Yǒngshùn méichá

Yunshun Meicha (Yǒngshùn méichá, 永顺莓茶) ndi madzi a chomera a m’boma la Yunshun (永顺县) m’chigawo chodzilamulira cha Xiangxi-Tujia-Miao kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Hunan. Zopangira zake si masamba a tiyi, koma mphukira zazing’ono ndi masamba a mpesa 显齿蛇葡萄 (Ampelopsis grossedentata); m’chiyankhulo cha tsiku ndi tsiku amatchedwa “tiyi wa mpesa” (藤茶, téngchá). Chizindikiro cha mankhwalawa ndi chovala choyera ngati siliva pa masamba owuma, “chisanu” (白霜, báishuāng): ichi ndi dihydromyricetin yotuluka panthawi yokonza. Dzinali limatetezedwa ngati chizindikiro chaulimi chadziko kuyambira 2020 komanso ngati mankhwala okhala ndi chizindikiro chadziko kuyambira 2025.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi

• Mtundu: Si tiyi m’lingaliro la botanical ndipo si limodzi mwa magulu asanu ndi limodzi a tiyi waku China; liwu 茶 m’dzinali ndi lachikhalidwe cha anthu.
• Gulu: Madzi a chomera osati ochokera ku chomera cha tiyi; chizindikiro chaulimi (2020) ndi mankhwala okhala ndi chizindikiro chadziko (2025).
• Mkhalidwe wazakudya: Mwa chidziwitso № 16 cha pa 24 December 2013, komiti ya boma yazaumoyo idavomereza masamba a 显齿蛇葡萄 ngati chakudya chatsopano, njira yogwiritsira ntchito ndi kuthira madzi otentha. Nkhani ya atolankhani yonena kuti chomeracho chinalowetsedwa mu 2019 m’ndandanda wa “mankhwala ndi chakudya chimodzi” (药食同源) sichinatsimikizidwe ndi chikalata.
• Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Hunan (湖南, Húnán), chigawo cha Xiangxi (湘西, Xiāngxī), boma la Yunshun.
• Malo otetezedwa: Malinga ndi chidziwitso cha 2025, ndi midzi 122 m’matauni khumi ndi limodzi ndi m’mizinda: Maoba (毛坝乡), Runya (润雅乡), Wanping (万坪镇), Shouche (首车镇), Shaba (砂坝镇), Cheping (车坪乡), Wanmin (万民乡), Tawo (塔卧镇), Yanjing (盐井乡), Liangcha (两岔乡), Shidi (石堤镇).
• Mgwirizano wa geographical: 109°38′59″–110°13′34″ kummawa, 28°55′40″–29°27′13″ kumpoto.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe

• Mbiri:
  • Nthano. Manyuzipepala a Hunan amalemba kuti mu “Shijing” chomerachi chimatchedwa “mbeu yakale ya tiyi ya mbedza” (古茶钩藤), kuti mu nthawi ya Tang ankamwa ngati mankhwala, ndipo mu nthawi ya Ming olamulira obadwa nawo a tusi (土司) ankatumiza kukhothi ngati msonkho. Magwero oyambirira a zonena izi sanatchulidwe m’zinthu zopezeka.
  • Zaka za m’ma 1990. Malinga ndi buku la Baidu, alimi adasiya kukonza m’madzi otentha (水煮杀青) ndikuyamba kukonza m’mphika (锅炒杀青), ndipo meicha adalowa pamsika; malinga ndi “Hunan Daily”, mu 1991 boma linkapanga zosakwana matani 5.
  • 2005. Malinga ndi “Hunan Daily”, kuyambira 25 August, ofesi yayikulu yoyang’anira ubwino, kuyendera ndi quarantine imateteza ngati mankhwala okhala ndi chizindikiro chadziko dzina “溪州莓茶” — mtundu womwe boma lidapanga mu 2004. Momwe dongosolo limeneli likugwirizana ndi lamakono silinafotokozedwe m’magwero opezeka; m’ndandanda wa 2025, mzere wa Yunshun meicha sunatchulepo izi.
  • 2015. Ukadaulo wopanga meicha wa Tujia udalowetsedwa m’ndandanda wachisanu ndi chiwiri wa cholowa chosaoneka — malinga ndi nkhani ina ya 2023 ya chigawo, malinga ndi ina ya chaka chomwecho ya chigawo.
  • 2020. Pa 30 April dzinali lidalembedwa ngati chizindikiro chaulimi. M’chaka chomwecho panatuluka miyezo itatu ya m’deralo — ya mankhwala, ya kulima ndi ya kukonza; malamulo opangira adafotokozedwa poyera ndi pulofesa wa dipatimenti ya tiyi ya yunivesite yaulimi ya Hunan. Pa 18 November, bungwe la China logulitsa tiyi linapereka kwa boma udindo wa “kwawo kwa meicha wakale” (中国古莓茶之乡).
  • 2021. Bungwe la tiyi la Hunan linatulutsa muyezo wa gulu T/HNTI 041-2021.
  • 2025. Mwa chidziwitso № 640 cha ofesi yadziko ya nzeru zamalonda (chosainidwa pa 16 July), dzinali lidadziwika ngati mankhwala okhala ndi chizindikiro chadziko, malo 969 mwa 1409. Wopempha ndi siteshoni ya boma yofalitsa ukadaulo wa mbewu zaukadaulo.
• Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Malinga ndi “Red Net”, kukweza meicha, kuphatikiza mtundu “Sicheng Gongcha” (司城贡茶), boma limamanga pa chikhalidwe cha Laosicheng (老司城) — malo a World Heritage; mitundu yonse ya meicha m’boma, malinga ndi chigawo (2022), ndi makumi awiri.

3. Kufotokoza Botanical ndi Zopangira

• Chomera: 显齿蛇葡萄 (xiǎnchǐ shépútáo, Ampelopsis grossedentata), mtundu Ampelopsis wa banja la mpesa (葡萄科) — malinga ndi chidziwitso cha 2013. Mpesa, osati chitsamba.
• Mtundu: Palibe mitundu yolembedwa m’magwero opezeka. M’munda wakale wa Maoba, malinga ndi malipoti a chigawo (2022), pali mitundu “big mei” (大莓), “small mei” (小莓) ndi mitundu yosowa “purple mei” (紫莓), komanso zomera ziwiri zazaka zoposa 200.
• Nkhalango yakuthengo: Mahekitala 3000 a meicha wakuthengo ku Maoba — “banki ya majini” ya m’deralo (“Red Net”, 2023); m’boma lonse — oposa mahekitala 5000 (chigawo, 2022).
• Kukolola: Malinga ndi zofunikira — kuyambira pakati mpaka kumapeto kwa April, mphukira za chaka chino zosapitirira 10 cm; pa chomera amasiya masamba 2–3, masamba amanyamulidwa m’mabasiketi a nsungwi omwe amapumira mpweya.

4. Malo ndi Zochitika za Kulima

• Dera: Pakati pa mapiri a Wulingshan (武陵山, Wǔlíng shān), mitsinje ya Yuanshui ndi Lishui.
• Kutalika kwa kulima: 300–1000 m — malinga ndi zofunikira za mankhwala; chinthu chimodzi chotsatsa chinatchula 500–1200 m.
• Dothi: Dothi lachonde lachikasu-lofiira lamchenga: zinthu zachilengedwe zoposa 2,5%, pH 4,5–7,5, wosachepera 70 cm.
• Ulimi malinga ndi zofunikira: Kudula kuchokera ku mphukira zokhwima pang’ono pa mabedi pansi pa filimu, osaposa 3500 pa hekitala; manyowa a urea sagwiritsidwa ntchito; m’nyengo yozizira chomera chimadulidwa mpaka 40 cm, pambuyo pa zaka 8–10 za kukolola munda umakhazikitsidwanso.

5. Ukadaulo Wopanga

Njira malinga ndi zofunikira za mankhwala otetezedwa:

1. Kufewetsa masamba (鲜叶摊放, xiānyè tānfàng): Wosanjikiza pafupifupi 10 cm ndi mpweya, mpaka fungo la udzu litatha.
2. Kukonza (杀青, shāqīng): Mpaka chovala choyera chichuluke, masamba asanduke achikasu ndipo chinyezi chikhale pafupifupi 50%.
3. Kupota (揉捻, róuniǎn): Masamba otentha amatsekedwa m’thumba la nsalu ndikupotoledwa pa makina pa kuthamanga kwapakati mpaka madzi atuluke.
4. Kuvunda (闷青, mènqīng): Zidutswa zimasweka ndikuyikidwanso m’thumba kwa maola 4–6, mpaka chovala chioneke.
5. Kuyanika pang’ono ndi “kutulutsa chisanu” (摊晾起霜, tānliàng qǐshuāng): M’thunzi mpaka kuyanika 60–70%, kenako pansi pa dzuwa lofalikira mpaka 80–90%.
6. Kutulutsa fungo (提香, tíxiāng): Mphindi 25 pa 80 °C, mpaka chinyezi chosaposa 8%.

Muyeso wa gulu wa 2021 umatchula magawo mosiyana — ndi kuwotcha m’ngoma (滚炒) ndi “kuvunda mpaka kukhala kwachikasu” (闷黄) — ndipo umafotokoza chovala ngati kutuluka kwa dihydromyricetin pamwamba pa masamba.

6. Khalidwe la Kumva

Kufotokoza — malinga ndi zofunikira za mankhwala otetezedwa a 2025.

• Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Zingwe zopyapyala zolimba zopota zofanana, zonse zokutidwa ndi chovala choyera (条索紧细、卷曲、匀齐，白霜满披); malinga ndi muyeso wa gulu — zasiliva-zoyera.
• Fungo la masamba owuma: Palibe kufotokoza kwapadera m’magwero opezeka.
• Fungo la madzi: Oyera, apamwamba ndi aatali (香气清悦高长).
• Kukoma: Odzaza, ofewa, ndi kubwerera kotsekemera (滋味醇厚回甘).
• Mtundu wa madzi: Wachikasu, wowala ndi wowonekera (汤色黄亮清澈).
• Masamba otayidwa (pambuyo kuthira): Achikasu chofewa ndi owala (叶底嫩黄明亮).

7. Zomwe Zili M’mankhwala

Zofunikira za mankhwala: flavonoids (黄酮) osachepera 3,5%, dihydromyricetin (二氢杨梅素) osachepera 25%. Dihydromyricetin yokha ndi flavonoid, choncho muyezo wake wapamwamba kuposa wonse umawoneka wodabwitsa; izi sizinafotokozedwe m’chikalatacho. Palibe deta ya caffeine m’magwero opezeka.

8. Ubwino Wathanzi

Palibe umboni wotsimikizika wa zotsatira za mankhwala enieniwo. Malonjezo achipatala a zinthu zotsatsa sabwerezedwa pano.

9. Kuthira

Mchitidwe wa kalasi. Njira zothira madziwa sizinapezeke m’magwero; pansipa pali magawo wamba a madzi a zitsamba ochokera ku masamba opotoka.

• Kutentha kwa madzi: 90–100 °C.
• Kuchuluka: 2–3 g pa 150–200 ml.
• Chotengera: Kapu yagalasi, gaiwan kapena mtsuko wa porcelain.
• Njira: Kuthira koyamba — mphindi 2–3, kenako kuthira kangapo ndi kuwonjezera nthawi.

10. Kusunga

Mchitidwe wa kalasi. Zofunikira zimafuna kuti paketi ikhale yotsekedwa bwino, yoyera, yopanda fungo lachilendo, yotetezedwa ku kuwala ndi chinyezi, komanso kutentha kwa chipinda. Chovala choyera ndi chikhalidwe cha zopangira, osati nkhungu.

11. Mtengo ndi Zachinyengo

Mitengo yamalonda sinapezeke m’magwero. Kukula kwadziko malinga ndi malipoti aboma kudakula mwachangu: mahekitala 61,000 ndi matani 915 mu 2022 (chigawo), oposa mahekitala 110,000, matani 2100 ndi pafupifupi 700 miliyoni yuan mu 2023 (manyuzipepala a Hunan).

• Momwe mungapewere zachinyengo:
  • Fufuzani chizindikiro cha mankhwala okhala ndi chizindikiro chadziko ndi chizindikiro chaulimi; pofika 2023 madera opangira adalembedwa ndi zikwangwani zofanana.
  • Onetsetsani kuti wopanga ndi wa m’matauni khumi ndi limodzi ndi m’mizinda ya dera lotetezedwa: chakumwa cha mpesa womwewo amapangidwanso m’chigawo cha Zhangjiajie komanso m’boma la Laifeng ku Hubei.

12. Zinthu Zosangalatsa

• Chidziwitso chomwecho № 640 chidazindikira meicha awiri a Hunan: 茅岩莓茶 wa Zhangjiajie (malo 916) ndi wa Yunshun (malo 969).
• Chovala choyera chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati muyeso wa njira: kuonekera kwake kumatanthauza kuti kukonza ndi kuvunda kunachitika molondola.

13. Kuyerekeza ndi madzi ena osachokera ku chitsamba cha tiyi

• Laifeng Tengcha (来凤藤茶): Madzi a mpesa womwewo m’chigawo cha Enshi m’chigawo cha Hubei; pambuyo kupota, masamba amasungidwa mumulu pansi pa filimu.
• Maoyan Meicha (茅岩莓茶): Meicha wa mpesa womwewo m’boma la Yongding m’chigawo choyandikana cha Zhangjiajie.
• Zhangjiajie Cha (张家界茶): Tiyi weniweni wa chigawo choyandikana; pamodzi naye pali chizindikiro “张家界莓茶” cha chakumwa cha mpesa womwewo.
• Xupu Yaocha (溆浦瑶茶): “Tiyi wotsekemera” wa ku Hunan wochokera ku masamba a mtengo wa banja la beech, nawonso mankhwala okhala ndi chizindikiro chadziko.

Pomaliza:

Yunshun Meicha ndi madzi a mpesa a mapiri a Tujia a Wulingshan, omwe mulibe tsamba limodzi la tiyi, koma ali ndi chikalata chatsatanetsatano choteteza: dera la matauni khumi ndi limodzi, kudula, kukolola mphukira za masentimita khumi, kuvunda m’thumba ndi muyezo wa dihydromyricetin. “Chisanu” chasiliva pa zingwe zopota ndi madzi achikasu owonekera ndi kubwerera kotsekemera ndi zizindikiro zake. Uwu ndi “tiyi” m’lingaliro lachikhalidwe cha anthu, ndipo sikuyenera kuyezedwa ndi miyezo ya tiyi.

Magwero

Miyezo

• T/HNTI 041-2021

Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero