I-Wénchéng Gòngchá (Wénchéng gòngchá, 文成贡茶) yigama elivamile letiye lesifunda sase-Wénchéng (文成县) esifundeni sedolobha i-Wenzhou eningizimu yesifundazwe sase-Zhejiang. Lesi akusilo itiye elilodwa, kodwa wuphawu lwesifunda: ngokombiko we-“Wenzhou Wang” (2015), ngaphansi kwalo kunezinhlaka ezintathu — eluhlaza okuthiwa “贡绿”, elibomvu elibizwa nge-“贡红” kanye ne-“贡白”, futhi elidume kakhulu kuzo yilelo eluhlaza. Leli gama livikelwa wuphawu lwesitifiketi sokuma kwezindawo olunombolo 16369187, olwabhaliswa ngo-2016 ngaphansi kwenhlangano yesifunda i-“Wénchéng gòngchá”. Umbhalo ongabophelela leli gama ekilasini elilodwa letiye angizange ngiwuthole, ngakho-ke lesi sihloko sikhona phakathi kwezigaba, hhayi phakathi kwamatiye aluhlaza.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Alikho ikilasi elilodwa. Uhlaka lwe-“贡绿” — itiye eliluhlaza: umthombo ulichaza kanjalo. Uhlaka lwe-“贡红” — itiye elibomvu, ngokwegama; izincazelo zalo azikho emithonjeni etholakele. Ikilasi lohlaka lwe-“贡白” angeke linqunywe ngemithombo etholakele — igama elithi “mhlophe” egameni ngokwalo alibufakazeli ubunjalo bekilasi.
- Isigaba: Uphawu lomphakathi lwesifunda kanye nophawu lwesitifiketi sokuma kwezindawo; i-Wénchéng Gòngchá ifakwe ohlwini lwamatiye asentwasahlobo okuqala e-Wenzhou.
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe i-Zhejiang (浙江, Zhèjiāng), isifunda sedolobha i-Wenzhou (温州, Wēnzhōu), isifunda i-Wénchéng (文成, Wénchéng).
- Indawo yophawu: Isizinda sesifundazwe sezimpawu zokuma kwezindawo sikhomba isifunda i-Wénchéng njengobunikazi bomnikazi wophawu; umngcele wezomthetho wendawo angiwuhlolanga.
- Izixhumanisi zokuma kwezindawo: Izixhumanisi zendawo azikho emithonjeni etholakele.
2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Igama lesifunda. Isifunda siqanjwe ngesiqu sokuhlonipha sika Liu Ji (刘基, 1311–1375) — isikhulu sasekuqaleni kobukhosi bakwa-Ming, owazalelwa kule ndawo. Uphawu luthembele ngqo kulobu buhlobo: i-“Wenzhou Wang” ibhala ukuthi lukhuthaza isiko lika-Liu Ji kanye nemvelo yendawo.
- 2013. Ngokombiko we-“Wenzhou Wang” (2015), ngalo nyaka isifunda safaka isicelo sokubhaliswa kophawu lomphakathi i-“文成贡茶”, ukuze kuhlanganiswe ngaphansi kwegama elilodwa itiye lamaphawu amaningi amancane, ayengaziwa futhi engaqinisekisi ikhwalithi. Isiqubulo sophawu — “一品好茶文成贡”, “itiye elingcono kakhulu — i-wénchéng gòngchá”.
- 2014–2015. Isifunda unyaka wesibili ilandelana saba ngumxhasi oyinhloko womkhosi wetiye lokuqala lase-Wenzhou.
- 2015–2016. Ngokwesizinda sesifundazwe, isicelo sophawu lwesitifiketi safakwa ngomhla ka-12 Februwari 2015, ukubhaliswa kwamenyezelwa ngomhla ka-20 Agasti 2016 (umagazini № 1528). Iphephandaba libiza unyaka wesicelo ngo-2013, isizinda — ngo-2015; ukuthi izinsuku zihlobene yini nezinyathelo ezahlukene, imithombo ayisho, futhi ukungezwani kuhlala kuvulekile.
- Imiklomelo. I-“Wenzhou Wang” ibala imiklomelo yetiye lase-Wénchéng: igolide lomncintiswano wesi-4 wamazwe ngamazwe wamatiye adumile, igolide lombukiso wesi-5 wamazwe ngamazwe wase-Korea wamatiye adumile, igolide lombukiso wamatiye adumile womkhosi wamazwe ngamazwe wesiko letiye lase-Shanghai, umklomelo wokuqala womncintiswano wesi-5 we-“Zhōng chá bēi” (中茶杯), isigaba sokuqala somncintiswano we-15 wamatiye adumile ase-Zhejiang kanye negolide lombukiso wamazwe ngamazwe wetiye lase-Jinan wango-2005. Ukuthi zihlobene yini netiye elingaphansi kwalolu phawu, akubonakali embikweni.
- Igama: “Wénchéng” (文成) — igama lesifunda, okungukuthi isiqu sokuhlonipha sika-Liu Ji; “gòngchá” (贡茶, gòngchá) — “itiye lentela”, itiye lenkantolo. Umlando wentela yangempela evela e-Wénchéng awukho emithonjeni etholakele: “gòngchá” lapha — isihloko sophawu.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Igama lixhumanisa itiye nomuntu odume kakhulu owazalwa esifundeni. Ohlwini lwamatiye asentwasahlobo okuqala e-Wenzhou, olulethwa yi-“Fujian Ribao” (2025), i-Wénchéng Gòngchá imi eduze ne-泰顺三杯香, 平阳黄汤, 永嘉乌牛早, 雁荡毛峰, 苍南翠龙 kanye ne-瑞安清明早.
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe
- Izinhlobo / I-Cultivar: Izinhlobo azizange ziqanjwe emithonjeni etholakele.
- Ukuvuna: Entwasahlobo. Ngokwe-“Fujian Ribao”, amatiye okuqala ase-Wenzhou aphuma ngo-Februwari — ngaphezu kwenyanga ngaphambi kwe-Longjing yase-Hangzhou.
- Izinga lokuvuna: Imininingwane ayikho emithonjeni etholakele.
4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala
- Isifunda: Izintaba zaseningizimu ye-Zhejiang, isigodi somfula i-Fēiyúnjiāng (飞云江). I-“Wenzhou Wang” (2015) ibiza isifunda njengesifunda sikahulumeni esiyisibonelo se-ecological kanye “namaphaphu e-Wenzhou”: izintaba, amahlathi aminyene, inkungu, isimo sezulu esipholile, izimvula eziningi.
- Isimo sezulu: Izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi nendawo 14–18,5 °C, inkathi engenasithwathwa izinsuku ezingama-285 (ngokwe-“Wenzhou Wang”, 2015).
- Ukuphakama kokutshala: Imininingwane ayikho emithonjeni etholakele.
- Inhlabathi: Imininingwane ayikho emithonjeni etholakele.
- Indawo: Ngokombiko we-“Wenzhou Wang” (2015), esifundeni kunama-mu angu-20 000 wezingadi zetiye, umkhiqizo ungamathani angu-370, inani lomkhiqizo lingaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-90 zama-yuan.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Abukho ubuchwepheshe obufanayo bophawu: bunqunywa uhlaka. I-“Wenzhou Wang” (2015) ibhala ukuthi itiye lase-Wénchéng lenziwa “ngezinyathelo eziyisishiyagalombili ze-gòngchá” (贡茶八步制法) ngezindlela zomdabu zezandla. Ukuthi lolu hlelo luhlobene naluphi uhlaka, iphephandaba alicacisi; ngokwakhiwa kwezinyathelo — ngezokugazinga kabili epanini — lolu wuhlelo lwetiye eliluhlaza:
- Ukuvuna.
- Ukunwetshwa kweqabunga (摊放, tānfàng).
- Ukugazinga kokuqala epanini (青锅, qīngguō).
- Ukuphola (摊凉, tānliáng).
- Ukuhlunga (筛分, shāifēn).
- Ukulinganisa umswakama (回潮, huícháo).
- Ukugazinga kokugcina epanini (辉锅, huīguō).
- **Ukuhlunga nokulinganisa isimo (筛分整形, shāifēn zhěngxíng).
Imithombo ayinikezi imingcele. Ngohlaka olubomvu nohlaka lwe-“贡白” akukho zincazelo zobuchwepheshe emithonjeni etholakele.
6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic
Le ncazelo engezansi inikezwe yi-“Wenzhou Wang” (2015) ngohlaka oluluhlaza kuphela i-“贡绿”; umbhalo wophawu onezidingo zokubukeka angiwubonanga.
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Imicibisholo ephansi ebushelelezi, eqondile futhi ecijile, enamahlumela avulekile; umbala uluhlaza ngobumnene, ucwebezela.
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
- Iphunga lotshwala: Elihle, eligcwele, elide, elinothi lwezimbali.
- Ukunambitheka: Okusha, okuncane, okuvuselelayo, nokunambitheka okumnandi ngemuva.
- Umbala wotshwala: Ocacile, oluhlaza ngobumnene, ogqamile.
- Iqabunga eliphansi (iqabunga elithengisiwe): Luhlaza ngobumnene, amaqabunga avuleka “ngezimbali” (嫩绿成朵).
Ngohlaka olubomvu nohlaka lwe-“贡白” azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Imininingwane ye-physicochemical ayikho emithonjeni etholakele.
8. Ukuphisa
Umkhuba wekilasi — imingcele incike ekutheni yiluphi uhlaka olusezandleni.
- Okuluhlaza (贡绿): 80–85 °C, 3 g nge-150 ml, ukufakwa kokuqala imizuzwana engama-40–60, ingilazi yengilazi noma i-gaiwan, ukuphindwa kabili noma kathathu.
- Okubomvu (贡红): 90–95 °C, 3 g nge-150 ml, ukufakwa kokuqala cishe umzuzu, i-gaiwan noma i-teapot ye-porcelain, ukuphindwa okuningana ngokwelula isikhathi.
9. Ukugcinwa
Umkhuba wekilasi. Itiye eliluhlaza — ephaketheni elivalekile, efrijini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama kanye namaphunga, kufanele liphuzwe phakathi nonyaka. Elibomvu — endaweni eyomile emnyama ngezinga lokushisa legumbi, ephaketheni eliminyene, kude namaphunga.
10. Intengo kanye Namanga
Imininingwane eqinisekisiwe ngamanani ayikho emithonjeni etholakele.
- Indlela yokugwema amanga:
- Bheka uphawu lwesitifiketi sokuma kwezindawo i-“文成贡茶” (№ 16369187, isigaba 30). Ngokwesizinda sesifundazwe, izinkampani eziyi-12 zivunyelwe ukulusebenzisa.
- Khumbula ukuthi isizinda sigcinwa ngemininingwane kuze kube ngu-2019: ukuthi uphawu lusasebenza yini manje nokuthi bangaki abasebenzisi balo, akunakuqinisekiswa ngaso.
- Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi ungowesifunda i-Wénchéng.
- Bheka ukuthi yiluphi uhlaka olusephaketheni: igama linye, kodwa amatiye angaphansi kwalo anamakilasi ahlukene.
11. Amaqiniso Ajabulisayo
- Isifunda sinesiqu sokuhlonipha sika-Liu Ji, futhi uphawu lwetiye lwakhiwe ngaleli gama.
- Ngaphansi kwegama elilodwa kunezinhlaka ezintathu: “贡绿”, “贡红” kanye ne-“贡白”.
- Ngokwephephandaba, itiye lase-Wénchéng lenziwa “ngezinyathelo eziyisishiyagalombili” ngokugazinga kabili epanini — okokuqala nokokugcina.
- I-Wénchéng iyingxenye yebhande lamatiye okuqala ase-Wenzhou, aphambili kune-Longjing ngenyanga engaphezu kweyodwa.
12. Ukuqhathanisa namanye amatiye ase-Wenzhou
- I-Wúniú Zǎo (乌牛早): Itiye eliluhlaza lokuqala lesifunda i-Yongjia sesifunda esifanayo — omunye womakhelwane be-Wénchéng Gòngchá ohlwini lwamatiye okuqala.
- I-Píngyáng Huáng Tāng (平阳黄汤): Itiye eliphuzi lesifunda i-Pingyang sesifunda esifanayo — isibonelo setiye lase-Wenzhou elinekilasi elilodwa ngaphansi kwegama elilodwa.
- I-Yàndàng Máo Fēng (雁荡毛峰): Itiye eliluhlaza lentaba i-Yandang, nalo lisohlwini lwamatiye okuqala ase-Wenzhou.
- I-Xī Hú Lóng Jǐng (西湖龙井): Inkomba yase-Hangzhou, lapho amatiye okuqala ase-Wenzhou abala khona ukuhamba phambili kwawo.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Wénchéng Gòngchá — yisibonakaliso sesifunda, hhayi itiye elilodwa: ngaphansi kwegama, elivikelwa uphawu lwesitifiketi lwango-2016, kunezinhlaka ezintathu — oluhlaza, olubomvu ngokwegama kanye “nomhlophe” ngokwegama. Kuchazwe kuphela oluhlaza — oluphansi, oluhlaza ngobumnene, olunephunga lezimbali; “izinyathelo eziyisishiyagalombili” ngokugazinga kabili epanini, iphephandaba elibhala ngakho, ngokwakhiwa futhi ziwuhlelo lwetiye eliluhlaza. Igama lisekelwa isiqu sokuhlonipha sika-Liu Ji kanye nesikhathi sokuqala sase-Wenzhou, futhi ikilasi eliqondile letiye kufanele libhekwe ephaketheni elithile.