Ikhaya · Itiye elimhlophe · Songxi Jiulong Dabaicha
Sōngxī jiǔlóng dàbáichá
Sōngxī jiǔlóng dàbáichá · 松溪九龙大白茶
Songxi Jiulong Dabaicha (Sōngxī jiǔlóng dàbáichá, 松溪九龙大白茶) — itiye elimhlophe lesifunda saseSongxi (松溪县) esifundeni saseNanping enyakatho yesifundazwe saseFujian, elenziwe ngezinhlobo zendawo ze九龙大白茶. Isihlahla sikamama salezi zinhlobo satholwa ngo-1868 emgqeni weJiulonggang eduze kwedolobhana laseShuangyuan; kuso isifunda sakha izinhlobo ze-clonal, ezamukelwa njengezinhle eziphambili zesifundazwe ngo-1998. Izinhlobo zikhiqiza imiqumbe emikhulu enamanzi anomoya omhlophe, futhi ocwaningweni lokuqhathanisa lwezinhlobo eziyisithupha zetiye elimhlophe zikhombise amacatechin amaningi kakhulu ne-theanine. Kusukela ngo-2022 igama livikelwa wuphawu lwendawo, olubhalwe empahleni “itiye elimhlophe”.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye elimhlophe (白茶, báichá). Isigaba sibekwe ngumbhalo: uphawu lubhalwe empahleni «白茶».
- Isicupho segama: «大白» (dàbái, «omkhulu omhlophe») egameni — igama lezinhlobo, hhayi isigaba: babiza kanjalo izihlahla ezinamaqabunga amakhulu ezinomoya omhlophe omningi. Izinhlobo zisetshenziswa nakwamanye amatiye; isifunda sinezimpawu ezihlukene zetiye elibomvu neliluhlaza.
- Isigaba: Itiye elimhlophe elivela ezinhlotsheni zendawo eyodwa; uphawu lwendawo (2022).
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseFujian (福建, Fújiàn), isifunda sikaMasipala saseNanping (南平, Nánpíng), isifunda saseSongxi (松溪县, Sōngxī xiàn); indawo yokuzalwa yezinhlobo — idolobha laseZhengdun (郑墩镇).
- Indawo: Uhlu lwesifundazwe lwezimpawu lubiza isifunda saseSongxi njengobunikazi bophawu; umngcele womthetho wendawo angiwuhlolanga.
- Indlela yokuvikela: Uphawu lwesitifiketi sendawo noma oluhlangene lwe-CNIPA № 60909447, impahla — itiye elimhlophe. Ohlwini lwangomhla zingama-30 kuNhlangulana 2026 ukubhaliswa kusasebenza.
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: Emibhalweni yophawu azikhonjisiwe.
2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- 1868. Ngonyaka wesikhombisa kaTongzhi emgqeni weJiulonggang (九龙岗) eduze kwedolobhana laseShuangyuan (双源村) kwatholakala isihlahla sikamama; abantu babesibiza ngo «itiye lamadragoni ayisishiyagalolunye» (九龙茶). Ngokwemininingwane yephephandaba lesifundazwe ngo-2023, isihlahla sineminyaka engaphezu kwe-150.
- 1965 no-1981. Isifunda saqhuba ukukhetha izihlahla ezingcono kakhulu; ngo-1981 izinhlobo zathola igama «九龙大白茶».
- 1998. Ikhomishana yesifundazwe yezinhlobo zezitshalo zokulima yazamukela njengezinhlobo eziphambili zesifundazwe.
- 2009. Izinhlobo zafakwa kukhathalogi yesifundazwe yezakhi zofuzo ezibalulekile; eJiulonggang, edolobheni laseZhengdun, kwasungulwa indawo yesifundazwe yokuvikela.
- 2019. Isifunda sathola isihloko esithi «Indawo yaseChina yokuzalwa kweJiulong Dabaicha» (中国九龙大白茶之乡).
- 2022. Kwabhaliswa uphawu lwendawo «松溪九龙大白茶» № 60909447 empahleni «itiye elimhlophe».
- Igama:
- «Songxi» (松溪) — igama lesifunda.
- «Jiulong» (九龙) — «amadragoni ayisishiyagalolunye», ngomgqa weJiulonggang, lapho kwatholakala khona isihlahla sikamama.
- «Dabaicha» (大白茶, dàbáichá) — «itiye elikhulu elimhlophe», uhlobo lwezinhlobo ezinamaqabunga amakhulu ezinomoya omhlophe.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Ngalezi zinhlobo kuhlobene ukukhula kwetiye elimhlophe eSongxi: ngokwemininingwane yephephandaba lesifundazwe, kusukela ngo-2019 kuya ku-2022 indawo ngaphansi kwazo yakhula isuka ku-1000 yaya ku-12 000 mu, kanti inani labakhiqizi lakhula lisuka kwabangaphansi kweshumi laya kwabangaphezu kwekhulu.
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe
- Imvelaphi yezinhlobo: Ngokwezincazelo zezinhlobo, zakhiqizwa yisiteshi sesifunda sokuphatha ukulinywa kwetiye ngokukhetha isihlahla esisodwa kubantu bendawo bembewu; izinhlobo ngokwazo ziyi-clonal.
- Uhlobo lwesihlahla: Isihlahla esincane (小乔木型), esinamaqabunga amakhulu (大叶类), sokuqala (早芽种).
- Amahlumela: Amaqabunga amakhulu, imiqumbe inamanzi futhi iqinile, umoya omhlophe ukhanya (叶片硕大、毫心肥壮、茸毛洁白); imiqumbe iqala ukukhula kusenesikhathi, umoya omhlophe mningi.
- Izinto ezingavuthiwe: Imiqumbe namahlumela athambile; iphephandaba libala phakathi kwemikhiqizo izinaliti zesiliva (白毫银针) no-mudan (牡丹). Izinga lokuqoqa lophawu alikho emithonjeni etholakele.
- Isikhathi sokuqoqa: Azikho izinsuku eziqondile emithonjeni etholakele; izinhlobo zisengaphambili.
4. I-Terroir Nezici Zokutshala
- Isifunda: INyakatho yeFujian, isifunda saseSongxi esifundeni saseNanping. Isihlahla sikamama sikhula emgqeni weJiulonggang eduze kwedolobhana laseShuangyuan edolobheni laseZhengdun, endaweni yesifundazwe yokuvikela izakhi zofuzo.
- Ukuphakama, inhlabathi, isimo sezulu: Akukho mininingwane yendawo yophawu emithonjeni etholakele.
- Isici: Ukuhlobana kokubukeka kwetiye nendawo, hhayi nezinhlobo, imithombo etholakele ayikuhlaziyi; izincazelo zigcizelela izinhlobo — imiqumbe emikhulu enomoya omhlophe yokuqala.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Iphephandaba lesifundazwe libala njengezinyathelo ezibalulekile zetiye elimhlophe ukuvutshelwa nokomiswa. Ubuchwepheshe obuhlukile bophawu abukho emithonjeni etholakele. Isikimu esijwayelekile sesigaba esimhlophe yilesi:
- Ukuvutshelwa (萎凋, wěidiāo): Isikhathi eside, emoyeni noma endlini; iqabunga lilahlekelwa umswakama kancane, i-oxidation yenzeka ngokwayo, ngaphandle kokulungiswa.
- Ukoma (干燥, gānzào): Kuqinisekisa umphumela.
Ukusonteka nokulungiswa kwetiye elimhlophe akukho. Lesi yisikimu esijwayelekile sesigaba, hhayi incazelo yobuchwepheshe balolu phawu; amapharamitha awakho emithonjeni etholakele.
6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic
Incazelo engezansi inikezwe esihlokweni sephephabhuku «Isayensi Yokudla» (食品科学, 2025) ngesampula yetiye elimhlophe lezinhlobo ze九龙大白茶 — le yimininingwane yocwaningo, hhayi izidingo zophawu.
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Imiqumbe ikakhulukazi inamanzi futhi iqinile, inomoya obonakalayo; umbala umpunga-oluhlaza, uphilayo (芽头尤为肥壮、显毫；色泽灰绿润).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
- Iphunga lotshwala: Lisha futhi lithambile, linamanothi acacile ezimbali nephunga lomoya (香气鲜嫩，花香、毫香显).
- Ukunambitheka: Kusha, kuthambile, kumnandi futhi kuvuselela, kunothi lwembali ne «ukunambitheka komoya» okugcwele (滋味鲜醇甘爽、花香、毫韵足).
- Umbala wotshwala: Uphuzi webhilikosi, ukhanya (杏黄明亮).
- Ingaphansi letiye (iqabunga elibilisiwe): Lithambile, lithembekile, likhanya (叶底软嫩明).
Iphephandaba lesifundazwe lichaza izinhlobo njengokuhlanganisa ubusha betiye elimhlophe laseFuding nokugcwala kwetiye laseNyakatho Fujian.
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Imininingwane yocwaningo olufanayo: baqhathanisa itiye elimhlophe lezinhlobo eziyisithupha — 九龙大白茶, 福安大白茶, 福云6号, 政和大白茶, 福鼎大白茶 ne菜茶 yendawo yaseSongxi. Kwi九龙大白茶 kwatholakala okuningi kakhulu:
| Inkomba | Ukwakheka |
|---|---|
| Inani lamacatechin | 102,52 mg/g |
| Amacatechin e-ester | 96,31 mg/g |
| Epigallocatechin gallate | 71,29 mg/g |
| Theanine | 11,00 mg/g |
| Glutamic acid | 0,68 mg/g |
| Arginine | 1,07 mg/g |
Ephunga layo kuningi kakhulu kunakwezinye izinhlobo i-2-phenylethanol enothi lwe-rose ne-cis-3-hexenol. Iphephandaba lesifundazwe linikeza isilinganiso se-amino acid esingu-4,7 % futhi libhala ukuthi lokhu kuphakeme ngo-18 % kunetiye elimhlophe elijwayelekile; i-caffeine nama-polyphenol, ngokwemininingwane yalo, maningi ngo-6 % no-3 %. Le yimininingwane yabezindaba, hhayi izinkomba zezinga.
8. Ukuphisa
Umkhuba wesigaba setiye elimhlophe.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 85–90 °C ngemiqumbe namaqabunga athambile.
- Inani letiye: 3–5 g nge-150 ml.
- Isitsha: I-gaiwan, ingilazi yengilazi noma iketela.
- Inqubo:
- Ukufudumeza isitsha.
- Faka itiye bese uthela amanzi.
- Ukuchama kokuqala — imizuzu eyi-1–2 ku-gaiwan.
- Ngokuchama ngakunye engeza isikhathi.
- Ukuchama okune kuya kwayisithupha.
9. Ukugcina
Umkhuba wesigaba. Kuvaliwe, endaweni eyomile epholile emnyama, ngaphandle kwephunga langaphandle. Iphephandaba lihlobanisa nalezi zinhlobo imfashini yokuphuza itiye elimhlophe liselincane, «ngaphandle kokulinda».
10. Intengo Nezinto Zomgunyathi
Ngokwemininingwane yephephandaba lesifundazwe, kusukela ngo-2019 kuya ku-2022 intengo yeqabunga elisha yakhula isuka ku-50–60 yaya ku-180–200 yuan nge-jin, izinaliti zesiliva — isuka ku-500 yaya ku-10 000 yuan nge-jin, no-mudan — isuka ku-200 yaya ku-3500 yuan nge-jin. Lezi yizinombolo zencwadi eyodwa, hhayi inkomba yemakethe.
- Uzivikela kanjani ezintweni zomgunyathi:
- Funa uphawu № 60909447 nomkhiqizi wesifunda saseSongxi.
- Ngaphansi kophawu — itiye elimhlophe; itiye elibomvu neliluhlaza laseSongxi liphuma ngaphansi kwezinye izimpawu.
- Imiqumbe emikhulu nenamanzi, inomoya omhlophe omningi; utshwala buphuzi webhilikosi.
11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo
- Isihlahla sikamama sezinhlobo, esatholwa ngo-1868 emgqeni weJiulonggang, ngokwemininingwane yephephandaba ngo-2023 sisaphila, futhi sineminyaka engaphezu kwe-150.
- Igama lezinhlobo lanikezwa kuphela ngo-1981 — ngemva kweminyaka eyi-113 kusukela ekutholakaleni.
- Ekuqhathaniseni izinhlobo eziyisithupha zetiye elimhlophe i九龙大白茶 ikhombise amacatechin amaningi kakhulu ne-theanine.
- Isifunda saseSongxi sinezimpawu ezintathu zetiye lezigaba ezahlukene — ezimhlophe, ezibomvu neziluhlaza.
12. Ukuqhathanisa namanye amatiye amhlophe
- Songxi Baicha (松溪白茶): Isihloko sekhophasi ngetiye elimhlophe lesifunda jikelele; iSongxi Jiulong Dabaicha — uphawu lwetiye lwezinhlobo ezizodwa.
- Baihao Yinzhen (白毫银针): Izinaliti zesiliva — enye yezindlela lapho kuphuma khona itiye lalezi zinhlobo.
- Bai Mudan (白牡丹): Umqumbe onamaqabunga; iphephandaba libala u-mudan phakathi kwemikhiqizo yaseSongxi.
- Shuixian Bai (水仙白): Itiye elimhlophe laseJianyang, nalo enyakatho yeFujian, elivela kwezinye izinhlobo — i-shuixian.
Ekuphetheni:
ISongxi Jiulong Dabaicha — itiye elimhlophe elinendawo eqondile yokuqala: isihlahla sikamama sango-1868 emgqeni weJiulonggang. Kuso kwavela izinhlobo zokuqala ezinamaqabunga amakhulu ezinomqumbe onamanzi onomoya omhlophe, futhi ucwaningo lwezinhlobo eziyisithupha lwathola kuzo amacatechin amaningi kakhulu ne-theanine. Uphawu lwango-2022 lwaqinisekisa igama etiyeni elimhlophe lesifunda saseSongxi.
Imithombo
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo