Xupu Yaocha (Xùpǔ yáochá, 溆浦瑶茶) ndi “tii ya yao” ya m’chigawo cha Xupu (溆浦县) m’boma la Huaihua, m’chigawo cha Hunan, ndipo ndi malonda otetezedwa ndi chizindikiro cha madera kuyambira 2019. Dzinali ndi lopusitsa: si tsamba la chomera cha tii Camellia sinensis, koma “tii yotsekemera” (甜茶, tiánchá) yopangidwa kuchokera ku masamba aang’ono a mtengo wa 木姜叶柯 (Lithocarpus litseifolius) wa banja la fagaceae. Malondawa amatetezedwa ndi kugulitsidwa ngati “tii,” koma sakugwirizana ndi magulu asanu ndi limodzi a tii.
1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi
- Mtundu: Si tii m’lingaliro la zomera. Zolemba za boma zimalemba kuti: 「学名木姜叶柯，俗称甜茶」 — dzina la sayansi ndi chomera cha 木姜叶柯, koma anthu amachitcha “tii yotsekemera.”
- Gulu: Chakumwa cha tii chosachokera ku chomera cha tii; malonda otetezedwa ndi chizindikiro cha madera.
- Chiyambi: China, dera la Hunan (湖南, Húnán), boma la Huaihua (怀化, Huáihuà), chigawo cha Xupu (溆浦, Xùpǔ); mapiri a Xuefengshan (雪峰山, Xuěfēng shān) kum’mwera chakum’mawa kwa chigawochi.
- Udindo wa chitetezo: Malonda otetezedwa ndi chizindikiro cha madera: chilengezo cha State Intellectual Property Office No. 331, chitetezo kuyambira 8 October 2019. Dzinali lili mu chilengezo No. 660 cha 30 December 2025 chokhudza kuloleza makampani kugwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro chapadera.
- Dera lotetezedwa: Matauni khumi ndi asanu ndi anayi a chigawo cha Xupu: Lufeng (卢峰镇), Dizhuang (低庄镇), Shenzihu (深子湖镇), Zushidian (祖师殿镇), Qiaojiang (桥江镇), Youyang (油洋乡), Sanjiang (三江镇), Shuidong (水东镇), Tongxihe (统溪河镇), Xiaohenglong (小横垅乡), Taojinping (淘金坪乡), Liangyaping (两丫坪镇), Zhongdu (中都乡), Yanxi (沿溪乡), Beidouxi (北斗溪镇), Gezhuping (葛竹坪镇), Longzhuangwan (龙庄湾乡), Longtan (龙潭镇) ndi Huangmaoyuan (黄茅园镇).
- Madera a geographical coordinates: Chigawo cha Xupu pafupifupi 27.9° N ndi 110.6° E.
2. Mbiri ndi Chikhalidwe
- Mbiri:
- Mawu ochokera mu “The Classic of Tea.” Lu Yu mu “The Classic of Tea” (茶经) amalemba mawu ochokera mu “Kunyuan lu” (坤元录): m’chigawo cha Xupu cha dera la Chenzhou pa zikondwerero abale amasonkhana ndikuvina pa phiri pomwe “pali mitengo yambiri ya tii” (山多茶树). Zolemba zamakono za ku Hunan zimaganiza kuti mitengoyi ndi 木姜叶柯; malemba akale amangonena za mitengo ya tii, ndipo kuzindikiritsa kumeneku ndi kwa olemba amakono.
- Zaka za mwambo. Chidziwitso cha boma cha 2019 chimalemba za “zaka zoposa 1,500” zakumwa kwa yaocha, nyuzipepala ya 2018 imalemba za “zaka zoposa 1,300.”
- Nthano ya Lin Zexu. Malinga ndi nthano (相传), m’chaka cha 17 cha Daoguang (1837), kazembe wa Huguang Lin Zexu (林则徐), poyendera malowa, anaima pafupi ndi chiwindi cha Shanyin (善因亭); a yao anam’phikira tsamba latsopano, chakumwacho chinakhala chotsekemera, ndipo chinatchedwa “xupu yaocha.”
- 2013. Malinga ndi mafotokozedwe a malonda, wochita bizinesi wochokera ku mzinda wa Yanxi ndi anthu a m’mapiri, omwe pakati pawo panali mabanja osauka 275, adakhazikitsa minda yobzala ya 木姜叶柯 ya malo opitilira mahekitala 530. Akatswiri omwe adakonza pempholi adatcha bizinesiyi maziko ofunika a chitetezo cha dzina.
- 2019. Chitetezo kuyambira 8 October. Malinga ndi zomwe bungwe loyang’anira msika la Hunan lidalemba, malondawa adalowa m’gulu loyamba lotetezedwa pambuyo pa kusintha kwa mabungwe, ndipo adakhala malonda a khumi ndi awiri oterewa a boma la Huaihua.
- 2021. Chigawocho chinakhazikitsa dongosolo la chitetezo cha dzina ndi kugawa chizindikiro chapadera (“溆浦瑶茶地理标志产品保护管理办法”).
- 2023. Bungwe loyang’anira msika la Hunan linapereka kuti akambirane ndondomeko ya kusintha kwa muyezo wa m’deralo “地理标志产品 溆浦瑶茶.”
- 2024. Muyezo wa m’deralo wa Hunan DB43/T 1993-2024 “地理标志产品 溆浦瑶茶” udasindikizidwa (ulengezedwa 12 July, ukuyamba kugwira ntchito 12 September), ndikulowa m’malo mwa kusintha kwa 2021. Muyezonso wa m’deralo udakhala ndondomeko ya kulima kwakufupi kwa 木姜叶柯 (木姜叶柯（瑶茶）矮化栽培技术规程).
- Dzina: “Xupu” (溆浦) ndi dzina la chigawo; “yao” (瑶) ndi mtundu wa yao wokhala m’mapiri a chigawochi; “cha” (茶) ndi tii m’lingaliro lalikulu, kulikonse kopangidwa kuchokera ku masamba. Anthu amachitcha chomera ichi “tii yotsekemera.”
- Chikhalidwe: Malinga ndi nyuzipepala ya 2018 ndi nkhani pa tsamba la ofesi ya nkhalango ya Hunan, pa madzi ake amaphikira “mpunga wa yaocha” (瑶茶饭) ndi kupanga “zongzi za yaocha” (瑶茶粽子) pa chikondwerero cha Duanwu; za chakumwacho pali nyimbo “溆浦瑶茶.” Nyuzipepala ya chigawocho imagwirizanitsa dera losonkhanitsira ndi mapiri omwe amakhala hua-yao (花瑶).
3. Kufotokozera za Chomera ndi Zopangira
- Chomera: 木姜叶柯 (mùjiāngyè kē, Lithocarpus litseifolius (Hance) Chun) ndi mtengo wobiriwira nthawi zonse wa mtundu wa Lithocarpus (柯属) wa banja la fagaceae (壳斗科). Malinga ndi uthenga wa boma la Huaihua, umamera ku Jiangxi, Hunan, Fujian, Guangdong ndi Guangxi.
- Zopangira: Masamba ang’ono a chaka chomwechi, malinga ndi zofunikira za malonda. Malinga ndi uthenga wa boma wa 2019, 木姜叶柯 imamera m’matauni onse khumi ndi asanu ndi anayi m’derali pa malo opitilira 80,000 mu, ndipo masamba atsopano amatha kututa mpaka matani 20,000 pachaka. Kupatula mitengo yakuthengo, kuyambira 2013 palinso minda.
- Nthawi yosonkhanitsira: Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa April mpaka pakati pa May, pafupifupi nyengo ya Guyu (谷雨), malinga ndi zofunikira za malonda.
- Kubereketsa ndi kubzala: Malinga ndi zofunikira zomwezo, kugawa chitsamba, kugawa mizu kapena ndi cuttings; zomera 5,300–6,000 pa hekitala; zimabzalidwa kuyambira December mpaka February.
- Mitundu: M’lingaliro la tii palibe; mitundu yodziwika ya 木姜叶柯 ya Xupu sinatchulidwe m’magwero omwe apezeka.
4. Terroir ndi Zina za Kulima
- Dera: Kumadzulo kwa Hunan, mapiri a Xuefengshan kum’mwera chakum’mawa kwa chigawocho.
- Kutalika kwa malo: Zofunikira za malonda zimatchula 200–1,200 m; uthenga wa boma wa 2019 umatchula 300–800 m kwa dera lalikulu.
- Dothi: Malinga ndi zofunikira, dothi lofiira, lachikasu ndi lofiirira lachikasu, zinthu zamoyo zosachepera 2.8 %, pH yosaposa 7. Akatswiri omwe adakonza pempholi amaganiza kuti masamba ochokera kuno ndi olemera kwambiri ndi ma flavonoid kuposa zopangira za Jiangxi ndi Chongqing; awa ndi malingaliro a opemphalo.
5. Njira Yopangira
Njira yachikhalidwe, malinga ndi nkhani ya nyuzipepala ya 2018: m’nyengo ya masika ndi chilimwe, a yao amasankha masamba ang’ono, amawumitsa mwapadera padzuwa, kenako amaphika chakumwa. Zofunikira za malonda otetezedwa zimalongosola ndondomeko ya fakitale yofanana ndi njira ya tii yobiriwira, ndipo zimapereka njira zingapo:
- Kuyala masamba (摊放, tānfàng): Mpaka chinyezi chitsike kufika 65–70 %.
- Kukonza kutentha (杀青, shāqīng): Mofulumira, masekondi 40–50 pa 300–320 °C.
- Kupotoza (揉捻, róuniǎn): Kosachepera kawiri: choyamba ndi manja, kenako, mutazizira, ndi makina.
- Kuumitsa pa kutentha kotsika (低温烘干, dīwēn hōnggān) ndi kupotoza kachiwiri ndi makina.
- Kuwotcha mu ng’oma (滚炒, gǔnchǎo) ndi kuumitsa kachiwiri, mpaka chinyezi chosaposa 10 %.
- Kusefa (筛选, shāixuǎn) ndi kutentha kuti fungo libwere (提香, tíxiāng), mpaka chinyezi chosaposa 7 %.
6. Makhalidwe a Kununkhira ndi Kukoma
Mafotokozedwe pansipa ndi zofunikira za malonda otetezedwa.
- Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Opotozedwa ndi olimba (卷曲紧实), mtundu wobiriwira wandiweyani, “mtundu wa inki” (墨绿).
- Fungo la masamba owuma: Zofunikira zimati fungo lake ndi “loyera” (气味清香), osatchula kwenikweni chiyani.
- Fungo la madzi: Loyera (清香); uthenga wa boma wa 2019 umati ndi “fungo lachilengedwe loyera” (天然清香).
- Kukoma: Kotsekemera (甘甜). Kufotokozera kwa malonda kumatchula kutsekemera kopanda kuwawa kapena kukhwinyata.
- Mtundu wa madzi: Malinga ndi zofunikira, wachikasu wowala, wonyezimira wobiriwira (浅黄、绿亮); uthenga wa boma wa 2019 ndi atolankhani amati “wachikasu wagolide” (汤色金黄).
- Masamba otsala pambuyo pakuphika: Palibe mafotokozedwe m’magwero omwe apezeka.
7. Kapangidwe ka Zamankhwala
Zofunikira za thupi ndi zamankhwala kwa malonda otetezedwa:
| Chizindikiro | Chofunikira |
|---|---|
| Ma flavonoid onse | osachepera 15 g/kg |
| Zinthu zosungunuka m’madzi | osachepera 41 % |
| Chinyezi | chosaposa 7 % |
| Phulusa lonse | osaposa 6.5 % |
Nyuzipepala ya 2018 imatchula kuti gawo la ma flavonoid ndi 9–14 %, koma izi si zofunikira. Malinga ndi nkhani ya ofufuza a Chinese Academy of Forestry, kutsekemera kwa masamba a 木姜叶柯 kumachokera ku dihydrochalcones; kufotokozera kwa malonda kumatchula phlorizin (根皮苷) ndi trilobatin (三叶苷) ndipo kumati palibe caffeine kapena theanine m’masamba. Palibe miyezo yomwe yapezeka m’magwero.
8. Ubwino wa Zaumoyo
Palibe zotsimikizika za zotsatira za malonda enieniwo. Zolemba za boma zimachitcha “cordyceps ya pamtengo” (树上的虫草), koma awa ndi mawu otsatsa, osati umboni.
9. Kaphikidwe
Mchitidwe wa kalasi. Kwa Xupu Yaocha palibe ndondomeko zomwe zinapezeka m’magwero; mwachikhalidwe masamba amaphikidwa. Chitsogozo cha masamba opotozedwa a fakitale ndi mchitidwe wa tii yobiriwira.
- Kutentha kwa madzi: 85–90 °C.
- Kuchuluka: 3 g pa 150 ml.
- Zida: Kapu yagalasi kapena gaiwan.
- Ndondomeko: Mphika woyamba pafupifupi mphindi imodzi, kenako kutsanulira kawiri kapena katatu; malinga ndi mwambo wam’deralo, masamba amaphikidwa.
10. Kusunga
Mchitidwe wa kalasi. Malonda owuma (chinyezi chosaposa 7 %) amasungidwa m’matumba olimba, pamalo owuma opanda kuwala, kutali ndi fungo.
11. Mtengo ndi Zachinyengo
Palibe zomwe zinapezeka za mitengo m’magwero.
- Momwe mungapewere zachinyengo:
- Fufuzani chizindikiro chapadera cha madera: chimaperekedwa kokha kwa opanga ovomerezeka.
- Onetsetsani chiyambi: pansi pa dzina “溆浦瑶茶” mungagulitse zopangira zochokera ku matauni khumi ndi asanu ndi anayi a chigawo cha Xupu. “Tii yotsekemera” yochokera ku 木姜叶柯 ya zigawo zina ndi malonda ena.
12. Zinthu Zosangalatsa
- Xupu watchulidwa mu “The Classic of Tea” ya Lu Yu, mu mawu ochokera ku “Kunyuan lu” okhudza zikondwerero paphiri pomwe “pali mitengo yambiri ya tii.”
- Malinga ndi nthano, dzina “xupu yaocha” lidabwera pambuyo poti Lin Zexu adapatsidwa chakumwa.
13. Kufanizira ndi zakumwa zina zosachokera ku chomera cha tii
- Kuding (苦丁茶): Nayenso ndi “tii” yochokera ku masamba a zomera zobiriwira nthawi zonse, koma yowawa.
- Tii ya buckwheat (苦荞茶): Chakumwa chochokera ku njere za buckwheat, nayenso si tii m’lingaliro la zomera.
- Lagou Gonggan Yaocha (拉沟公敢瑶茶): Posiyanitsa, iyi ndi tii yeniyeni ya mitengo yakale ya Guangxi yokhala ndi mawu omwewo “yaocha” m’dzina.
Pomaliza:
Xupu Yaocha ndi madzi otsekemera ochokera ku masamba a 木姜叶柯 ochokera ku mapiri a Xuefengshan, otetezedwa kuyambira 2019: masamba opotozedwa obiriwira wandiweyani, fungo loyera, kukoma kotsekemera, madzi achikasu wowala. Uwu ndi “tii” m’lingaliro la anthu, osati m’lingaliro la zomera.
Magwero
Miyezo
Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero