I-Longzhou Wulongcha (Lóngzhōu wūlóngchá, 龙州乌龙茶) iwulong yesifunda saseLongzhou (龙州县) esifundeni sikaMasipala waseChongzuo eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeGuangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, emngceleni weVietnam. Imboni yamanje isencane: kusukela ngo-2000 isiteshi sokuhlola sangenisa izinhlobo zewulong ezivela eFujian, eGuangdong naseTaiwan futhi sazixhunyelela ezihlahleni zetiye laseYunnan elinamaqabunga amakhulu. Umbhalo wokuvikela ubiza uhlobo olulodwa kuphela, iJin Xuan yaseTaiwan (金萱), futhi uchaza ngokuningiliziwe ubuchwepheshe: ukuvuthwa elangeni, ukunyakaziswa, ukulungiswa, ukusongwa esikhwameni. Kusukela mhla zi-4 kuLwezi 2016, iLongzhou Wulongcha ingumkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo yezwe lonke lwesifunda saseLongzhou.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Iwulong (乌龙茶, wūlóngchá), itiye elivutshiwe kancane. Isigaba sivezwe egameni futhi siqinisekiswa ubuchwepheshe bombhalo wokuvikela: ukuvuthwa elangeni (晒青), ukunyakaziswa nokuphumula (做青), ukulungiswa (炒青), ukusongwa esikhwameni (包揉).
- Isigaba: Iwulong yaseGuangxi; umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo (2016).
- Imvelaphi: IChina, iGuangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (广西, Guǎngxī), isifunda sikaMasipala waseChongzuo (崇左, Chóngzuǒ), isifunda saseLongzhou (龙州, Lóngzhōu).
- Indawo evikelwe: Ngokwesimemezelo, yonke indawo yokuphatha yamanje yesifunda saseLongzhou.
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: Isifunda saseLongzhou cishe singama-22.3° enyakatho kanye no-106.9° empumalanga.
2. Umlando kanye nokubaluleka kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Izihlahla ezindala. Ibhukwana lezimpawu zendawo libhekisela ku “Umlando wesifunda saseLongzhou”: ekupheleni kobukhosi bakwaQing ekujuleni kwezintaba zaseDaqingshan (大青山), emazweni ombuso wakudala wabomdabu waseShanglong (上龙司), kwakukhula “izihlahla zewulong yaseLongzhou” ezineziqu eziwugqinsi namahlamvu aluhlaza okotshani aminyene; itiye elivela kuzo liqale libabhe kakhulu, bese liba mnandi futhi lijulile, libuye ngokushesha (制茶后味清苦，后浓甘，回味快). Ibhukwana lithola lapha umlando ongaphezu kweminyaka eyi-130. Umlando ngokwawo angizange ngiwubone.
- 2000, ukuxhunyelelwa. Ngokwencazelo yebhukwana, isiteshi sokuhlola seGuangxi Institute of Subtropical Crops sangenisa izinhlobo eziyi-16 ezivela eFujian, eGuangdong naseTaiwan, kuhlanganise neTieguanyin (铁观音), iHuangzhixiu (黄枝秀), iJin Xuan (金萱) neCuiyu (翠玉). Izihlahla zetiye laseYunnan elinamaqabunga amakhulu zaxhunyelelwa kabusha ezinhlotsheni zewulong (嫁接换种), futhi iwulong yayitholakala ngawo lowo nyaka lapho kwenziwa ukuxhunyelelwa.
- 2004. Ngokwebhukwana, ithimba likahulumeni lochwepheshe lahlola ikhwalithi yetiye njengeholayo phakathi kwemikhiqizo efanayo yezwe futhi eqhathaniseka namawulong aseAnxi.
- 2012 kuya ku-2015. Ngokwemininingwane yebhukwana, ngo-2012 indawo yewulong esifundeni yafinyelela ku-3000 mu eduze kwesizinda sokubonisa edolobhaneni laseWude (武德村); ngo-2015 kwatshalwa okunye okungaphezu kwe-1500 mu, futhi itiye laqashelwa njengo “mkhiqizo oluhlaza” wekilasi A.
- 2016. I-General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) ngesimemezelo No. 112 sango-4 Novemba 2016 yavikela iLongzhou Wulongcha njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo, ohlwini olulodwa neminye imikhiqizo engama-43 yezwe. Ngokwebhukwana, lona wumkhiqizo wokuqala wesifunda onophawu lwendawo.
- Ukungqubuzana: Umlando ukhuluma ngezihlahla ezindala zendawo, kanti umbhalo wokuvikela ubiza uhlobo olulodwa kuphela, iJin Xuan yaseTaiwan, engeniswe ngo-2000.
- Igama: “Longzhou” (龙州) lisho “isifunda sikadrako,” igama lesifunda; “wulongcha” (乌龙茶) lisho iwulong.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Ngokwebhukwana, abantu bendawo baphuza leli tiye unyaka wonke, futhi izingadi zathola iziqu zesisekelo setiye esingenazo izinto eziyingozi (无公害) ezivela emnyangweni wezolimo waseGuangxi, isisekelo sokubonisa isayensi nobuchwepheshe, kanye nesisekelo setiye elidumile esivela kuChina Tea Association.
3. Incazelo yezitshalo kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa
- Uhlobo: Ngokombhalo, yi-Jin Xuan (金萱, jīnxuān), uhlobo lwewulong yaseTaiwan. Umbhalo awubizi ezinye izinhlobo.
- Ukusabalalisa: Ngokombhalo, ngokusikwa (扦插育苗).
- Izinga lokukha: Ngokombhalo, igxolo elinamaqabunga amabili ngaphandle kwehlumela elikhulayo (对夹2叶), kanye namaqabunga angawodwa kusukela kwesesibili kuya kwesesine.
- Isikhathi sokukha: Ayikho imininingwane etholakalayo emithonjeni etholiwe.
4. I-terroir kanye nezici zokutshala
- Isifunda: INingizimu-ntshonalanga yeGuangxi, isifunda esisemngceleni neVietnam.
- Ukuphakama kokutshala: Ngokombhalo, kungabi ngaphansi kwamamitha angama-400.
- Umhlabathi: Ngokombhalo, isihlabathi esinodaka (砂壤土) ne-pH 4.50–6.50, ukujula okungaphansi kwamasentimitha angama-80, nezinto eziphilayo ezingaphansi kuka-2%.
- Ezolimo ngokombhalo: Ubuningi bokutshala bungabi ngaphezu kwezitshalo ezingu-45,000 ngehektha; umquba ophilile obolile ungabi ngaphansi kwamathani angama-35 ngehektha ngonyaka; izibulala-zinambuzane nomquba ngokwemithetho kazwelonke kuphela.
- Isimo sezulu: Ibhukwana libhala ngendawo ephakeme, amafu nenkungu, imvula eningi nesimo sezulu esipholile (高海拔、云雾弥漫，雨量充沛，气候温和); azikho izinombolo emithonjeni etholiwe.
5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza
Umbhalo wokuvikela ubeka lolu hlelo: ukukha → ukuvuthwa elangeni → ukunyakaziswa nokuphumula → ukulungiswa → ukusongwa esikhwameni → ukomiswa → ukupakishwa.
- Ukuvuthwa elangeni (晒青, shàiqīng): Elangeni elitshekile lakusihlwa noma elibuthakathaka ntambama, imizuzu engama-20 kuya kwengama-40. Izinga lokushisa leqabunga alikho ngaphezu kuka-30 °C; emgqeni ofanayo umbhalo ufuna ukuthi izinga lokushisa ligcinwe ngaphansi kuka-35 °C, ngaphandle kokucacisa ukuthi lelo lomoya noma elinye.
- Ukunyakaziswa nokuphumula (做青, zuòqīng): Ukunyakaziswa (摇青) nokuphumula (静置) kushintshaniswa izikhathi ezi-3–5 ku-18–24 °C endlini. Isigubhu sigcwaliseka kungabi ngaphezu kwezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu; ukunyakaziswa kungumzuzu owodwa kuya kwemihlanu, ukuphumula kungumzuzu wamashumi amathathu kuya kwengama-60.
- Ukulungiswa (炒青, chǎoqīng): Ku-250–280 °C, kuze kuphele iphunga lotshani futhi kuvele iphunga letiye; bese iqabunga lipholiswa ngokushesha.
- Ukusongwa esikhwameni (包揉, bāoróu): Okokuqala, imijikelezo emi-3–4 yokusonga nokwehlukanisa izigaxa, umzuzu emi-2–5 ngamunye. Bese iqabunga lomiswa kancane futhi kuphindwa eminye imijikelezo emi-3–4 yemizuzu emi-2–5.
- Ukomiswa (烘干, hōnggān): Ku-80–100 °C kuze kube yizingxenye eziyisishiyagalombili zokoma.
- Ukomiswa kabusha (复烘, fùhōng): Ku-60–80 °C kuze kome ngokuphelele.
6. Izici ze-organoleptic
Incazelo engezansi iyimfuneko yombhalo wokuvikela.
- Isimo seqabunga elomile: Ukusongwa kuminyene futhi kunyama (条索肥壮紧实), umbala “uluhlaza okwesihlabathi,” umnyama futhi onamafutha, ucwebezela (色泽砂绿乌润、油润有光), ulingana.
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho incazelo ehlukile embhalweni.
- Iphunga lomqede: Ligcwele, lihlanzekile futhi lihlala isikhathi eside, “nobuhle betiye” obusobala (香气浓郁清长、«茶韵»明显).
- Ukunambitheka: Kuminyene futhi kuthambile, nobumnandi obuyayo (滋味醇厚、回甘).
- Umbala womqede: Uluhlaza ophuzi, okhanyayo (黄绿明亮).
- Igqabi letiye (elihlanjululwe): Lithambile futhi licwebezela, nephunga eliseleyo (软亮、有余香).
Umbhalo uyakuqaphela ngokukhethekile ukuqina: ngemuva kokuthelwa kwesikhombisa, itiye lisenephunga nokunambitheka.
7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali
Umbhalo wokuvikela ubeka inkomba eyodwa ye-physicochemical: izinto ezincibilika emanzini (ezikhiphekayo) azikho ngaphansi kuka-32%. Ayikho eminye imininingwane emithonjeni etholiwe.
8. Ukuphisa
Umkhuba wesigaba sewulong osongwe kancane.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 95–100 °C.
- Inani letiye: amagremu ama-5–7 ku-100–110 ml.
- Isitsha: Igaiwan noma i-teapot encane yobumba.
- Inqubo:
- Fudumeza isitsha.
- Faka itiye.
- Geza iqabunga ngokushesha ngamanzi ashisayo futhi uwachithe.
- Umqede wokuqala, imizuzwana engama-20–30.
- Thela umqede ngokuphelele.
- Ukuphindaphinda ukuthela ngokwengeza imizuzwana emi-5–10; ngokombhalo, ngisho nangemuva kokuthelwa kwesikhombisa itiye lisenephunga nokunambitheka.
9. Ukugcina
Umkhuba wesigaba. Endaweni evalekileyo, endaweni eyomile nengenakukhanya, kude namaphunga; ukuze kugcinwe isikhathi eside iwulong esongwe kancane, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C.
10. Intengo namamfenzi
Ayikho imininingwane yamanani emithonjeni etholiwe.
- Ungawagwema kanjani amamfenzi:
- Bheka uphawu lomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo. Ngokwesimemezelo sango-2016, umkhiqizi ufaka isicelo emnyangweni wesifunda wezimboni, ezohwebo kanye nokuhlolwa kwekhwalithi, sihlolwe umnyango wesifunda esizimele, kanti ilungelo limenyezelwa uhhhhulumeni kazwelonke. Ngokohlu lweNational Intellectual Property Administration, lapho kubizwa izinkampani ezingama-941 ezinelungelo lophawu, phakathi kwazo kunomkhiqizi waleli tiye.
- Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi uvela esifundeni saseLongzhou.
- Isimo ngokombhalo: ukusongwa okunyamazayo futhi kuminyene kombala “oluhlaza okwesihlabathi” ocwebezelayo, umqede oluhlaza ophuzi.
11. Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- Iwulong eLongzhou ayiqalanga ngokutshala kodwa ngokuxhunyelelwa: izinhlobo zewulong zazixhunyelelwa etiyeni laseYunnan elinamaqabunga amakhulu futhi iwulong yayitholakala ngonyaka wokuxhunyelelwa.
- Ezinhlotsheni eziyi-16 ezingenisiwe, umbhalo wokuvikela washiya olulodwa kuphela, iJin Xuan.
- Igama lilula ukulidida nelaseSichuan: “iLongzhou Qingsi” (龙州青丝) itiye lomlando lesifunda sasePingwu, lapho iLongzhou kuyigama elidala lendawo (bheka iPingwu Lü Cha, 平武绿茶). Alihlobene nakancane neGuangxi.
12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amawulong
- IJin Xuan (金萱): Iwulong yaseTaiwan yohlobo olufanayo, okuyindawo yemvelaphi yezinto zokusetshenziswa, ngokombhalo iLongzhou Wulongcha yenziwa ngayo.
- ITieguanyin (铁观音): Iwulong yesifunda saseAnxi eFujian; ngokwebhukwana, ithimba lochwepheshe lango-2004 laqhathanisa itiye laseLongzhou namawulong aseAnxi.
- ITengchong Wulongcha (腾冲乌龙茶): Iwulong yaseYunnan emngceleni neMyanmar, nayo iwulong yesifunda esisemngceleni.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Longzhou Wulongcha iwulong entsha yaseGuangxi esemngceleni, eyavela ekuxhunyelelweni kwezinhlobo zaseTaiwan nezaseFujian etiyeni laseYunnan elinamaqabunga amakhulu. Umbhalo ka-2016 uyichaza ngokuningiliziwe: uhlobo lweJin Xuan, ukuphakama kusukela kumamitha angama-400, ukuvuthwa elangeni, ukunyakaziswa, ukulungiswa ku-250–280 °C nokusongwa esikhwameni; enkomishini, umqede oluhlaza ophuzi nephunga elide nobumnandi obuyayo. Izihlahla ezindala zaseDaqingshan ezivela emlandweni wesifunda zihlala ziyinkomba nje, hhayi izinto zokusetshenziswa zomkhiqizo ovikelwe.
Imithombo
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo