Qingtian Yucha (Qīngtián yùchá, 青田御茶) — “itiye lasebukhosini laseQingtian”, itiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba lasesifundeni saseQingtian (青田县) emkhandlwini wedolobha waseLishui esifundazweni saseZhejiang. Igama elithi “yu” (御) lisho “elasebukhosini”: ngokwenganekwane, igama lanikezwa itiye umsunguli wobukhosi bakwaMing. Itiye lamanje, ngokwezincazelo eziyireferensi, laphanjwa kabusha ngo-1998. Kusukela ngo-2020 igama liba uphawu lwezolimo lwendawo, kusukela ngo-2025 liba umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo, futhi izidingo zokuvikela zichaza iqabunga “elinesimo somkhumbi”.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá), elingavutshelwanga, eliyisicaba, elosiwe ebhodweni. Isigaba sinqunywa ubuchwepheshe obuvela ezidingweni zokuvikela: ukuqinisa ebhodweni (青锅), ngaphandle kokuxutshwa komoya-mpilo; ukuvutshelwa okuncane (闷黄), okwenza itiye libe phuzi, umqulu uwuvimbela ngqo.
- Isigaba: Itiye elidumile lesifunda, ngokwezincazelo eziyireferensi laphanjwa kabusha ngo-1998; uphawu lwendawo (2020, 2025).
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseZhejiang (浙江, Zhèjiāng), umkhandlu wedolobha waseLishui (丽水, Lìshuǐ), isifunda saseQingtian (青田, Qīngtián).
- Indawo yokuvikela: Isifunda sonke — amawadi angu-32, amalokishi kanye namakomidi emigwaqo, imizana yokuphatha engu-414.
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: Ngokomqulu — 119°48′09″–120°26′20″ empumalanga kanye no-27°56′09″–28°28′54″; kubhangqwana lwesibili lombhalo kushoda uphawu lwe-latitude.
2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Inganekwane ngegama. Isiza sereferensi ngemikhiqizo yendawo sixoxa inganekwane: ngo-1368, ngaphambi komkhosi weQingming, uLiu Bowen (刘伯温), omunye wabasunguli bobukhosi bakwaMing, weza eQingtian emathuneni okhokho, wanambitha itiye lendawo walinikela kuZhu Yuanzhang (朱元璋), futhi kubikwa ukuthi inkosi yabeka itiye “elasebukhosini”. Umbhalo wenkathi yakwaMing awutholakali emithonjeni etholakele.
- 1998. Ngokwezincazelo eziyireferensi, itiye laphanjwa kabusha wuphiko lwezolimo lwesifunda.
- 1998–2001, imiklomelo. Ngokwesiza sereferensi, itiye lathola isicoco setiye elivelele lezinga lokuqala (一类名茶) ngo-1998, 1999 no-2001 — emqhudelwaneni we-18 wesifunda saseLishui kanye nasemiqhudelwaneni yesifundazwe ye-13 neye-14 yaseZhejiang. Iphephandaba iLishui Ribao (2024) libala imiqhudelwano yesifundazwe yesi-3 neye-14 kanye negolide lombukiso we-中国精品名茶博览会. Izinombolo zemiqhudelwano emithonjeni emibili azihambisani.
- Novemba 1999. Ngokwesiza esifanayo, uphiko lwezolimo lwesifunda kanye nophiko lokuphathwa kwezobuchwepheshe bahlanganyela ekwakheni izinga elilodwa lezithombo, ukutshala, ukuvuna nokucubungula, ukupakisha kanye nophawu lokuhweba futhi bafaka isicelo sokubhaliswa kophawu “太鹤”; obunye ubufakazi abutholakali emithonjeni etholakele.
- 2020. Ukubhaliswa kophawu lwezolimo lwendawo ngesimemezelo sikangqongqoshe No. 290 somhla zingama-30 ku-Ephreli 2020 — eqenjini lokuqala lonyaka, imikhiqizo engu-312 ezweni lonke, kuyo eziyisithupha ezivela emkhandlwini waseLishui; isitifiketi AGI02862. Umnikazi ngesikhathi sokubhalisa — isiteshi sesifunda sezitshalo zobuchwepheshe (青田县经济作物管理站); ngokohlu lwezinguquko, olwethulwa ngungqongqoshe ukuze kuxoxwe ngalo ngoDisemba 2021, ngemva kokuhlelwa kabusha kwezinhlaka umnikazi waba isiteshi sesifunda sezitshalo zasensimini (青田县农作物站).
- Mashi 2023. Esifundeni kwasungulwa Inhlangano Yokufunda Ngamasiko Etiye (茶文化研究会) — ngokweLishui Ribao (2024).
- Mashi 2025. Ilungelo lokusebenzisa uphawu “青田御茶” latholwa insimu yetiye iBowen (伯温茶园) — ibhizinisi lesihlanu lesifunda elinelungelo elinjalo (Lishui Ribao, 2025).
- 2025. Isiphathimandla Sikazwelonke Sezobunini Bengqondo ngesimemezelo No. 640 (esasayinwa ziyi-16 kuJulayi, sashicilelwa ziyi-13 kuNcwaba) saqaphela igama njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo — umugga 480 ohlwini lwemikhiqizo engu-1409 — futhi savuma izidingo zokuvikela. Umfakisicelo — isiteshi esifanayo sezitshalo zasensimini.
- Igama: “Qingtian” (青田) — igama lesifunda; “yucha” (御茶) — “itiye lasebukhosini”, ngokwenganekwane yokunikelwa enkantolo.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: IQingtian yaziwa njengezwe labafuduki (华侨之乡) kanye nokuqopha ngamatshe. Isifunda sikhangisa itiye naphesheya kwezilwandle: ngokweLishui Ribao (2025), sinamanxusa angu-15 etiye laseQingtian e-China naphesheya kanye nezindawo zokuthengisa eSpain naseSlovakia. ULiu Bowen, iqhawe lenganekwane, uxhumene nalezi zindawo: ngokweWikipedia, wazalelwa eNantian (南田) esifundeni saseQingtian (manje isifunda saseWencheng), futhi ngenkathi kumiswa okusanhlamvu kwentela yesifunda saseChuzhou ngaphansi kwakwaMing, kweQingtian kuphela ukwengezwa kwentela akuzange kwenziwe ngokomyalo.
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa
- Izinhlobo: Ngokwezidingo zokuvikela — 鸠坑种 (Jiūkēng zhǒng) kanye no-龙井43 (Lóngjǐng 43), kanye nezinye izinhlobo ezinamacembe amaphakathi namancane, ezifanele izingadi zasentabeni eziphakeme futhi ezimelana neqhwa ngokwanele (适种高山茶园抗寒性较好的中小叶品种).
- Ukuvuna: Ngokuvamile kusukela maphakathi no-ekupheleni kukaFebhuwari, lapho nje kukhona amahlumela ngokwezinga ezihlahleni.
- Izinga lokuvuna: Ihlumela elilodwa noma ihlumela elineqabunga elilodwa (单芽或一芽一叶). Iqabunga licutshungulwa ngokushesha, iqoqo ngeqoqo.
- Ukutshala: Ebusika, ekuqaleni kukaMashi, nasekwindla, maphakathi no-Okthoba; ngokutshala komugqa owodwa — izithombo ezingu-2000–3000 nge-mu ngayinye.
4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokulima
- Isifunda: ENingizimu-mpumalanga yeZhejiang, endaweni emaphakathi nesephansi yomfula i-Ou (瓯江). Ububanzi besifunda — 2477.13 km²; indawo ichazwa ngesisho “izingxenye eziyisishiyagalolunye izintaba, ingxenye — amanzi, ingxenye — amasimu” (九山半水半分田).
- Isimo sezulu: Isiza sereferensi ngemikhiqizo yendawo sinikeza isifunda isimo sezulu se-subtropical monsoon: izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi nendawo 18.6 °C, amanani aphezulu kakhulu −4.1 no-41.9 °C, imvula engu-1697.7 mm, amahora elanga angu-1663.4, izinsuku ezingama-279 ezingenasithwathwa.
- Ukuphakama kokutshala: Isiza esifanayo sibhala ukuthi izingadi zitholakala ikakhulukazi ezintabeni ezingaphezu kuka-500 m; izidingo zokuvikela zikhetha izinhlobo ngokuqondile zezingadi zasentabeni eziphakeme. Ububanzi obunembile abutholakali emithonjeni etholakele.
- Inhlabathi: Ngokomqulu — ikakhulukazi ebomvu noma ephuzi, i-pH 4.5–6.5, izinto eziphilayo 10–30 g/kg.
- Isilinganiso: NgokweLishui Ribao (2025), esifundeni kunama-mu angu-21.3 ezinkulungwane zezingadi zetiye, futhi ngo-2024 isifunda sacubungula amathani angu-536 etiye ngama-yuan ayizigidi ezingu-52.3 — lokhu kuyitiye lonke lesifunda, hhayi iQingtian Yucha kuphela. Ngokwephephandaba elifanayo, imboni iqhutshwa ngemodeli “yobunye obuhlanu” (五统一): ukuhlela okukodwa, izinhlobo ezifanayo, izinga elilodwa lokutshala, ukucubungula okukodwa kanye nobuso obufanayo bomkhiqizo.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Izidingo zokuvikela zichaza izikimu ezimbili ezinemingcele — lokhu ubuchwepheshe baleli tiye ngqo.
Okwesintu ngesandla:
- Ukunwetshwa (鲜叶摊放, xiānyè tānfàng): Kumaqembu oqalo anobubanzi obungu-2 cm, okungenani amahora angu-6, kuze kube yilapho iphunga lotshani lishintsha libe yiphunga elimsulwa.
- Ibhodwe lokuqala (青锅, qīngguō): Ibhodwe likagesi 100–120 °C, amagremu angu-100–150 eqabunga, imizuzu engu-2–3 yokugazinga ngokunyakazisa kuze kube thambile futhi kube luhlaza okotshani obumnyama, bese ngezandla — kuze kube yintambo eyisicaba enomswakama ongu-30 %.
- Ukuphumula (回潮, huícháo): Iqabunga liyahlungwa, likhethwe futhi imizuzu engu-30–60 limbozwe ngendwangu emanzi — “ukuze lingaphuzi futhi libe luhlaza okotshani” (防闷黄，促色翠).
- Ibhodwe lokupolisha (辉锅, huīguō): 60–80 °C, amagremu angu-250–300 eqabunga, kuze kube thambile futhi kuvele uboya; bese 90 °C — ukupolisha uboya nokuqinisa intambo; bese 50 °C kuze kome ngokuphelele (umswakama 6 %). Ngokushesha kupholiswe — futhi, ukuze lingaphuzi.
- Ukuhlukanisa (干茶分筛, gānchá fēnshāi): Kuzingxenye ezi-2–3, ngokuhlelwa ngamazinga.
Okwesimanje ngomshini:
- Ukunwetshwa: Ngobubanzi obungu-2 cm, amahora angu-8–16, kuze kube umswakama ongu-70 ± 2 %.
- Ukungena kokuqala (一青, yīqīng): Umshini wetiye eliyisicaba, 190–210 °C, amagremu angu-20–40 eqabunga, ingcindezi kusukela kokuncane kuye kokunamandla — “ukusicaba, ngaphandle kokusinamathisela ebhajeni”; ngokushesha kupholiswe.
- Ukungena kwesibili (二青, èrqīng): 180–160 °C, amagremu angu-50–100, kuze kube yiqabunga eliyisicaba eliluhlaza ngokulinganayo elinomswakama ongu-15–20 %.
- Ukuphumula (摊凉回潮, tānliáng huícháo): Cishe imizuzu engu-60.
- Ukususa uboya (脱毫, tuōháo): Emshinini wokupolisha ngaphandle kokufudumeza, imizuzu engu-30–60.
- Ukupolisha (辉锅, huīguō): 3–4 kg ku-100–80 °C; lapho umswakama ungu-7–8 % — ukukhuphukela ku-120–130 °C imizuzu engu-2–3 ukwenza iphunga. Umjikelezo wonke cishe ihora, umswakama ekuphumeni — ngaphansi kuka-6.5 %.
- Ukuhlukanisa: Kuzingxenye ezi-2–3, ngokususa izingcwecwe eziphuzi (黄片).
6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic
Incazelo — ngokwezidingo zokuvikela.
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Lisicaba, “linesimo somkhumbi” (扁平形如舟), umbala oluhlaza okotshani omusha (色绿鲜活).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Incazelo ehlukile ayitholakali emithonjeni etholakele.
- Iphunga lotshala: Iphunga elithambile lamacastane, eliqhubekayo (嫩栗香持久).
- Ukunambitheka: Okusha futhi okuthambile (滋味鲜醇).
- Umbala wotshala: Uluhlaza okotshani obuthambile, okhanyayo (嫩绿明亮).
- Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga eliphakisiwe): Lithambile, lilinganayo, livuleka “njengembali” (嫩匀成朵).
Isici esihlukanisayo umqulu usifingqa ngefomula ethi “形如舟、色显翠、味醇柔” — “isimo somkhumbi, umbala oluhlaza okotshani, ukunambitheka okuthambile”.
