Kāishān báimáo chá

Kaishan Baimao Cha (Kāishān báimáo chá, 开山白毛茶) — «itiye laseKaishan elinoboya obumhlophe», itiye eliluhlaza lasedolobhaneni laseKaishan (开山镇) esifundeni saseBabu emasipala waseHezhou empumalanga yeGuangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. «Uboya obumhlophe» (白毛) egameni kusho imiqumbe enoboya, hhayi isigaba esimhlophe: umthethonqubo ubhala ngqo ukuthi «开山白毛茶（绿茶）». Isici esiyinhloko, esibizwa futhi umthethonqubo, yiphunga elimnandi le-apula elicacile. Izincazelo zifaka itiye phakathi kwamatiye amahlanu adumile endabuko aseGuangxi. Kusukela ngo-2014 igama livikelwe njengophawu lwezolimo lwendawo, kusukela ngo-2025 — njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá); isigaba siboniswe kwizidingo zekhwalithi ngabakaki. Incwadi mayelana namagugu angaphatheki ithi iqabunga liyagazingwa (炒制, chǎozhì) futhi yonke imisebenzi yenziwa ngezandla.
Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza elinezintaba elinoboya obumhlophe lohlobo lwembewu yendawo; umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
Imvelaphi: I-China, i-Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (广西, Guǎngxī), imasipala waseHezhou (贺州, Hèzhōu), isifunda saseBabu (八步区, Bābù).
Indawo evikelwe: Amadolobhana aseKaishan (开山镇), eGuiling (桂岭镇), eDaning (大宁镇) kanye nesigodi saseHuangdong (黄洞乡). Kwesinye isithasiselo sohlu lwango-2025 isigodi sibhalwe ngokuthi 黄桐乡.
Izixhumanisi zendawo: 24°28′54″–24°46′24″ N kanye 111°41′12″–111°47′41″ E.

2. Umlando nokubaluleka kwamasiko

Umlando:
- Inkathi yaseMing. Ngokwezincazelo eziyisethenjwa, itiye laqala ukutshalwa lapha ngesikhathi sobukhosi bakwaMing; izihlahla ekuqaleni zaziyizihlahla zasendle.
- Iminyaka kaQianlong (1736–1795). Ngokwezincazelo ezifanayo, ezicaphuna «Amarekodi amatiye adumile aseChina», umqulu «Guangxi» (中国名茶志·广西卷), abantu batshala izihlahla zasendle eduze kwezindlu, kwase kuvela izingadi zasemakhaya (家园茶).
- Inganekwane. Inganekwane ithi umbusi uQianlong washo amazwi athi «一品开山茶，天下无佳茗» — «uma usunambitha itiye laseKaishan, awusoze walithola elingcono ezweni lonke»; ikhathalogi yemikhiqizo yezolimo evela emnyangweni wezolimo waseGuangxi kanye nezincwadi ezidumile zengeza ukuthi ngemva kwalokho itiye laba isipho esiya enkantolo. Abukho ubufakazi obubhaliwe bamazwi noma besimo sesipho emithonjeni etholakele.
- Imiklomelo. Ngokwekhathalogi yemikhiqizo yezolimo evela emnyangweni wezolimo waseGuangxi, itiye lathola umklomelo ophakeme (特等奖) womncintiswano waseGuangxi «桂茶杯». Incwadi 茶百科 ibeka lokho ngonyaka ka-2004; abukho ubufakazi obuzimele bonyaka.
- 2012. Ubuchwepheshe bokwenza bafakwa nguhulumeni wesifunda esizimele ohlwini lwesine lwamagugu angaphatheki aseGuangxi — kusho incwadi ngale nto yamagugu kuwebhusayithi yedolobha elinomlando laseHuangyao (黄姚古镇) eHezhou.
- 2014. Ngesimemezelo sikaMnyango Wezolimo № 2179 itiye labhaliswa njengophawu lwezolimo lwendawo. Ikhathalogi yezinkomba inika usuku lwango-28 Novemba 2014, incwadi 茶百科 ithi 18 Novemba; umehluko awukaxazululwa. Izicelo zelungelo lokusebenzisa uphawu zamukelwa yi-Centre for Agricultural Technology Extension yaseBabu District (八步区农业技术推广中心).
- 2017 nango-2022. Itiye lafakwa ohlwini lukahulumeni lwemikhiqizo yezolimo edumile, ekhethekile, ekhwalithi ephezulu kanye nemisha (名特优新).
- 2025. I-State Intellectual Property Office ngesimemezelo № 640 yagqamisa igama njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo; umfakisicelo uboniswa njengohulumeni wesifunda saseBabu.
Igama: «Kaishan» (开山) — igama ledolobhana; «baimao» (白毛) — «uboya obumhlophe»; «cha» (茶) — itiye. Igama elifanayo liphinde libe igama lohlobo lwesihlahla setiye lendawo.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: «Isistimu yamasiko etiye iKaishan Baimao Cha» (广西八步开山白毛茶文化系统) yafakwa emiphumeleni yocwaningo lukazwelonke lwamagugu ezolimo.

3. Incazelo yezitshalo kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa

Uhlobo / Cultivar: Uhlobo lwendawo, olubizwa ngokufanayo netiye, — 开山白毛茶. Izincazelo eziyisethenjwa zisichaza njengohlobo lwembewu (有性系): isihlahla esincane (小乔木型), esinamaqabunga aphakathi, sesikhathi esiphakathi, i-diploid; iqabunga liyi-elliptic, lithambile. Ayikho inombolo yokubhalisa yohlobo emithonjeni etholakele.
Izinga lokukha: Izidingo zango-2025 zichaza imithetho: ukukha ngamaqoqo, ngokuya ngokukhula, ngokunyakaza «okuphakamisayo» kweminwe, ngaphandle kokucindezela ngozipho nokuhlubula; ngaphandle kwamaxolo, amaqabunga «enhlanzi», izithelo kanye namahlumela amadala. Izinga «lomqumbe oneqabunga» alikho emithonjeni etholakele.

4. Terroir kanye nezici zokutshala

Isifunda: Uxhantathu iMengzhuling (萌渚岭) emngceleni weGuangxi neHunan. Izindawo zokuqala zetiye — izihosha zedolobhana laseDongnan (东南村) edolobhaneni laseKaishan: Miaotangchong, Gaotianchong, Zhaiyanchong kanye neGongdanchong (庙塘冲、高田冲、寨岩冲、公胆冲); incwadi 茶百科 ibiza iqabunga laseGongdanchong njengento engcono kakhulu. Iqhugwane lisebenza njengomngcele wamanzi phakathi kwemifula engena eYangtze kanye nesigodi soMfula iPearl.
Ukuphakama kokutshala: Imininingwane iyaphikisana. Umthethonqubo ka-2014 ubiza izintaba eziphakeme ngamamitha angama-300–600 ukuze kutshalwe izingadi. Ngendawo yokuqala yetiye umthethonqubo uqobo uthi «ngaphezulu kwamamitha angama-500», izincazelo eziyisethenjwa zithi «ngaphezulu kwamamitha angu-1000», incwadi ngamagugu angaphatheki ithi «cishe amamitha angu-1000».
Izintaba: Indawo ephakeme kakhulu — iphimbo laseMatangding (马塘顶, 1787 m) emngceleni neJianghua Yao Autonomous County yesifundazwe saseHunan; iziqongo eziphakeme ngamamitha angama-900–1300 eqhugwaneni zingaba ngamashumi amabili.
Isimo sezulu: Ngokomthethonqubo ka-2014 — izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi ngu-19.9 °C, imvula ingu-1516.9 mm, izinsuku ezingama-320 ezingenasithwathwa, inkungu evamile, ilanga elincane kanye nomehluko omkhulu wokushisa phakathi kosuku nobusuku.
Inhlabathi: Izindhlabathi ezibomvu kanye nezindhlabathi eziphuzi-ezibomvu phezu kwamatshe esihlabathi, ama-slate kanye ne-granite, pH 4.5–6.5. Izidingo zango-2025 zibiza loam kanye ne-sandy loam ene-organic matter engu-1–2% nangaphezulu kanye nokutsheka okufika ku-25°.
Indawo: Ngokwemininingwane yokubhalisa ka-2014, indawo evikelwe ingamahektha angu-4000, indawo yetiye ingamahektha angu-400, ukuqoqwa kwamaqabunga amasha kungamathani angaba ngu-500 ngonyaka.
Imifula: Ngokwemininingwane efanayo yokubhalisa, emadolobhaneni aseKaishan, eGuiling, eDaning, eHuangdong naseHejie ibanga elingamakhilomitha acishe abe yikhulu kugeleza umfula iGuilinghe (桂岭河), owela eHejie ungena emfuleni iHejiang (贺江).

5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza

Izinhlelo zokucubungula ezinemodi azinikezwa umthethonqubo ka-2014 noma izidingo zango-2025; ezingadini umthethonqubo ubhekisela emithethweni yokukhiqiza i-NY/T 5018-2001, endaweni ezungezile — ku-NY 5020-2001. Kuncane okwaziwayo:

Ngokwencwadi ngamagugu angaphatheki, indlela esuka eqabungeni elisha iya etiyeni eliphelile — imisebenzi engu-7–8, futhi yonke yenziwa ngezandla.
Ubungcweti budluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane kusuka kuthisha kuya kumfundi; ngokwencwadi efanayo, izingcweti azinazo izindlela eziqondile, konke kunqunywa ulwazi, futhi ukucubungula kuthonywa kakhulu isimo sezulu nezinto zokusetshenziswa.
Ngokwencwadi efanayo, iqabunga liyagazingwa (炒制).

Ngetiye eliluhlaza, elilungiswa ngokugazinga, ukulandelana okuvamile yilokhu:

Ukwenza ubuthaka (摊放, tānfàng).
Ukuqinisa (杀青, shāqīng): ukushisa kumisa i-oxidation.
Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn).
Ukomisa (干燥, gānzào).

Lesi isikimu esijwayelekile sesigaba, hhayi incazelo yobuchwepheshe beKaishan Baimao Cha.

6. Izici ze-Organoleptic

Ngokomthethonqubo, ngezengezo zezincwadi.

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Liminyene, lincane futhi lilingene, linemikhawulo ebukhali (有锋苗), uboya obumhlophe bubonakala (白毫显露). Incwadi ngamagugu angaphatheki ichaza ukusonga njengesiphele (螺形卷曲) nombala «oluhlaza osasiliva onomkhanyo we-emerald» (银绿隐翠); ezinye izincazelo eziyisethenjwa zibiza itiye ngokuthi linamathela, «lincane, liyindilinga futhi liqondile» (细圆光直). Ifomu liyaphikisana ezincazelweni.
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho incazelo ehlukile emithonjeni etholakele.
Iphunga lotshwala: Lihlanzekile futhi lijulile, linophawu lwe-apula olucacile (清香、浓郁，苹果香突显). Izincazelo zendawo zibiza itiye ngokuthi «iyona kuphela ezweni itiye elinephunga le-apula» — le yifomula yokukhangisa.
Ukunambitheka: Kugcwele, kuthambile, kumnandi futhi kuqabulayo (醇厚甘爽). Ngokwezincazelo eziyisethenjwa, isigqila sokuqala sinokubaba kancane, bese kufika ubumnandi namathe amaningi.
Umbala wotshwala: Uluhlaza obala futhi ukhanya (清绿明亮); incwadi ngamagugu angaphatheki ibhala «ophuzi-oluhlaza, obala» (黄绿清澈).
Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga elidayiwe): Iphuzi elithambile futhi lilingana (叶底嫩黄匀称) — ngokwencwadi ngamagugu angaphatheki; emibhalweni yokuvikela ayikho incazelo.

7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali

Izinkomba zokubhalisa zika-2014:

Inkomba	Izinga
Umswakama	ungabi ngaphezu kuka-6.3%
Umlotha ophelele	ungabi ngaphezu kuka-4.92%
I-crude fiber	ingabi ngaphezu kuka-11.4%
Izinto ezincibilikayo emanzini	zingabi ngaphansi kuka-56.4%
Ama-polyphenol etiye	angabi ngaphansi kuka-23.6%
Ama-amino acid akhululekile	angabi ngaphansi kuka-2.5%

Izidingo zango-2025 zibeka izinkomba ezifanayo ngamabanga: umswakama 4.12–6.3%, umlotha ophelele 4.74–4.92%, izinto ezincibilikayo emanzini 56.4–57.9%, i-crude fiber 9.39–11.4%, ama-polyphenol 23.6–26.9%, ama-amino acid akhululekile 2.5–2.9%. Lezi yizindinganiso zomkhiqizo ovikelwe, hhayi izilinganiso zeqoqo elilodwa.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
Inani letiye: 3 g ku-150 ml.
Isitsha: Ingilazi yengilazi noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
Inqubo:
1. Shisisa isitsha.
2. Faka itiye bese uthela amanzi ngasodongeni.
3. Ukumpompoleza kokuqala — ngemva kwemizuzwana engama-40–60.
4. Phuza, ushiya ingxenye yotshwala.
5. Thela amanzi futhi.
6. Ukuphindaphinda kabili noma kathathu kokuthela.

9. Ukugcina

Umkhuba wesigaba. Ephaketheni elivalekile, efrijini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga; kungcono ukuphuzwa phakathi nonyaka.

10. Intengo kanye nemikhohlisi

Abukho ubufakazi obuqinisekisiwe bamanani emithonjeni etholakele.

Ungayigwema kanjani imikhohlisi:
- Bheka uphawu lwezolimo lwendawo kanye negama lomkhiqizo ephaketheni.
- Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi uvela emadolobhaneni aseKaishan, eGuiling, eDaning noma esigodini saseHuangdong esifundeni saseBabu.
- Iqabunga — lincane, liminyene, linoboya obumhlophe obubonakalayo; ephungeni — inothi le-apula.

11. Amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Uhlobo netiye zinegama elifanayo: 开山白毛茶 — kokubili isihlahla netiye eliluhlaza eliphelile.
Iphunga le-apula alibhalwanga kuphela ekukhangiseni, kodwa nasezidingweni zekhwalithi.
Izingadi ngokomthethonqubo ka-2014 zitshalwa ku-300–600 m, kanti indawo ephakeme kakhulu yeqhugwane ingu-1787 m.

12. Ukuqhathanisa namanye amatiye

Zhaoping Yinshan Cha (昭平银杉茶) kanye neZhaoping Lü Cha (昭平绿茶): Amatiye aluhlaza esifunda saseZhaoping esifundeni esifanayo saseHezhou.
Lechang Bai Mao Cha (乐昌白毛茶): Itiye eliluhlaza laseGuangdong elinoboya obumhlophe elinesicupho segama elifanayo.
Lingyun Bai Cha (凌云白茶): Itiye laseGuangxi elivela ezintweni ezinoboya zaseLingyun — ukuze kuqhathaniswe: lapho «elimhlophe» selisho isigaba.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Kaishan Baimao Cha itiye eliluhlaza lasezintabeni elivela emngceleni weGuangxi neHunan kusuka ohlotsheni lwembewu yendawo enegama elifanayo. Umthethonqubo uchaza ukusonga okuncane okunoboya, utshwala obuluhlaza obala, ukunambitheka okumnandi nokuqabulayo kanye nenothi le-apula, futhi namanje lenziwa ngezandla. «Uboya obumhlophe» egameni kumayelana noboya emiqumbeni, hhayi ngesigaba.

Imithombo

Amazinga

NY/T 5018-2001

Inkomba yendawo

CNIPA 地理标志产品认定 №640

Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo