo ayitholakali emithonjeni etholakele.
- Ugwema kanjani ama-mbokiso:
- Bheka uphawu lomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo; ilungelo lalo liqinisekiswa yi-CNIPA.
- Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi usekelwe kwelinye lamadolobhana nezindawo zokulima eziyi-15 zesifunda saseDabu.
- Iqabunga elomile — imisongo emikhulu eminyene yombala omnyama onsundu enokucwebezela okunamafutha; umnikezo — okuphuzi okuwolintshi, iphunga — lezimbali noju.
11. Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- Ohlwini lwendawo kanye namadolobhana kukhona nehlathi laseFengxi: indawo yahlukaniswa ngezindawo zokukhiqiza, hhayi kuphela ngenethiwekhi yokuphatha.
- Izincazelo zokubukeka emibhalweni ye-Dabu Wulong Cha kanye ne-Xiyan Wulongcha zicishe zifane negama negama — iphunga, ukunambitheka, umbala wokumnika kanye neqabunga elisetshenzisiwe. Okuhlukile umbala weqabunga elomile: kwaDabu umnyama onsundu, kwaXiyan — ophuzi onsundu.
12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye ama-wulong
- I-Xiyan Wulongcha (西岩乌龙茶): I-wulong yedolobhana laseFenglang esifundeni esifanayo, ngokwemininingwane yesifunda — enezingadi ezingaphezu kuka-1250 m, kanye nokuvuna okukodwa entwasahlobo; indawo yayo — ingxenye yendawo ye-Dabu Wulong Cha. Umbhalo we-Xiyan udinga ukomisa ngezigaba ezimbili (150 no-100 °C), umbhalo we-Dabu — ngezintathu (110–120, 90–100 kanye no-80–90 °C).
- I-Xingning Dancong (兴宁单丛): I-wulong yesifunda saseXingning kumasipala ofanayo waseMeizhou.
- I-Lingtou Dancong (岭头单丛): I-wulong nohlobo olufanayo lwesifunda saseRaoping kumasipala waseChaozhou. Ngokwe-“Nanfang Ribao,” lolu hlobo lwalethwa eDabu ngo-1958; kwaDabu Wulong Cha izinhlobo embhalweni zine.
- I-Huangzhixiang Dancong (黄枝香单丛): EFenghuang kubizwa kanjalo olunye lwezinhlobo zephunga le-dancong; embhalweni we-Dabu i-huangzhixiang isohlwini lwezinhlobo.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Dabu Wulong Cha iwulong yesifunda samaHakka empumalanga yeGuangdong, ehlukile kuma-dancong aseFenghuang eChaozhou. Umbhalo wayo uchaza konke kusukela emhlabathini kuya ekomiseni: izinhlobo ezine, ukutshala okuminyene ngaphansi kwezihlahla eziyizambulela, ukulungisa ebhodweni elishisayo kanye nokomisa ngokushisa kathathu. Enkomishini — iphunga lezimbali noju, umnikezo ophuzi okuwolintshi ngokucwebezela okusagolide kanye nobumnandi obuthambile. Isifunda sinezimpawu ezimbili ze-wulong ezivikelwe — esibanzi sesifunda kanye nesincane sasezintabeni, i-Xiyan Wulongcha.
Imithombo
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo