I-Xupu Yaocha (Xùpǔ yáochá, 溆浦瑶茶) «itiye lamaYao» yesifunda sase-Xupu (溆浦县) ngaphansi kwedolobha i-Huaihua, esifundazweni i-Hunan, iwumkhiqizo onezimpawu zendawo kusukela ngo-2019. Leli gama liyakhohlisa: akulona iqabunga lesihlahla setiye Camellia sinensis, kodwa «itiye elimnandi» (甜茶, tiánchá) elenziwe ngamaqabunga amancane esihlahla i-木姜叶柯 (Lithocarpus litseifolius) somndeni we-beech. Umkhiqizo uvikwa futhi udayiswa njengo «tiye», kodwa awukho ezigabeni eziyisithupha zetiye.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Akulona itiye ngokwesayensi yezitshalo. Imibhalo esemthethweni ithi: «学名木姜叶柯，俗称甜茶» igama lesayensi lesitshalo i-木姜叶柯, ngokwaziwayo kuthiwa «itiye elimnandi».
- Isigaba: Isiphuzo setiye esingaveli esitshalweni setiye; umkhiqizo onezimpawu zendawo.
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe i-Hunan (湖南, Húnán), idolobha i-Huaihua (怀化, Huáihuà), isifunda i-Xupu (溆浦, Xùpǔ); izintaba i-Xuefengshan (雪峰山, Xuěfēng shān) eningizimu-mpumalanga yesifunda.
- Isimo sokuvikelwa: Umkhiqizo onezimpawu zendawo: isimemezelo sika-State Intellectual Property Office No. 331, ukuvikelwa kusukela ngo-8 Okthoba 2019. Igama litholakala esimemezelweni No. 660 sango-30 Disemba 2025 mayelana nokuvunyelwa kwamabhizinisi ukusebenzisa uphawu olukhethekile.
- Indawo evikelwe: Izifunda namadolobhana ayishumi nesishiyagalolunye esifunda i-Xupu: i-Lufeng (卢峰镇), i-Dizhuang (低庄镇), i-Shenzihu (深子湖镇), i-Zushidian (祖师殿镇), i-Qiaojiang (桥江镇), i-Youyang (油洋乡), i-Sanjiang (三江镇), i-Shuidong (水东镇), i-Tongxihe (统溪河镇), i-Xiaohenglong (小横垅乡), i-Taojinping (淘金坪乡), i-Liangyaping (两丫坪镇), i-Zhongdu (中都乡), i-Yanxi (沿溪乡), i-Beidouxi (北斗溪镇), i-Gezhuping (葛竹坪镇), i-Longzhuangwan (龙庄湾乡), i-Longtan (龙潭镇) kanye ne-Huangmaoyuan (黄茅园镇).
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: Isifunda i-Xupu cishe siku-27.9° N no-110.6° E.
2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Umugqa ovela ku-«Classic of Tea». U-Lu Yu ku-«Classic of Tea» (茶经) ucaphuna umbhalo ovela ku-«Kunyuan lu» (坤元录): esifundeni i-Xupu esifundeni i-Chenzhou, ngamaholide izihlobo ziyahlangana futhi zidansa entabeni, lapho «kunezihlahla zetiye eziningi» (山多茶树). Izincwadi zesimanje zase-Hunan zithatha lezi zihlahla njenge-木姜叶柯; umbhalo wasendulo umane uthi izihlahla zetiye, futhi lokhu kuhunyushwa kungokwababhali besimanje.
- Ubudala besiko. Isimemezelo esisemthethweni sika-2019 sithi kukhona «iminyaka engaphezu kuka-1500» yokuphuza i-yaocha, iphephandaba lika-2018 lithi «iminyaka engaphezu kuka-1300».
- Inganekwane ngo-Lin Zexu. Ngokwesiko (相传), ngonyaka we-17 ka-Daoguang (1837), umbusi wase-Huguang u-Lin Zexu (林则徐), ngesikhathi evakashela lezi zindawo, wama eduze kwendlu encane i-Shanyin (善因亭); amaYao amphekela iqabunga elisha, isiphuzo saba mnandi, futhi sabizwa ngokuthi «i-Xupu yaocha».
- 2013. Ngokwezincazelo zomkhiqizo, usomabhizinisi ovela endaweni yase-Yanxi kanye nezakhamuzi zezintaba, okwakukhona phakathi kwazo imindeni empofu engu-275, batshala izindawo eziqhubekayo ze-木姜叶柯 ezingaphezu kwamahektha angu-530. Ososayensi abalungisa isicelo babiza le mboni njengesisekelo esibalulekile sokuvikelwa kwegama.
- 2019. Ukuvikelwa kusukela ngo-8 Okthoba. Ngokwesimemezelo sika-Hunan Market Supervision Administration, umkhiqizo wangena ebhasini lokuqala elathathwa ngaphansi kokuvikelwa ngemva kwenguquko yezinhlaka, futhi waba umkhiqizo weshumi nambili onjalo esifundeni i-Huaihua.
- 2021. Isifunda samukela uhlelo lokuvikelwa kwegama nokukhishwa kophawu olukhethekile («溆浦瑶茶地理标志产品保护管理办法»).
- 2023. I-Hunan Market Supervision Administration yethula ukuze kuxoxiswane ngohlelo lwenguqulo entsha yezinga lendawo «地理标志产品 溆浦瑶茶».
- 2024. Ishicilelwe izinga lendawo lase-Hunan i-DB43/T 1993-2024 «地理标志产品 溆浦瑶茶» (likhishwe ngo-12 Julayi, laqala ukusebenza ngo-12 Septhemba), lithatha indawo yenguqulo ka-2021. Isimiselo sokutshalwa okuphansi kwe-木姜叶柯 (木姜叶柯（瑶茶）矮化栽培技术规程) naso saba yizinga lendawo.
- Igama: «i-Xupu» (溆浦) igama lesifunda; «yao» (瑶) abantu bakwaYao abahlala ezintabeni zesifunda; «cha» (茶) itiye ngomqondo obanzi, noma yikuphi ukufakwa kweqabunga. Ngokwesintu lesi sitshalo sibizwa ngokuthi «itiye elimnandi».
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Ngokwephephandaba lika-2018 kanye ne-athikili kuwebhusayithi yokuphathwa kwehlathi yase-Hunan, ngomhluzi kuphekwa «irayisi le-yaocha» (瑶茶饭) futhi kubunjwa «ama-zongzi e-yaocha» (瑶茶粽子) emkhosini we-Duanwu; ngesiphuzo kuculwa ingoma «i-Xupu Yaocha». Iphephandaba lesifunda lihlobanisa indawo yokuqoqa nezintaba lapho kuhlala khona ama-Hua Yao (花瑶).
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa
- Isitshalo: 木姜叶柯 (mùjiāngyè kē, Lithocarpus litseifolius (Hance) Chun) isihlahla esihlala siluhlaza sohlobo lwe-Lithocarpus (柯属) somndeni we-beech (壳斗科). Ngokwesimemezelo sikahulumeni wase-Huaihua, sikhula e-Jiangxi, e-Hunan, e-Fujian, e-Guangdong nase-Guangxi.
- Izinto zokusetshenziswa: Amaqabunga amancane onyaka wamanje ngokwezimfuneko zomkhiqizo. Ngokwesimemezelo esisemthethweni sika-2019, i-木姜叶柯 ikhula kuzo zonke izifunda eziyishumi nesishiyagalolunye zendawo endaweni engaphezu kuka-80,000 mu, futhi amaqabunga amasha angavunwa afinyelele kumathani angu-20,000 ngonyaka. Ngaphandle kwezihlahla zasendle, kukhona izitshalo ezitshaliwe kusukela ngo-2013.
- Isikhathi sokuvuna: Kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-April kuya maphakathi noMeyi, cishe ngesikhathi se-Guyu (谷雨) ngokwezimfuneko zomkhiqizo.
- Ukusabalalisa nokutshala: Ngokwezimfuneko ezifanayo ngokuhlukanisa isihlahla, ukuhlukanisa izimpande noma ngezingxabu; izitshalo ezingu-5300–6000 ngehektha; kutsalwa kusukela ngoDisemba kuya kuFebhuwari.
- Izinhlobo: Ngomqondo wetiye azikho; azikho izinhlobo ezikhethiwe ze-木姜叶柯 ze-Xupu ezitholakala emithonjeni etholakele.
4. Indawo kanye Nezici Zokutshala
- Isifunda: INtshonalanga ye-Hunan, izintaba i-Xuefengshan eningizimu-mpumalanga yesifunda.
- Ukuphakama kokukhula: Izimfuneko zomkhiqizo zithi 200–1200 m; isimemezelo esisemthethweni sika-2019 sithi 300–800 m endaweni eyinhloko.
- Inhlabathi: Ngokwezimfuneko inhlabathi ebomvu, inhlabathi ephuzi kanye nenhlabathi ephuzi-nsundu, izinto eziphilayo okungenani zingu-2.8 %, i-pH engekho ngaphezu kuka-7. Ososayensi abalungisa isicelo bacabanga ukuthi iqabunga lalapha licebe kakhulu ngama-flavonoid kunempahla yase-Jiangxi nase-Chongqing; lokhu ukuhlola kwabafakisicelo.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Indlela yendabuko, ngokushicilelwa kwephephandaba lika-2018: entwasahlobo nasehlobo amaYao aqoqa amaqabunga amancane, awomise ngendlela ekhethekile elangeni bese epheka isiphuzo. Izimfuneko zomkhiqizo ovikelwe zichaza uchungechunge lwasefekthri, olufana nobuchwepheshe betiye eliluhlaza, futhi zinikeza izindlela eziningana:
- Ukunwetshwa kweqabunga (摊放, tānfàng): Kuze kube umswakama wehlela ku-65–70 %.
- Ukulungiswa kokushisa (杀青, shāqīng): Ngokushesha imizuzwana engu-40–50 ngo-300–320 °C.
- Ukusonteka (揉捻, róuniǎn): Okungenani kabili: kuqala ngesandla, bese, ngemva kokuphola, ngomshini.
- Ukomiswa ngezinga lokushisa eliphansi (低温烘干, dīwēn hōnggān) kanye nokusonteka komshini okuphindaphindiwe.
- Ukugazinga emgqonyeni (滚炒, gǔnchǎo) kanye nokomiswa okuphindaphindiwe kuze kube umswakama ongengaphezu kuka-10 %.
- Ukuhlukaniswa (筛选, shāixuǎn) kanye nokufudumeza ukuthuthukisa iphunga (提香, tíxiāng) kuze kube umswakama ongengaphezu kuka-7 %.
6. Izici Zokuzwa
Incazelo engezansi iyizimfuneko zomkhiqizo ovikelwe.
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Lisontelwe futhi liminyene (卷曲紧实), umbala uluhlaza okotshani, «ufana noyinki» (墨绿).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Izimfuneko zithi iphunga «lihlanzekile» (气味清香), ngaphandle kokucacisa ukuthi yini ngempela.
- Iphunga lomhluzi: Lihlanzekile (清香); isimemezelo esisemthethweni sika-2019 sithi «iphunga lemvelo elihlanzekile» (天然清香).
- Ukunambitheka: Kumnandi (甘甜). Incazelo yokudayisa igcizelela ubumnandi ngaphandle kokumunyu nokuklabalasa.
- Umbala womhluzi: Ngokwezimfuneko uphuzi okhanyayo, onokukhanya okuluhlaza (浅黄、绿亮); isimemezelo esisemthethweni sika-2019 nabezindaba bathi «uphuzi wegolide» (汤色金黄).
- Izindebe zetiye (iqabunga eliphekiwe): Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Izimfuneko eziphathelene namakhemikhali omkhiqizo ovikelwe:
| Inkomba | Isidingo |
|---|---|
| Ama-flavonoid esewonke | okungenani 15 g/kg |
| Izinto ezincibilika emanzini | okungenani 41 % |
| Umswakama | ungengaphezu kuka-7 % |
| Umlotha ophelele | ungengaphezu kuka-6.5 % |
Abendaba baka-2018 bathi ingxenye yama-flavonoid ingu-9–14 % lokhu akusona isidingo. Ngokwe-athikili yabacwaningi be-Chinese Academy of Forestry, ubumnandi beqabunga le-木姜叶柯 buvela kuma-dihydrochalcone; incazelo yokudayisa ithi i-phlorizin (根皮苷) ne-trilobatin (三叶苷) futhi ithi akukho caffeine noma theanine eqabungeni. Azikho izilinganiso emithonjeni etholakele.
8. Izinzuzo Zezempilo
Ayikho imininingwane eqinisekisiwe ngomphumela walo mkhiqizo ngqo. Imibhalo esemthethweni iwubiza ngokuthi «i-cordyceps esihlahleni» (树上的虫草) lokhu kuyindlela yokukhangisa, hhayi ubufakazi.
9. Ukwenziwa Kwetiye
Umkhuba wesigaba. Ku-Xupu Yaocha azikho izindlela ezitholakala emithonjeni etholakele; ngokwesintu iqabunga liyaphekwa. Isiqondiso seqabunga elisonteke lasefekthri umkhuba wetiye eliluhlaza.
- Izinga lokushisa kwamanzi: 85–90 °C.
- Inani: 3 g ku-150 ml.
- Isitsha: Ingilazi noma i-gaiwan.
- Inqubo: Ukufakwa kokuqala cishe umzuzu owodwa, bese kuphindaphindwa kabili noma kathathu; ngokwesiko lendawo iqabunga liyaphekwa.
10. Ukugcinwa
Umkhuba wesigaba. Umkhiqizo owomile (umswakama ungengaphezu kuka-7 %) ugcinwa ekupakisheni okuqinile, endaweni eyomile emnyama, kude namaphunga.
11. Intengo kanye Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi
Ayikho imininingwane ngezintengo emithonjeni etholakele.
- Indlela yokugwema imikhiqizo yomgunyathi:
- Bheka uphawu olukhethekile lwendawo: lunikezwa kuphela kubakhiqizi abavunyelwe.
- Hlola imvelaphi: ngaphansi kwegama «溆浦瑶茶» kungadayiswa kuphela impahla evela ezifundeni namadolobhana ayishumi nesishiyagalolunye esifunda i-Xupu. «Itiye elimnandi» elivela e-木姜叶柯 kwezinye izifundazwe lingomunye umkhiqizo.
12. Amaqiniso Athokozisayo
- I-Xupu ibalulwa ku-«Classic of Tea» ka-Lu Yu encazelweni evela ku-«Kunyuan lu» ngemikhosi yasentabeni, lapho «kunezihlahla zetiye eziningi».
- Ngokwesiko, igama «i-Xupu yaocha» lavela ngemva kokuba isiphuzo sinikezwe u-Lin Zexu.
13. Ukuqhathaniswa Nokunye Ukufakwa Okungaveli Esihlahleni Setiye
- I-Kuding (苦丁茶): Nayo «itiye» elivela emaqabungeni ezitshalo ezihlala ziluhlaza, kodwa limunyu.
- Itiye le-buckwheat (苦荞茶): Isiphuzo esivela okusanhlamvu be-buckwheat, futhi akulona itiye ngokwesayensi yezitshalo.
- I-Lagou Gonggan Yaocha (拉沟公敢瑶茶): Ukuze kuqhathaniswe itiye langempela lezihlahla ezindala zase-Guangxi elinegama elifanayo «yaocha».
Ekuphetheni:
I-Xupu Yaocha ukufakwa okumnandi okuvela emaqabungeni e-木姜叶柯 asezintabeni i-Xuefengshan, okuvikelwe kusukela ngo-2019: iqabunga elisontelwe eliluhlaza okotshani, iphunga elihlanzekile, ukunambitheka okumnandi, umhluzi ophuzi okhanyayo. Leli «yiye» ngomqondo wesintu wegama, hhayi ngokwesayensi yezitshalo.
Imithombo
Amazinga
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