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Izidingo zomzimba namakhemikhali zokuvikela:
| Inkomba | Isidingo |
|---|---|
| Umswakama | ungabi ngaphezu kuka-6.5 % |
| Ama-amino acid | okungenani 3.5 % |
| Ama-polyphenol etiye | okungenani 12 % |
| Izinto ezikhishwayo | okungenani 42 % |
Eminye imininingwane yokwakheka ayitholakali emithonjeni etholakele. Ngokombiko weLishui Ribao (2024), amasampula etiye ahlolwa isikhungo sokulawula ikhwalithi se-Tea Institute ngaphansi koMnyango Wezolimo, futhi zonke izinkomba zahambisana namazinga e-European Union.
8. Ukwenziwa Kwetiye
Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba; izincomo eziqondene naleli tiye azitholakali emithonjeni etholakele.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
- Inani letiye: amagremu angu-3 nge-150 ml.
- Izitsha: Ingilazi yengilazi noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
- Inqubo:
- Fudumeza izitsha.
- Faka itiye bese uthela amanzi ngasodongeni.
- Ukumpontshelwa kokuqala — ngemva kwemizuzwana engu-40–60.
- Phuza, ushiya ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yotshala.
- Thela amanzi futhi.
- Ukuthelwa kabili noma kathathu okuphindwayo.
9. Ukugcinwa
Umkhuba wesigaba. Emphakathini ovaliwe, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga. Kungcono ukuphuzwa phakathi nonyaka.
10. Intengo kanye Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi
Imininingwane ngezintengo ayitholakali emithonjeni etholakele.
- Indlela yokugwema imikhiqizo yomgunyathi:
- Bheka uphawu lomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo. Ngokomqulu, umkhiqizi wesifunda ufaka isicelo ehhovisi lesifunda lobunini bengqondo, sihlolwe yisifundazwe, sigunyazwe nguzwelonke. Uphawu lwendawo “青田御茶” ngoMashi 2025 lwalungasetshenziswa amabhizinisi amahlanu esifunda.
- Hlola ukubukeka: iqabunga eliyisicaba “njengesikebhe”, umbala oluhlaza okotshani omusha, ngaphandle kwezingcwecwe eziphuzi; utshala buluhlaza okotshani obuthambile, iphunga lamacastane.
- Ungakudidanisi netiye elibomvu lesifunda: elokishini laseZhenbu (祯埠镇), ngokweLishui Ribao (2024), kubuyiselwa itiye elibomvu “laseZhejiang” (浙派红茶) — lokhu kungomunye umkhiqizo.
11. Amaqiniso Athokozisayo
- Izidingo zokuvikela ziyala kathathu ngokuqondile ukuthi iqabunga lingaphuzi — kabili esikimini sesandla kanye kanye esikimini somshini — kanti etiyeni eliphuzi ukuvutshelwa okuncane kuwumongo wobuchwepheshe.
- Umkhawulo wezinto ezikhishwayo — okungenani 42 %; eSuichang Longgu Cha engumakhelwane esimemezelweni esifanayo — okungenani 36 %.
- Isiza sereferensi ngemikhiqizo yendawo sichaza itiye eliphakisiwe kanje: amahlumela ame aqonde enkomishini, “njengentombazane edansa egqoke okuluhlaza” (犹如翩翩起舞的绿衣少女).
12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye ayisicaba nawaseLishui
- Xi Hu Long Jing (西湖龙井): Isibonelo setiye eliyisicaba; uhlobo 龙井43 oluvela ezidingweni zeQingtian Yucha lukhula nasezingadini zaseLongjing.
- Suichang Longgu Cha (遂昌龙谷茶): Itiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba lesifunda saseSuichang emkhandlwini ofanayo, eliqashelwa isimemezelo esifanayo; iphunga futhi ngamastane.
- Huimingcha (惠明茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lomlando lesifunda saseJingning emkhandlwini ofanayo waseLishui, futhi ngezimo eziyisicaba nezivunguzayo.
- Wencheng Gongcha (文成贡茶): Umkhiqizo wesifunda saseWencheng, umakhelwane weQingtian, nawo usekelwe egameni likaLiu Ji — uLiu Bowen.
Ekuphetheni:
IQingtian Yucha yitiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba lesifunda sabafuduki nabaqophi bamatshe, elinenganekwane ngoLiu Bowen kanye nomlando wesimanje kusukela ngo-1998. Ukubukeka kwalo kubekwe ngemininingwane: ihlumela elineqabunga lezinhlobo zasentabeni eziphakeme, iqabunga “njengesikebhe”, iphunga lamacastane elithambile, ukunambitheka okuthambile kanye nezinyathelo eziqondile zokuvimbela ukuphuzi kweqabunga.
Imithombo
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo