Qīngtián yùchá

Qingtian Yucha (Qīngtián yùchá, 青田御茶) ndi “tii ya mfumu ya Qingtian”, tiyi wobiriwira wosalala wa chigawo cha Qingtian (青田县) m’boma la Lishui m’chigawo cha Zhejiang. Mau oti “yu” (御) m’dzina lake amatanthauza “wa mfumu”: malinga ndi nthano, dzinali linaperekedwa kwa tiyiyi ndi woyambitsa mzera wa Ming. Tiyi yamakono, malinga ndi zolemba, idapangidwanso mu 1998. Kuyambira 2020, dzinali ndi chizindikiro chaulimi, ndipo kuyambira 2025, ndi chizindikiro chotetezedwa, ndipo zofunika pa chitetezo zimalongosola tsamba ngati “looneka ngati bwato”.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi

• Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá), wosapangidwa kupsya, wosalala, wophikidwa m’potulo. Gululi limayikidwa ndi luso lochokera ku zofunika za chitetezo: kusungunula m’potulo (青锅), popanda okosijeni; kuwotcha (闷黄), komwe kumapangitsa tiyi kukhala wachikasu, chikalatacho chimaletsa mwachindunji.
• Gulu: Tiyi wodziwika wa chigawo, malinga ndi zolemba adapangidwanso mu 1998; chizindikiro chotetezedwa (2020, 2025).
• Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Zhejiang (浙江, Zhèjiāng), boma la Lishui (丽水, Lìshuǐ), chigawo cha Qingtian (青田, Qīngtián).
• Dera lotetezedwa: Chigawo chonse, ndi maboma ang’onoang’ono 32, m’mizinda ndi m’makomiti a m’misewu, palinso midzi 414.
• Malo a geographical coordinates: Malinga ndi chikalata, 119°48′09″–120°26′20″ E ndi 27°56′09″–28°28′54″; pa nambala yachiwiriyi mulibe chizindikiro cha latitude.

2. Mbiri ndi Kufunika Kwachikhalidwe

• Mbiri:
  • Nthano ya dzina. Tsamba la malonda am’deralo limafotokoza nthano yakuti: mu 1368, tsiku lisanafike Qingming, Liu Bowen (刘伯温), m’modzi mwa oyambitsa mzera wa Ming, anabwera ku Qingtian kumanda a makolo ake, analawa tiyi wa komweko ndipo anapereka kwa Zhu Yuanzhang (朱元璋), ndipo mfumu inakonza kuti tiyiyi ndi “wa mfumu”. Palibe zolemba za nthawi ya Ming zomwe zapezeka.
  • 1998. Malinga ndi zolemba, tiyiyu idapangidwanso ndi ofesi ya ulimi wa chigawo.
  • 1998–2001, mphoto. Malinga ndi tsamba la malonda, tiyiyu idalandira udindo wa tiyi wapamwamba (一类名茶) mu 1998, 1999 ndi 2001, pa mpikisano wa 18 wa boma la Lishui komanso pa mpikisano wa 13 ndi 14 wa chigawo cha Zhejiang. Nyuzipepala ya “Lishui Ribao” (2024) imatchula mpikisano wa 3 ndi 14 wa chigawo komanso golide pa chiwonetsero cha China Fine Tea Expo. Manambala a mpikisano m’mabuku awiriwa sagwirizana.
  • November 1999. Malinga ndi tsamba lomwelo, maofesi a ulimi ndi a kuyang’anira ukadaulo a chigawo adapanga limodzi muyezo wa mbande, kubzala, kututa ndi kukonza, phukusi ndi chizindikiro, ndipo adalembetsa chizindikiro cha “Taihe”; palibe umboni wina womwe wapezeka.
  • 2020. Kulembetsa chizindikiro chaulimi ndi chilengezo cha unduna wa zaulimi nambala 290, pa 30 April 2020, m’gulu loyamba la chaka, ndi malonda 312 m’dziko lonse, asanu ndi mmodzi mwa iwo ochokera ku Lishui; satifiketi AGI02862. Woyimilira wolembedwa panthawiyo ndi ofesi ya ziweto yachigawo (青田县经济作物管理站); malinga ndi mndandanda wa zosintha zomwe unduna udapereka kuti zikambidwe mu December 2021, pambuyo pa kusinthidwa kwa maofesi, woyimilira ndi ofesi ya mbewu zammunda (青田县农作物站).
  • March 2023. M’chigawachi, bungwe lophunzira chikhalidwe cha tiyi (茶文化研究会) lidakhazikitsidwa, malinga ndi “Lishui Ribao” (2024).
  • March 2025. Ufulu wogwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro cha “青田御茶” woperekedwa ku munda wa tiyi wa Bowen (伯温茶园), womwe ndi wachisanu m’chigawocho kukhala ndi uphungu woterowo (malinga ndi “Lishui Ribao”, 2025).
  • 2025. Bungwe la dziko loyang’anira umwini waluntha ndi chilengezo nambala 640 (losainidwa 16 July, lofalitsidwa 13 August) lidavomereza kuti dzinali ndi chizindikiro chotetezedwa, mutu 480 pamndandanda wa malonda 1409, ndipo linavomereza zofunika za chitetezo. Wopemphayo ndi ofesi yomweyo ya mbewu zammunda.
• Dzina: “Qingtian” (青田) ndi dzina la chigawo; “yucha” (御茶) ndi “tiyi wa mfumu”, malinga ndi nthano ya kupereka kwa mfumu.
• Kufunika kwachikhalidwe: Qingtian amadziwika kuti ndi dera la anthu osamukira kumayiko ena (华侨之乡) ndi la kusema miyala. Chigawochi chimalimbikitsa tiyi kunja kwa dziko: malinga ndi “Lishui Ribao” (2025), chili ndi akazembe 15 a tiyi wa Qingtian ku China ndi kunja, komanso malo ogulitsa ku Spain ndi Slovakia. Liu Bowen, msirikali wa m’nthano, amagwirizana ndi dera lino: malinga ndi Wikipedia, iye anabadwira ku Nantian (南田) ku Qingtian (tsopano m’boma la Wencheng), ndipo pamene Ming adakhazikitsa msonkho wa tirigu m’boma la Chuzhou, Qingtian yokha sanawonjezere msonkho malinga ndi lamulo.

3. Kufotokoza Za Zomera ndi Zopangira

• Mitundu: Malinga ndi zofunika za chitetezo, ndi 鸠坑种 (Jiūkēng zhǒng) ndi 龙井43 (Lóngjǐng 43), komanso mitundu ina yapakatikati ndi yaying’ono yoyenera minda ya m’mapiri ndi yolimba ku chisanu (适种高山茶园抗寒性较好的中小叶品种).
• Kututa: Nthawi zambiri kuyambira pakati pa February kumapeto, nthawi iliyonse pamene tchire liri ndi mphukira zokwanira muyezo.
• Muyezo wa kututa: Mphukira imodzi yokha kapena mphukira ndi tsamba limodzi (单芽或一芽一叶). Tsambalo limakonzedwa nthawi yomweyo.
• Kubzala: M’chaka, kumayambiriro kwa March, komanso m’dzinja, pakati pa October; pobzala mzere umodzi, kubzala mbande 2000–3000 pa mu.

4. Malo ndi Zochitika pa Kulima

• Dera: Kum’mwera chakum’mawa kwa Zhejiang, m’mtsinje wa Oujiang (瓯江). Dera la chigawo ndi 2477.13 km²; malo ake amafotokozedwa ndi mwambi woti “zigawo zisanu ndi zinayi za mapiri, theka ndi madzi, theka ndi minda” (九山半水半分田).
• Nyengo: Tsamba la malonda am’deralo limapereka nyengo ya chigawochi ngati yamkuntho ya subtropiki: kutentha kwapakati pachaka 18.6 °C, kutsika kwambiri −4.1 °C ndi kukwera kwambiri 41.9 °C, mvula 1697.7 mm, maola a dzuwa 1663.4, masiku 279 opanda chisanu.
• Utali wa malo olima: Tsamba lomwelo limalemba kuti minda ya tiyi ili makamaka m’mapiri pamwamba pa 500 m; zofunika za chitetezo zimasankha mitundu yoyenera minda ya m’mapiri. Palibe mgwirizano wokwanira womwe wapezeka.
• Dothi: Malinga ndi chikalata, nthawi zambiri lofiira kapena lachikasu, pH 4.5–6.5, organic matter 10–30 g/kg.
• Kukula: Malinga ndi “Lishui Ribao” (2025), chigawochi chili ndi minda ya tiyi 21,300 mu, ndipo mu 2024 chigawo chinakonza tiyi 536 tonnes pa 52.3 miliyoni yuan, ndipo imeneyi ndi tiyi yonse ya chigawo, osati Qingtian Yucha yokha. Malinga ndi gazeti lomwelo, ntchito ya tiyi imayendetsedwa ndi ndondomeko ya “zisanu zogwirizana” (五统一): kukonzekera kogwirizana, mitundu yogwirizana, muyezo wogwirizana wa kubzala, kukonza kogwirizana ndi maonekedwe ogwirizana a mtundu.

5. Luso la Kupanga

Zofunika za chitetezo zimalongosola njira ziwiri ndi magawo, ndipo izi ndizo luso la tiyiyu imeneyi.

Njira yachikhalidwe yamanja:

1. Kufalitsa (鲜叶摊放, xiānyè tānfàng): Pamasamba a nsungwi 2 cm, osachepera maola 6, mpaka fungo la udzu lisanduke fungo loyera.
2. Potulo yoyamba (青锅, qīngguō): Potulo yamagetsi 100–120 °C, masamba 100–150 g, kupsya mozungulira kwa mphindi 2–3 mpaka atafewa ndi kukhala obiriwira kwambiri, kenako ndi manja mpaka kukula kosalala ndi chinyezi cha 30%.
3. Kupumula (回潮, huícháo): Tsambalo limapepetedwa, kusankhidwa ndipo kwa mphindi 30–60 limakutidwa ndi nsalu yonyowa, kuti “lisasanduke lachikasu ndipo likhale lobiriwira” (防闷黄，促色翠).
4. Potulo yonyezimira (辉锅, huīguō): 60–80 °C, 250–300 g masamba, mpaka atafewa ndi kunyezimira; kenako 90 °C kuti asanduke osalala; kenako 50 °C mpaka kupuma kwathunthu (chinyezi 6%). Ziziziritsa nthawi yomweyo, kuti asasanduke achikasu.
5. Kusefa (干茶分筛, gānchá fēnshāi): Mu magawo awiri kapena atatu, ndikuyika m’magulu.

Njira yamakono yamakina:

1. Kufalitsa: 2 cm, maola 8–16, mpaka chinyezi cha 70 ± 2%.
2. Kuthamanga koyamba (一青, yīqīng): Makina a tiyi wosalala, 190–210 °C, masamba 20–40 g, kupanikizika kuchokera pang’ono mpaka kolimba, kuti “asanduke osalala osaphwanya”; kuziziritsa nthawi yomweyo.
3. Kuthamanga kwachiwiri (二青, èrqīng): 180–160 °C, 50–100 g, mpaka tsamba losalala lobiriwira ndi chinyezi cha 15–20%.
4. Kupumula (摊凉回潮, tānliáng huícháo): Pafupifupi mphindi 60.
5. Kuchotsa ubweya (脱毫, tuōháo): M’makina onyezimira opanda kutentha, kwa mphindi 30–60.
6. Kunyezimira (辉锅, huīguō): 3–4 kg pa 100–80 °C; pa chinyezi cha 7–8%, kwezani kutentha mpaka 120–130 °C kwa mphindi 2–3 kuti fungo likhale labwino. Nthawi yonse pafupifupi ola limodzi, chinyezi pamapeto pake chiyenera kukhala chosachepera 6.5%.
7. Kusefa: Mu magawo awiri kapena atatu, pochotsa masamba achikasu (黄片).

6. Makhalidwe a Kununkhira ndi Kukoma

Kufotokoza kuli malinga ndi zofunika za chitetezo.

• Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Osalala, “ooneka ngati bwato” (扁平形如舟), obiriwira atsopano (色绿鲜活).
• Fungo la masamba owuma: Palibe kufotokoza kwapadera komwe kwapezeka.
• Fungo la tiyi: Fungo lofewa la chestnut, lokhalitsa (嫩栗香持久).
• Kukoma: Kwatsopano ndi kofewa (滋味鲜醇).
• Mtundu wa tiyi: Wobiriwira wofewa, wowala (嫩绿明亮).
• Masamba opangira (masamba otenthedwa): Ofewa, ofanana, amatseguka ngati “duwa” (嫩匀成朵).

Chizindikiro cha tiyiyu malinga ndi chikalata ndi “形如舟、色显翠、味醇柔”, kutanthauza “mawonekedwe ngati bwato, mtundu wobiriwira, kukoma kofewa”.

7. Mankhwala Amkati

Zofunika pa thupi malinga ndi chitetezo:

Chizindikiro	Chofunikira
Chinyezi	osapitirira 6.5%
Amino acid	osachepera 3.5%
Polyphenols a tiyi	osachepera 12%
Zotsatira zotulutsa	osachepera 42%

Palibe zambiri zina zopezeka. Malinga ndi “Lishui Ribao” (2024), zitsanzo za tiyiyu zidayesedwa ndi malo oyang’anira zaubwino a Tiyi Research Institute pansi pa unduna wa zaulimi, ndipo zotsatira zonse zinali zogwirizana ndi miyezo ya European Union.

8. Kuphika Tiyi

Njira yamtundu wa tiyi wobiriwira wosalala; palibe malangizo apadera a tiyiyu imeneyi omwe apezeka.

• Kutentha kwa madzi: 80–85 °C.
• Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml.
• Zida: Kapu yagalasi kapena gaiwan yoyera.
• Njira:
  1. Tenthetsa chida.
  2. Ikani tiyi ndikutsanulira madzi m’mphepete mwa kapu.
  3. Kusakaniza koyamba pakadutsa masekondi 40–60.
  4. Imwani, kusiya theka la tiyi.
  5. Onjezerani madzi.
  6. Kubwereza kawiri kapena katatu.

9. Kusunga

Njira yamtundu. M’matumba osindikizidwa, mufiriji pa 0–5 °C, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo. Ndi bwino kumwa mkati mwa chaka.

10. Mtengo ndi Zachinyengo

Palibe zambiri za mitengo zomwe zapezeka.

• Momwe mungapewere zachinyengo:
  • Fufuzani chizindikiro cha malonda ndi chizindikiro chotetezedwa. Malinga ndi chikalata, wopanga kuchokera m’chigawacho amalembetsa ku ofesi ya chigawo ya umwini waluntha, yomwe imayang’aniridwa ndi ofesi ya chigawo ndi yovomerezedwa ndi bungwe la dziko. Kuyambira March 2025, mabungwe asanu okha a m’chigawochi amatha kugwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro cha “青田御茶”.
  • Yang’anani maonekedwe: tsamba losalala ngati bwato, mtundu wobiriwira watsopano, popanda masamba achikasu; tiyi wobiriwira wofewa, fungo la chestnut.
  • Musasokoneze ndi tiyi wofiira wa chigawo: ku Zhenbu Town (祯埠镇), malinga ndi “Lishui Ribao” (2024), tiyi wofiira wa “Zhejiang” (浙派红茶) akubwezeretsedwa, ndipo ndi malonda ena.

11. Zochititsa Chidwi

• Zofunika za chitetezo katatu zimaletsa mwachindunji kuti tsambalo lisanduke lachikasu, kawiri m’njira yamanja ndi kumodzi m’njira yamakina, pamene tiyi wachikasu amapangidwa ndendende ndi kuwotcha.
• Mulingo wa zotsatira zotulutsa ndi osachepera 42%; kwa Suichang Longgu Cha yoyandikana naye kuchokera pachilengezo chomwecho, ndi osachepera 36%.
• Tsamba la malonda am’deralo limalongosola tiyi otenthedwa motero: mphukira zimayima m’kapu molunjika, “ngati mtsikana wovina wobiriwira” (犹如翩翩起舞的绿衣少女).

12. Kufanizira ndi tiyi zina zosalala ndi za Lishui

• Xihu Longjing (西湖龙井): Chitsanzo cha tiyi wosalala; mtundu wa 龙井43 kuchokera ku zofunika za Qingtian Yucha umalimidwanso m’minda ya Longjing.
• Suichang Longgu Cha (遂昌龙谷茶): Tiyi wobiriwira wosalala wa boma la Suichang la dera lomwelo, lovomerezedwa ndi chilengezo chomwecho; fungo lake ndi chestnut.
• Huimingcha (惠明茶): Tiyi wobiriwira wakale wa boma la Jingning la Lishui, womwenso umapangidwa m’mawonekedwe osalala ndi ozungulira.
• Wencheng Gongcha (文成贡茶): Mtundu wa boma la Wencheng, woyandikana ndi Qingtian, womwenso umagwiritsa ntchito dzina la Liu Ji, yemwe ndi Liu Bowen.

Pomaliza:

Qingtian Yucha ndi tiyi wobiriwira wosalala wa chigawo cha anthu osamukira kumayiko ena ndi osema miyala, ndi nthano ya Liu Bowen ndi mbiri yamakono kuyambira 1998. Maonekedwe ake afotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane: mphukira ndi tsamba la mitundu ya m’mapiri, tsamba looneka ngati bwato, fungo lofewa la chestnut, kukoma kofewa komanso njira zolimbikitsa kuti tsambalo lisasanduke lachikasu.

Magwero

Chizindikiro cha malo

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Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero