Yīshān shímò chá

Iishan Shimo Cha (Yīshān shímò chá, 黟山石墨茶) — itiye eluhlaza eliyimbumbulu (granulated green tea) lasesifundeni sase Yixian (黟县) ngaphansi kukamasipala wase Huangshan eningizimu yesifundazwe sase Anhui. Emadokhumentini okuvikela linamagama amabili — 黟山石墨茶（黟县石墨茶）, elesibili lifundeka ngokuthi Yixian Shimo Cha. Igama linikezwe ngenxa yechweba lase Shimoling (石墨岭), kanti izincazelo zendawo zihlanganisa ukubukeka kwetiye ngendlela yokuthi «lisinda njengamatshe, limnyama njenge-inki» (重如石，色如墨). Livikelwa kabili: kusukela ngo-2018 njengophawu lwezolimo lwe-geographical indication yoMnyango Wezolimo, kusukela ngo-2024 — njengomkhiqizo one-geographical indication ye-CNIPA.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Itiye eluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá), eliyimbumbulu. Ohlelweni lobuchwepheshe lwezimfuneko zokuvikela (isigaba 5) asikho isigaba se-oxidation.
Isigaba: «Elinye lamatiye aluhlaza aziwayo ayizimbumbulu eChina» — ngokwamazwi ephephandaba i-«Zhongguo Zhiliang Bao» (2024).
Imvelaphi: IChina, isifundazwe sase Anhui (安徽, Ānhuī), umasipala wase Huangshan (黄山, Huángshān), isifunda sase Yixian.
Indawo yokuvikela: Isifunda sonke sase Yixian emingceleni yamanje yokuphatha (incwadi kahulumeni wesifunda engunombolo 11 yango-2019). Ukubhaliswa koMnyango Wezolimo nakho kuhlanganisa isifunda sonke, kugxile emizaneni engama-61 emalokishini nasezigodini eziyisishiyagalombili.
Izixhumanisi zokuma komhlaba: 117°38′30″–118°06′00″ empumalanga, 29°47′00″–30°11′30″ enyakatho — ngokwencazelo yokubhalisa.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Umlando:
- Umlando wenkathi yeTongzhi. Umlando wesifunda i-«Yixian San Zhi» (《黟县三志》): «etiye elingcono kakhulu livela eShimoling pass esifundeni sesithupha; abahlakaniphile balibiza ngetiye le-shimo». Unyaka wokushicilelwa uyahluka emithonjeni: 1868 ngokwe-«Zhongguo Xinwen» kanye no-1871 ngokwencazelo yokubhalisa yoMnyango Wezolimo.
- Ukuwohloka. Ukucubungula ngesandla kwakunzima, futhi ekuqaleni kwenkathi yeRiphabhulikhi itiye layeka ukwenziwa.
- 1985. Amakomidi esayensi nobuchwepheshe aseHuangshan kanye nawesifunda kanye nesiteshi sokuhlola itiye sesifunda bavuselela itiye ngaphansi kwegama elithi «Yishan Shimo Longya» (黟山石墨龙芽茶); ngoJuni 1988 laphumelela ukuhlolwa kwesifundazwe.
- 2017. Ubuchwepheshe bokwenza bafakwa ohlwini lwesifundazwe lwamagugu amasiko angaphatheki e-Anhui.
- 2018, 3 July. UMnyango Wezolimo (isaziso No. 40) wabhalisa «黟县石墨茶» njengophawu lwezolimo lwe-geographical indication, inombolo AGI02399. Ukushicilelwa kwe-«Zhongguo Xinwen» ka-2021 kubhekisela kulesi sihloko ngo-2017.
- 2020. Ngokommeleli wenkampani ekhiqizayo ku-«Zhongguo Xinwen» (2021), itiye lathola indondo yegolide emqhudelwaneni wamazwe ngamazwe eJapane; igama lomqhudelwano alizange lishiwo.
- 2021–2022. Izinga lendawo DB3410/T 15-2021 «地理标志农产品黟县石墨茶» laqala ukusebenza mhla lu-1 kuJanuwari 2022; kusizindalwazi sikahulumeni samazinga libonakala selikhanseliwe kusukela mhla lu-1 kuAgasti 2022.
- 2022, 18 April. I-CNIPA ngesaziso No. 480 yamukela isicelo; isisekelo sobuchwepheshe sasiyizinga lebhizinisi lenkampani i-«Yijiangyuan» (弋江源茶业).
- 2024. Ngesaziso No. 577 (19 April) i-CNIPA yaqala yawuqaphela umkhiqizo ngemva kokuhlola irekhodi lophawu lwezolimo, ngesaziso No. 588 (esasayinwa mhla zi-2 kuJulayi, sashicilelwa mhla ziyi-17 kuJulayi) — ekugcineni, nokuvikelwa kusukela mhla zingama-20 kuJuni. Ngokwe-«Zhongguo Zhiliang Bao», kulesi sifunda lona umkhiqizo wokuqala onalolu hlobo lokuvikelwa.
- 2024, 31 December. Ngesaziso No. 614 (esashicilelwa mhla ziyisi-9 kuJanuwari 2025) ilungelo lokusebenzisa uphawu olukhethekile latholwa izinkampani eziyisithupha zesifunda.
Igama: 石墨 (shímò) — «graphite». Ngokokubhalisa, itiye laqanjwa ngechweba laseShimoling, lapho izihlahla zazikhipha iqabunga «elombala we-inki». Ifomula yephephandaba — «indilinga, iminyene, umbala we-inki oluhlaza; iphunga elithambile, ukunambitheka okumnandi» (圆紧墨翠，嫩香甘醇).
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Umzila wasentwasahlobo oya etiyeni le-shimo, ngokwesifunda, ufakwe phakathi kwemizila eyisibonelo yezokuvakasha kwetiye ezweni (2024). Ngokubika kwe-Xinhua (2023), esigodini saseMeixi umndeni owodwa wabakhiqizi betiye unezizukulwane ezinhlanu, iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu, wenza itiye le-shimo.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa

Uhlobo / I-cultivar: Ngokwezimfuneko zokuvikela — inani lendawo lesifunda kanye nezinhlobo ezifanele izimo zakule ndawo; ukubhalisa kucacisa: inani laseHuangshan (黄山群体种) noma ama-clones akhethwe kulo. Amagama ama-clones awatholakali emithonjeni.
Isikhathi sokuvuna: Izimfuneko zokuvikela — ekuqaleni kuka-April; ukubhalisa — cishe ngesikhathi seGuyu (谷雨).
Izinga lokuvuna: Ngokwezimfuneko zokuvikela — kusukela ebudlotyeni obubodwa kuya ebudlotyeni obunamaqabunga amabili, iqabunga lithambile, lilingana futhi lisha. Ukubhalisa kuhlukanisa izinto zokusetshenziswa ngezigaba ezine, kusukela ebudlotyeni obunamaqabunga amabili ekuqaleni kokuvuleka kuya ebudlotyeni obunamaqabunga amabili kuya kwamathathu avulekile.
Imikhawulo: Alithathwa iqabunga elivunwe emvuleni nasemazolo, elishwabene nelifiphele.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala

Isifunda: Isifunda esinezintaba, esinqanyulwa amagquma aseHuangshan; izintaba — 82.5 % yendawo, imifula igelezela eXinanjiang naseQingyijiang.
Ukuphakama kokutshala: 200–800 m, ithambeka elifinyelela ku-25° — ngokokubhalisa.
Isimo sezulu: Umngcele osenyakatho wendawo eshisayo emaphakathi, umswakama we-monsoon; izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi nendawo 15.8 °C, imvula engu-1686 mm, umswakama cishe u-80 %, isikhathi esingenasithwathwa cishe izinsuku ezingama-220. Ukuminyana kwehlathi — 84.7 %.
Inhlabathi: Ngokwezimfuneko zokuvikela — izintaba eziphuzi kanye neziphuzi-bomvu, ungqimba olungaphezu kwama-60 cm, izinto eziphilayo azikaphansi kuka-4.0 %, i-pH 4.0–6.5. Ukubhalisa ngezingqimba ezifanayo nezinto eziphilayo kunikeza i-pH 5.0–6.5.
Ezolimo: Akukho ngaphezu kwezitshalo ezingama-60 000 pahekthela ekutshalweni komugqa owodwa kanye nama-90 000 emugqeni emibili — ngokwezimfuneko zokuvikela.
Isilinganiso: Ngokokubhalisa, ngonyaka wezi-2018 — amahektha angama-3700 kanye namathani angama-200 ngonyaka.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Izimfuneko zokuvikela zichaza uhlelo olulandelayo:

Ukwenza ubuthongo (摊放, tānfàng): Ngongqimba olungu-10–12 cm, amahora angu-4–6, ngokunyakazisa okulula okungu-2–3; umswakama ongu-65–70 %.
Ukubulala ukuluhlaza (杀青, shāqīng): 180–220 °C, kuze kube iqabunga eliluhlaza okotshani elimnyama, elithambile, elicindezelayo libe yinqwaba futhi libuyele kancane.
Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn): Kuze kuphume ijusi nokunamathela; kusongwe ngemichilo okungenani amaphesenti angama-85 amaqabunga.
Ukuphinda ugazinge (炒二青, chǎo èrqīng): 180–200 °C, imizuzu engama-20–30, kuze iqabunga lingabe lisamamathela.
Ukubunjwa (做形, zuòxíng): Ebhodweni elincane — 120–150 °C, 4–5 kg wamaqabunga, kuze kusongeke; ebhodweni elikhulu — 90–100 °C, 12–13 kg, kuze kube ngaphezu kuka-90 % wamaqabunga aphenduke imibummbulu; umswakama ongu-8–10 %.
Ukomiswa (干燥, gānzào): 70–80 °C, kuze itiye ligayeke libe yimpuphu phakathi kweminwe; umswakama ongaphezu kuka-6.5 %.

Ukubhalisa koMnyango Wezolimo kubiza ukhiye wokuma okuyindilinga ngefomula ethi «ukusonga okulula, ukugcizelela ekugazingeni kabili, ibhodwe elincane, ibhodwe elikhulu» (轻揉捻、重二青、炒小锅、炒大锅). Ohlelweni lwesandla «ibhodwe elikhulu» lalithatha cishe amahora angu-10–12; ukucubungula ngomshini kuhamba ngezinga lesifundazwe i-DB34/T 2571-2015.

6. Izici Zokunambitheka

Okokuqala — izimfuneko zokuvikela, ngemva kukaphoyinti nokhompiyutha; ukubhalisa.

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Imibummbulu iyindilinga, iminyene futhi isinda, ilingana, iluhlaza okotshani ngombala we-inki noboya; ukubhalisa — «iluhlaza okotshani ngombala we-inki nokukhanya okuluhlaza» (墨绿透翠).
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Alichazwanga ngokwehlukile kwetiye emadokhumentini.
Iphunga letiye: Iphunga le-castnut eligcwele (栗香馥郁); ukubhalisa — i-castnut ethambile enephunga lezimbali.
Ukunambitheka: Kuthambile futhi kuvuselela, nokubuya okumnandi; ukubhalisa — kugcwele futhi kuthambile.
Umbala wetiye: Uphuzi-luhlaza, ukhanya (黄绿明亮) — kuwo womabili amadokhumenti.
Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga eliselishiyiwe): Lithambile, liphuzi-luhlaza, lilingana futhi licwebezela; ukubhalisa — lithambile, liluhlaza, licwebezela.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Izindinganiso zezimfuneko zokuvikela ziyafana nokubhalisa: umswakama ongaphezu kuka-6.5 %, uthuli oluncane olungaphezu kuka-0.5 %, umlotha ophelele ongaphezu kuka-6.5 %, izinto ezincibilikayo emanzini azikaphansi kuka-37 %. Eminye imininingwane yamakhemikhali ayitholakali emithonjeni etholakele.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wekilasi wetiye eluhlaza: 80–85 °C, amagremu amathathu ku-150 ml, i-gaiwan emhlophe noma ingilazi yegilasi. Ukufudumeza isitsha, ukumnika kokuqala — cishe umzuzu owodwa, bese kuba ukuthululwa okubili kuya kokuthathu ngokwandisa isikhathi.

9. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wekilasi. Ekupakisheni okuvalekile, efrijini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama nephunga; kungcono ukuphuzwa phakathi nonyaka. Ngokwezimfuneko zokuvikela itiye lipakishwa ngokushesha ngemva kokuphola.

10. Intengo kanye Nokukhwabanisa

Imininingwane yamanani ayitholakali emithonjeni etholakele.

Ungakugwema kanjani ukukhwabanisa:
- Bheka uphawu olukhethekile lwe-geographical indication; ekupheleni kuka-2024 ilungelo lokulusebenzisa lalinezinkampani eziyisithupha zesifunda.
- Qinisekisa ukuthi itiye livela esifundeni sase Yixian.
- Izimfuneko zokuvikela zichaza itiye eluhlaza eliyimbumbulu elicutshungulwe ebhodweni.
- Imibhalo yamawebhusayithi ahlanganisayo mayelana netiye le-shimo «elivutshelwe ingxenye» noma «le-graphene» ayiqinisekiswa amadokhumenti okuvikela.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

Ngemva kokuvuselelwa kuka-1985 itiye laqala ukubizwa ngokuthi «Shimo Longya».
Ukulungela ekumisweni kuhlolwa ngokuthinta: umbumbulu kufanele ugayeke ube yimpuphu phakathi kweminwe.
E-«bhodweni elikhulu» lesandla amaqabunga ayenyakaziswa ngezintende ezibheke phezulu, kwehliswa ijubane kusukela eminyakazweni eyishumi ngomzuzu kuya kwayisihlanu kuya kwayisithupha.

12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye ayizimbumbulu kanye nawase-Anhui

Yongxi Huo Qing (涌溪火青): Nalo itiye eluhlaza eliyimbumbulu, elivela esifundeni saseJingxiang esifundazweni esifanayo.
Pingshui Zhucha (平水珠茶): Itiye eluhlaza laseZhejiang, elisongwe laba amabhola.
Huangshan Maofeng (黄山毛峰): Itiye eluhlaza lomasipala ofanayo, elinamabudlotyeni anoboya, elingasongwanga libe imibumbulu.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Yishan Shimo Cha — itiye eluhlaza eliyimbumbulu lesifunda sase Yixian: imibumbulu eminyene eluhlaza ngombala we-inki, iphunga le-castnut kanye netiye eliphuzi-luhlaza. Ngemuva kwalo kunomugqa emlandweni wesifunda wekhulu le-19, ukunqamuka okude, ukuvuselelwa kuka-1985 kanye nokuvikelwa okuphindwe kabili, lapho amabhodwe amancane namakhulu achazwa ngezinga lokushisa.

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