Guǎngdé huángjīnyá

I-Guǎngdé Huángjīnyá (Guǎngdé huángjīnyá, 广德黄金芽) itiye eliluhlaza elisuka ezinhlotsheni ezinamaqabunga aphuzi zesifunda sasedolobheni iGuǎngdé (广德市) sesifunda sasedolobheni iXuānchéng eningizimu-mpumalanga yesifundazwe iĀnhuī. Igama lisho ukuthi “imihlumela yegolide yaseGuǎngdé”: amahlumela alezi zinhlobo aphuma ephuzi, futhi ephuzi enkomishini kuhlala iqabunga elomile, umnambitheko kanye neqabunga eliphisiwe. Umbhalo wokuvikela ufinyeza ukubukeka ngendlela ethi 三黄隐绿 — “okuphuzi okuthathu, lapho kucasha khona okuluhlaza”. Itiye alilona elekilasi eliphuzi: ubuchwepheshe obubhalwe embhalweni buluhlaza, abukho ukufudunyezwa okunomswakama. Kusukela ngo-2025 igama liwumkhiqizo onesibonakaliso sendawo.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Ikilasi limiswe ngokombhalo wokuvikela weChina National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA): ukwehlukanisa amaqabunga, ukubulala ukuluhlaza, ukubunjwa, ukomiswa kanye nokuqinisa iphunga (摊放→杀青→做形→干燥→提香); ukufudunyezwa okunomswakama (闷黄, mènhuáng) akukho. I-Xuānchéng Administration for Market Regulation ikubiza ngqo ngokuthi umkhiqizo uyitiye eliluhlaza. Igama elithi “igolide” egameni liwumbala wehlumela eliphilayo, hhayi ikilasi; incwadi yedolobha ka-2024 kanye ikhuluma “ngomkhakha wamatiye aphuzi” (黄茶产业), isho wona lawo amahlumela egolide; ukufudunyezwa okunomswakama akukho lapho.
Isigaba: Itiye lezinhlobo ezinamaqabunga aphuzi (黄化, huánghuà) ; umkhiqizo onesibonakaliso sendawo.
Imvelaphi: IChina, isifundazwe iĀnhuī (安徽, Ānhuī), isifunda sasedolobheni iXuānchéng (宣城, Xuānchéng), isifunda sasedolobheni iGuǎngdé (广德, Guǎngdé).
Indawo evikelwe: Izindawo eziyisishiyagalolunye zamakhosi kanye namadolobhana aseGuǎngdé — iTáozhōu, iBǎidiàn, iXīnháng, iQiūcūn, iShìjié, iYángtān, iDōngtíng, iSìhé kanye neLùcūn, sezizonke amadolobhana okuphatha ayi-120.
Izixhumanisi zendawo: 119°02′03″–119°40′08″ E, 30°37′03″–31°12′07″ N — ngokwesaziso seCNIPA.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Umlando:
- Itiye laseGuǎngdé jikelele. I-Xuānchéng Administration for Market Regulation ibhala ukuthi itiye lasemathempelini aseGuǎngdé lalilinywa kakade ngesikhathi seWestern Jìn (西晋), iveza izibalo zokuthengwa kwetiye nguhulumeni ngo-1142 nentela yetiye ka-1398, futhi icaphuna inkumbulo yendondo yegolide, itiye laseGuǎngdé elayithola embukisweni wasePanama ngo-1915. Le mininingwane ayihlobene namahlumela egolide.
- Umugqa kaLú Tóng. Incazelo yomkhiqizo iqalwa yinkampani yokuphatha ngomugqa ovela enkondlweni yetiye kaLú Tóng (卢仝) othi «先春抽出黄金芽» — “ngaphambi kwentwasahlobo kwaqhuma amahlumela egolide” — futhi ibiza lokhu njengokuqoshwa kokuqala kwe-黄金芽. Lo mugqa ukhuluma ngamahlumela asentwasahlobo; ukuhlobana nezinhlobo ezinamaqabunga akhanyayo kuyincazelo yekhasi ledolobha.
- 1982. Ngokwalelo khasi elifanayo, ngalo nyaka iGuǎngdé yaqala ukulima “广德黄金芽”. Ukuthi leli nani lihlobana kanjani nezinhlobo ezisembhalweni wokuvikela, akukwazi ukutholakala emithonjeni etholakele.
- 2018. Kwabhaliswa uphawu lwesitifiketi sendawo “广德黄金芽”.
- 2020. Umkhiqizo wafakwa ohlwini lukazwelonke lwe “名特优新” futhi wathola indondo yegolide yezinkanyezi ezinhlanu emncintiswaneni wokuqala wamatiye adumile e-Yangtze River Delta.
- 2021. Kwanikezwa isitifiketi sesibonakaliso sendawo sokulima, inombolo i-AGI03341.
- 2025. I-CNIPA ngesaziso №625 yaqinisekisa igama njengomkhiqizo onesibonakaliso sendawo — ngokombiko wedolobha, owokuqala eGuǎngdé. Ukuhlolwa kokuqala kwenani lomkhiqizo ngawo lowo nyaka kwanikeza, ngokwemininingwane yenkampani yokuphatha, u-1,001 wezigidigidi wamayuan.
Igama: 广德 — igama ledolobha; 黄金 — “igolide”, 芽 — “ihlumela”. I-黄金芽 yaziwa futhi njengegama lohlobo olunamaqabunga akhanyayo, kodwa alikho ohlwini lwezinhlobo zombhalo wokuvikela. Igama lomkhiqizo lichaza ukubukeka, hhayi uhlobo olulodwa.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Idolobha lakha kulolu hlobo lwetiye uphawu “lwesifunda sokuqala samahlumela egolide eChina” (中国黄金芽第一县). Ngokombhalo ka-2024, eGuǎngdé kunemigqa emithathu yamatiye adumile — i-广德云雾茶, i-广德白茶 kanye namahlumela egolide — futhi minyaka yonke kuba nomkhosi wokuqala kokukhiwa.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe

Izinhlobo: Ngokombhalo wokuvikela — i-中黄一号 (Zhōnghuáng yīhào), i-中黄二号 (Zhōnghuáng èrhào), i-中黄三号 (Zhōnghuáng sānhào) kanye ne-黄金叶 (huángjīnyè). I-Xuānchéng Administration for Market Regulation ihlukanisa amahlumela egolide phakathi kwezinhlobo eziguqukile ezinamaqabunga aphuzi (黄化).
Izinhlobo endaweni: Ngokombhalo wedolobha ka-2024, ingxenye yezinhlobo ezikhethiwe emasimini ingama-78%; eningizimu, ingxenye enezintaba, isalokhu iphethwe yizinhlobo zendawo zesintu, kanti izinhlobo ezinamaqabunga aphuzi zigxile emagqumeni aphakathi nenyakatho.
Indinganiso yokukhiwa: Ihlumela elilodwa elineqabunga elilodwa — ihlumela elilodwa elinamaqabunga amabili.
Isikhathi sokukhiwa: Izinsuku azibhalwanga embhalweni.

4. Indawo Yokutshala kanye Nezici Zokulima

Isimo sezulu: Ngokwe-Xuānchéng Administration for Market Regulation — isimo sezulu esisemngceleni osenyakatho se-subtropical esinomswakama we-monsoon: izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi nendawo lingu-15,4 °C, izinsuku ezingenasithwathwa ziyi-218, ukukhanya kwelanga imizuzu eyi-2162 ngonyaka, umswakama ophakeme ungama-80%, imvula icishe ibe yi-1379 mm. Ukuvama kwehlathi kungaphezu kwama-70%, umehluko wezinga lokushisa phakathi kwemini nobusuku mkhulu, futhi kunokukhanya okuhlakazekile okuningi.
Ukuphakama kokutshala: 200–800 m, imithambeka enamagquma engaphezu kuka-25° (umbhalo wokuvikela).
Inhlabathi: Inhlabathi ephuzi nebomvu (黄红壤), ukujula okungenani okungama-50 cm, izinto eziphilayo okungenani zingu-3,5%, i-pH 4,5–6,5.
Ukunakekelwa ngokombhalo: Ukutshala umugqa owodwa okuqukethe izitshalo ezimbili emgodini ngamunye, phakathi kwemigqa kungu-1,2–1,5 m; njengesisekelo — amakhilogremu angu-3000–3750 womquba we-rapeseed noma izinto eziphilayo ngehektheya ngalinye, umswakama wenhlabathi — u-70–90% womthamo wensimu.
Ububanzi: Imininingwane yedolobha iyahluka ngokweminyaka: izinkulungwane ezingama-55 ze-mu ngo-2024, “cishe izinkulungwane ezingama-50 ze-mu” entwasahlobo ka-2025, izinkulungwane ezingama-58 ze-mu ehlobo lika-2026.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Umbhalo wokuvikela ubeka izigaba ezinhlanu futhi esigabeni ngasinye — umswakama weqabunga ekuphumeni.

Ukwehlukanisa amaqabunga (摊放, tānfàng): Ngendwenga engu-3–5 cm amahora angu-5–8, ngokuphendula kanye noma kabili, kuze kube yilapho iqabunga lithambile futhi iphunga lotshani selinciphile. Umswakama — 69–71%.
Ukubulala ukuluhlaza (杀青, shāqīng): Ku-300–350 °C, kuze kube yilapho iqabunga elicindezelwe lingasanamatheli esandleni, isiqu singagobi ngaphandle kokuphuka, futhi kuvele iphunga letiye. Umswakama — 52–55%.
Ukubunjwa (做形, zuòxíng): Ezingeni lokushisa elisuka ku-130 liye ku-100 °C, imizuzu eyi-10–15, kuze kube yilapho iqabunga liqondele futhi liqinisa isimo. Umswakama — 15–20%.
Ukomiswa (干燥, gānzào): Ngaphandle komlilo oqinile ozumayo, kuze kube umswakama ongaphezu kuka-7,0%.
Ukuqinisa iphunga (提香, tíxiāng): Ukufudumeza okufushane ezingeni lokushisa eliphansi; umswakama — ongaphezu kuka-6,0%.

6. Izici Zokunambitheka

Incazelo — ngokombhalo wokuvikela.

Isimo seqabunga elomile: Amacembe avulekile futhi aqondile, aphuzi athambile anokuluhlaza okucwebezelayo, alinganayo futhi ahlanzekile (朵形舒直、色泽嫩黄透绿、匀净).
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho incazelo ehlukile emithonjeni etholakele.
Iphunga lomnambitheko: Lihlanzekile futhi limnandi, linothi lezimbali (香气清甜带花香).
Ukunambitheka: Kusha, kuthambile, kumnandi futhi kuvuselela (滋味鲜醇甘爽).
Umbala womnambitheko: Uphuzi okhanyayo onokuluhlaza okucashile (汤色亮黄隐绿).
Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga eliphisiwe): Lithambile futhi lilinganayo, amahlumela avuleka ngokuphelele, aphuzi ngokwegolide anokuluhlaza (叶底嫩匀成朵、金黄含绿).

Ifomula yokugcina yombhalo — i-三黄隐绿，香清味醇: okuphuzi okuthathu nokuluhlaza okucashile, iphunga elihlanzekile nokunambitheka okuthambile.

7. Ukwakheka KwamaKhemikhali

Izidingo zomzimba namakhemikhali zombhalo wokuvikela:

Inkomba	Indinganiso
Isicaphuno esinamanzi	okungenani ama-39%
Ama-polyphenol etiye	okungenani u-12,5%
Umlotha ophelele	okungenani u-7,5%

I-Xuānchéng Administration for Market Regulation iletha izibalo zayo: ama-amino acid angu-6–10%, ama-polyphenol acishe abe ngu-18–20%. Ayisho indlela, isampula noma unyaka, ngakho lokhu kuyinkombandlela enomthombo, hhayi indinganiso.

8. Ukuphisa

Indlela yesigaba setiye eliluhlaza elithambile.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 75–80 °C.
Inani letiye: amagremu ama-3 ku-150 ml.
Impahla: Ingilazi ecwebezelayo, lapho kubonakala khona amahlumela aphuzi, noma igaiwan emhlophe.
Inqubo:
1. Fudumeza impahla.
2. Faka itiye bese uthela amanzi odongeni.
3. Ukufakwa kokuqala — ngemva kwemizuzwana eyi-40–60.
4. Phuza, ushiye ingxenye yomnambitheko.
5. Thela amanzi futhi.
6. Ukuphindaphinda kabili noma kathathu.

9. Ukugcinwa

Inqubo yesigaba. Ukupakishwa okuvalekile, isiqandisi ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama nephunga langaphandle. Kungcono ukuphuzwa phakathi nonyaka.

10. Intengo kanye Namampunge

Ayikho imininingwane ngezintengo ezithengiswayo emithonjeni etholakele.

Indlela yokugwema amampunge:
- Funa uphawu olukhethekile lomkhiqizo onesibonakaliso sendawo kanye nophawu “广德黄金芽”.
- Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi uvela ezindaweni eziyisishiyagalolunye zamakhosi nasemadolobhaneni endawo.
- Iqabunga elomile — liqondile, liphuzi ngokuthambile nokuluhlaza; umnambitheko — uphuzi okhanyayo nokuluhlaza okucashile.
- Ungadidanisi netiye eliphuzi ngokwesigaba: amahlumela egolide awanakho ukufudunyezwa okunomswakama.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

Ubuchwepheshe bubhalwa ngokomswakama weqabunga: kusuka ku-69–71% ngemva kokwehlukaniswa kuya ku-6% ngemva kokuqinisa iphunga.
Esifundeni iLángxī sesifunda esifanayo kunesibonakaliso saso sendawo — i-郎溪黄金芽.
Ukulungela kokubulala ukuluhlaza umbhalo uwuhlola ngokuthinta: iqabunga kufanele lihlabe isandla kancane (略有刺手感).

12. Ukuqhathaniswa Namatiye Anamaqabunga Akhanyayo

I-Ānjí Huángjīnyá (安吉黄金芽): Itiye eliluhlaza elinamaqabunga aphuzi lesifunda iĀnjí eZhèjiāng — umakhelwane oseduze kakhulu ngegama.
IJìnyún Huángchá (缙云黄茶): Itiye eliluhlaza laseZhèjiāng lohlobo lwe-中黄2号 — olufanayo nolubhalwe embhalweni waseGuǎngdé.
I-Zhōnghuáng №1 (中黄一号): Isigaba sendatshana yesakhiwo ngohlobo oluqala ohlwini lwaseGuǎngdé.
IHuòshān Huáng Yá (霍山黄芽): Itiye eliphuzi laseĀnhuī ngokwesigaba, elinokufudunyezwa okunomswakama, — ukuze kuqhathaniswe.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Guǎngdé Huángjīnyá itiye eliluhlaza, eliqanjwe ngombala weqabunga: izinhlobo ze-中黄 kanye ne-黄金叶 zikhiqiza iqabunga elomile eliphuzi, umnambitheko ophuzi okhanyayo kanye nesisekelo segolide esinokuluhlaza okucashile. Umbhalo wokuvikela ka-2025 uwuchaza ngokuningiliziwe — kusukela ekuphakameni kwamasimu kuya emswakameni weqabunga esigabeni ngasinye. Imigqa emidala kanye nezibalo zentela zikhuluma ngetiye laseGuǎngdé jikelele; amahlumela egolide ngokwawo ayitiye lezinhlobo zesimanje.

Imithombo

Inkomba yendawo

Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo