Téngchōng wūlóngchá

I-Tengchong Wulongcha (Téngchōng wūlóngchá, 腾冲乌龙茶) iwulong yesifunda sasedolobheni i-Tengchong (腾冲市) esifundeni sasedolobheni i-Baoshan entshonalanga yesifundazwe sase-Yunnan, emngceleni neMyanmar. I-Yunnan yaziwa ikakhulukazi nge-puer netiye elibomvu; iwulong e-Tengchong, ngokushicilelwe okudumile, yenziwa ezingadini ezisezintabeni ngohlobo lwaseTaiwan, emhlabathini wentaba-mlilo. Igama lingelinye lezimpawu ezinhlanu zendawo, i-Tengchong, ngokombiko wabaphathi bendawo, eyazibhalisa ngo-2016 ngasikhathi sinye ngezigaba ezinhlanu zetiye. Isifinyezo sereferensi sophawu sichaza izinhlobo ezimbili zalolu lulong — «清香型» enephunga elilula kanye «浓香型» enephunga eligcwele.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Iwulong (乌龙茶, wūlóngchá; elinye igama lesigaba — 青茶, qīngchá), itiye eline-oxidation engaphelele. Isigaba siqanjwe egameni, futhi incazelo yophawu ikhuluma ngo «砂绿» — umbala «oluhlaza okwesihlabathi» weqabunga elomile, ovamile kumawulong asongekile.
Isigaba: Iwulong yasezintabeni yaseYunnan; uphawu lwendawo oluvela ochungechungeni lwe-«腾冲茶».
Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Yunnan (云南, Yúnnán), isifunda sedolobha i-Baoshan (保山, Bǎoshān), isifunda sasedolobheni i-Tengchong (腾冲, Téngchōng).
Indawo yophawu: Isizindalwazi sezinkomba zezindawo sinikeza inkulumo ethi «腾冲县腾越镇、固东镇、滇滩镇等乡镇» — amadolobhana i-Tengyue, i-Gudong, i-Diantan «kanye namanye» ngaphakathi kwe-Tengchong. Angikaze ngiwubone uhlu oluphelele. Enkulumeni i-Tengchong isabizwa ngesifunda (县), hhayi isifunda sasedolobheni (市).
Izixhumanisi zendawo: Cishe u-25,0° enyakatho no-98,5° empumalanga.

2. Umlando kanye nokubaluleka kwamasiko

Umlando:
- Ukuqala kwe-wulong e-Tengchong. Ngokushicilelwe okudumile kwango-2021, uhlobo i-Qingxin Wulong (青心乌龙, «软枝») lwalethwa lusuka eTaiwan ngo-2004 futhi lwatshalwa ezintabeni zedolobhana i-Mingguang (明光镇), futhi kusukela ngo-2005 lwaqala ukusakazwa. Umthombo ungowokukhangisa, futhi ngibheka lezi zinsuku njengezingaqinisekisiwe.
- 2016 — izimpawu ezinhlanu ngasikhathi sinye. Ngokombiko kahulumeni waseTengchong (ikhasi manje alivuleki), ngo-2016 isifunda sabhalisa izimpawu ezinhlanu: 腾冲绿茶, 腾冲红茶, 腾冲乌龙茶, 腾冲黑茶 kanye ne-腾冲白茶. Isizindalwazi sezinkomba sibiza inombolo yophawu engu-17259261 ye-«腾冲乌龙茶»; angizange ngimthole umnikazi wophawu.
- 2019. Uphawu lwafakwa ohlwini lwezimpawu zentengiso zendawo zaseYunnan, olwabhalwa yiHhovisi Lezempahla Zobuhlakani lesifundazwe ngomhla ka-28 Disemba 2019 (umugqa wama-65, eduze nezinye izimpawu ezine zochungechunge). Uhlu lukhombisa kuphela isifunda nesifunda sezifunda.
Igama: 腾冲 (Téngchōng) — igama lesifunda sasedolobheni; 乌龙茶 (wūlóngchá) — iwulong.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Isifunda sithuthukisa i-«腾冲茶» njengenye yamaqembu aso ayisithupha embonini. Ingadi ye-wulong eduze kwedolobha nayo yaba indawo yezivakashi: ngokwencazelo kahulumeni waseTengchong (2025), i-«极边高山乌龙茶景区» — indawo ebukekayo yesigaba sikahulumeni 2A; ukushicilelwa kwango-2018 kwabhala ukuthi ngo-2015 yanikezwa isigaba se-AAA. Angizange ngiwuxazulule umehluko.

3. Incazelo yezitshalo kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa

Uhlobo / Cultivar: Angizange ngizibone izidingo zophawu ngohlobo. Ukushicilelwa okudumile kwango-2021 kubiza uhlobo lwaseTaiwan i-Qingxin Wulong (青心乌龙), olwaziwa nangokuthi «软枝乌龙» — «iwulong enamagatsha athambile»; angizange ngikuthole ukuqinisekiswa emithonjeni esemthethweni.
Izinto zokusetshenziswa: Iqabunga elivela ezingadini zaseTengchong. Angizange ngizibone izidingo zezinto zokusetshenziswa; incazelo yereferensi ibiza ngo «肥壮» — «okunamandla, okuqinile» — kakade itiye elomile.
Izinga nesikhathi sokukha: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholiwe.

4. I-Terroir kanye nezici zokutshala

Isifunda: Intshonalanga yesifunda sase-Baoshan. Ngokwemininingwane kahulumeni waseTengchong, isifunda sinomngcele empumalanga nesifunda i-Longyang, eningizimu nezifunda i-Longling ne-Lianghe, entshonalanga nesifunda i-Yingjiang neMyanmar; ububanzi — 5845 km², umngcele kahulumeni — 150 km.
Izingadi: Ngokwencazelo kahulumeni waseTengchong (2025), indawo ebukekayo ye-wulong itholakala ku-14 km ukusuka edolobheni, eduze nendawo ebukekayo kahulumeni yentaba-mlilo ne-geothermal; kuyo kukhona izingadi ezingaphezu kuka-3000 mu eziqhubekayo (1 mu — cishe 667 m²), kuzo ezingaphezu kuka-800 mu ezithela ngokugcwele, kanti kwenye indawo ekhasini elifanayo kukhulunywa ngokubonwa kwezingadi ezingama-3500 mu. Ukushicilelwa kwango-2018 kubeka ingadi edolobhaneni i-Xinghua emkhandlwini i-Mazhan (马站乡兴华村) futhi nakho kubiza ngaphezu kuka-3500 mu.
Ukutshala okuxubile: Phakathi kwezihlahla zetiye kukhula i-camellia kawoyela (红花油茶), i-sakura nezinye izihlahla; ukushicilelwa kwango-2018 kubiza izikimu ezine zokutshala, kuhlanganise ne-ginkgo.
Ukuphakama kokukhula: Ukushicilelwa okudumile kwango-2021 kubiza u-1900–2500 m wezingadi ezifundeni i-Wuhe, i-Mazhan kanye nedolobhana i-Mingguang; angizange ngikuthole ukuqinisekiswa okusemthethweni kwalolu hlobo lwenombolo.
Umhlabathi: Ukushicilelwa kwango-2018 nango-2021 kukhuluma ngomhlabathi womlotha wentaba-mlilo, ocebile ngezinto eziphilayo. Lezi izincazelo ezivela ekushicilelweni, hhayi izidingo zophawu.
Isimo sezulu: Ngokushicilelwa kwango-2018, izingadi zisezintabeni eziphakeme, futhi ebusika kuba neqhwa khona. Ayikho imininingwane eqondile emithonjeni etholiwe.

5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza

Angizange ngizibone izidingo zophawu zobuchwepheshe. Ukushicilelwa kwango-2018 ngengadi ye-wulong yaseTengchong kubala izigaba: ukukha, ukubuna, ukuphola, ukunyakazisa, ukulungisa, ukusonga ekubholeni nokomisa — futhi kubiza «ukwenza okuluhlaza» (做青) njengesinyathelo esiyinhloko, okuncike kuso iphunga nokunambitheka kwe-wulong. Ayikho imingcele.

Uhlelo olujwayelekile lwe-wulong esongekile — akusiyo incazelo yobuchwepheshe be-Tengchong Wulongcha:

Ukukha (采青, cǎiqīng).
Ukubuna (晾青, liàngqīng): Iqabunga lilahlekelwa umswakama.
Ukunyakazisa (摇青, yáoqīng): Imiphetho yeqabunga iyalimala futhi i-oxidize kancane; kanye nokuphumula lokhu «ukwenza okuluhlaza» (做青, zuòqīng).
Ukulungisa (炒青, chǎoqīng): Ukushisa kumisa i-oxidation.
Ukusonga ekubholeni (包揉, bāoróu): Iqabunga lisongwa ngendwangu libe ama-hemisphere aminyene.
Ukomisa (烘干, hōnggān).

6. Izici ze-Organoleptic

Isifinyezo sereferensi sophawu sichaza izinhlobo ezimbili. Incazelo ye-«浓香型» kuso ikhuluma ngephunga le-«清香» nomlilo omncane — kunjalo emthonjeni.

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: I-«清香型» — linamandla, liqinile, lisongwe ngokuqinile libe yibhola, linzima, liluhlaza okotshani ngokucwebezela, linethoni ebonakalayo «eluhlaza okwesihlabathi», lilingana futhi lihlanzekile. I-«浓香型» — lisongwe ngokuqinile, linzima, liluhlaza okwesihlabathi, liluhlaza okotshani ngokucwebezela, lilingana futhi lihlanzekile.
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholiwe.
Iphunga lotshwala: I-«清香型» — liphakeme, lisha futhi lihlala isikhathi eside. I-«浓香型» — lihlanzekile, lilula.
Ukunambitheka: I-«清香型» — kusha, kuthambile futhi «kuphakeme» (鲜醇、高爽). I-«浓香型» — kuhlanzekile, kuthambile, kumnandi futhi kuqabulayo, nokunambitheka komlilo okuncane (清醇甘爽、火候轻微).
Umbala wotshwala: I-«清香型» — uluhlaza okuphuzi, ugqamile futhi obala. I-«浓香型» — usagolide ophuzi, obala futhi ogqamile.
I-tii phansi (iqabunga eliphekiwe): I-«清香型» — linamandla, licwebezela, lilingana, linephunga elisele elide. I-«浓香型» — liwugqinsi, lithambile, licwebezela futhi lilingana.

7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali

Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholiwe.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba se-wulong esongekile.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 95–100 °C; nge-«清香型» elula kungenziwa 90–95 °C.
Inani letiye: 5–7 g ku-100–110 ml.
Isitsha: I-gaiwan noma i-teapot encane yobumba.
Inqubo:
1. Shisisa isitsha.
2. Faka itiye.
3. Geza ngokushesha iqabunga ngamanzi ashisayo bese uyakhipha.
4. Ukumnika kokuqala — 20–30 imizuzwana.
5. Thela ngokuphelele.
6. Ukuphisa okuyisithupha kuya kwayisishiyagalombili, ngakunye kwengeza isikhathi.

9. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wesigaba. Kufakwe emoyeni, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga. Iwulong eluhlaza elula ngokuvamile igcinwa esiqandisini futhi iphuzwa phakathi nonyaka; iwulong enomlilo obonakalayo ingagcinwa endaweni eyomile epholile ekamelweni lokushisa.

10. Intengo kanye nokukhwabanisa

Ayikho imininingwane ngamanani emithonjeni etholiwe.

Uzivika kanjani ekukhwabaniseni:
- Funa uphawu «腾冲乌龙茶».
- Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi ungowaseTengchong.
- Ungaphambanisi uphawu nezimpawu ezine ezingomakhelwane zochungechunge: isigaba ngasinye sinophawu lwaso.
- Khumbula ukuthi iwulong esongekile yenziwa ezindaweni eziningi: imvelaphi iqinisekiswa uphawu nomkhiqizi, hhayi ukubukeka kweqabunga.

11. Amaqiniso athakazelisayo

I-Tengchong yabhalisa izimpawu ezinhlanu zetiye ngasikhathi sinye — esisodwa ngesigaba, futhi ohlwini lwesifundazwe zimi ngokulandelana, imigqa yama-63–67.
Ingadi ye-wulong e-Tengchong — ngesikhathi esifanayo indawo ebukekayo enamakhilomitha ayisithupha emizila yokuhamba nama-pavilion amahlanu.
Phakathi kwezihlahla zetiye kukhula i-camellia kawoyela, okuthi kuhlu olufanayo lwesifundazwe inophawu lwayo — «腾冲红花油茶».

12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amawulong

I-Dong Ding Wulong (冻顶乌龙): Iwulong yaseTaiwan esongekile yohlobo lwe-Qingxin Wulong — lolo hlobo olubizwa nge-Tengchong.
I-Yunnan Jingmai Wulong (云南景迈乌龙): Enye iwulong yaseYunnan, eyenziwe ngobuchwepheshe baseTaiwan ezingadini zentaba i-Jingmai.
I-Yunnan Yancha (云南岩茶): Igama laseYunnan elinegama elithi «岩茶», elingahlobene ne-wulong: kanjalo kwahlongozwa ukubiza itiye lesifunda sase-Bangdong, elichazwa yimibhalo njenge-puer.
I-Tengchong Baicha (腾冲白茶): Itiye elimhlophe elivela ochungechungeni olufanayo lwezimpawu ezinhlanu zaseTengchong.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Tengchong Wulongcha iwulong evela entshonalanga yeYunnan, evela ezweni lezintaba-mlilo emngceleni neMyanmar. Uphawu lubhaliswe kanye nezinye ezine ngezigaba zetiye, futhi incazelo yereferensi yazi izinhlobo zayo ezimbili — i-«清香型» elula eluhlaza okuphuzi ne-«浓香型» esagolide. Uhlobo, ukuphakama nomlando wokuqala kusekelwe okwamanje ekushicilelweni okudumile, futhi kuze kufike idokhumenti yophawu kufanele kubhekwe njengokuholwayo, hhayi njengeqiniso.