Laifeng Tengcha (Láifèng téngchá, 来凤藤茶) ndi “tchai ya mpesa” ya m’boma la Laifeng (来凤县) m’chigawo cha Enshi-Tujia-Miao Autonomous Prefecture, m’chigawo cha Hubei. Si tsamba la chomera cha tiyi Camellia sinensis: zopangira zimachokera ku mapesi aang’ono, ndodo zokwera, ndi masamba a mpesa 显齿蛇葡萄 (Ampelopsis grossedentata) wa m’banja la mphesa, ndipo ofufuza a district Academy of Agricultural Sciences amatcha mankhwalawa m’malo mwa tiyi (代用茶, dàiyòng chá). Chizindikiro chachikulu ndi duwa loyera-lotuwa pamasamba owuma, “ngati chisanu”. Kuyambira 2013, ichi ndi chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha geographical indication.
1. Magulu ndi Chiyambi
- Mtundu: Si tiyi m’lingaliro la botanical ndipo si gulu limodzi mwa magulu asanu ndi limodzi a tiyi waku China. Zofunikira pa chinthu chotetezedwa zimatchedwa zopangira 显齿蛇葡萄 za mtundu wa Ampelopsis m’banja la mphesa.
- Gulu: Infusion yosachokera ku chomera cha tiyi; chinthu chokhala ndi geographical indication (2013) ndi geographical certification mark.
- Mkhalidwe wa chakudya: Tsamba la agri.cn likuti tengcha sali pa mndandanda wa “mankhwala ndi chakudya a chiyambi chimodzi” (药食同源) ndipo ali m’gulu la zakudya zochokera ku zinthu zatsopano (新资源食品); malemba otsatsa amatcha chinthu chogwiritsidwa ntchito pawiri. Magwero amasiyana.
- Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Hubei (湖北, Húběi), dera la Enshi (恩施, Ēnshī), boma la Laifeng (来凤, Láifèng), mapiri a Wulingshan (武陵山, Wǔlíng shān); Chinanews imayika boma pafupi ndi 30° N latitudi.
- Dera lotetezedwa: Malinga ndi chilengezo cha 2013, matauni a Lüshui (绿水镇), Baifusi (百福司镇) ndi Dahe (大河镇), maboma a Manshui (漫水乡), Jiusi (旧司乡), Geleche (革勒车乡) ndi Sanhu (三胡乡) m’malire awo amakono. Mu nkhani ya 2023, Jiusi ndi Geleche atchulidwa kale ngati matauni.
- Mayina ena: “Tiyi ya ndevu za chinjoka” (龙须茶, lóngxū chá) ndi “tiyi wotsekemera wa m’mapiri” (山甜茶, shān tiánchá); m’Chingerezi, vine tea.
2. Mbiri ndi Chikhalidwe
- Mbiri:
- Zolemba zakale. Zolemba za m’deralo zimaloza ku “Shijing”, “Canon of Tea” ya Lu Yu, “Jiuhuang Bencao” (救荒本草) ndi “Zhiwu Mingshi Tukao” (植物名实图考). Malinga ndi magwero oyambirira, maulalo awa sanatsimikizidwe.
- 1996–2000. Malinga ndi Xinhua, dokotala wakumudzi wa ku Dahe Town pakati pa 1996 ndi 1998 anachita zoyesera zikwi zambiri, kusankha kutalika kwa fixation ndi mphamvu ya rolling, mu 1998 anayambitsa malonda, ndipo cha m’ma 2000 analembetsa kampani yoyamba m’boma lopanga mankhwalawa.
- 2003. Malinga ndi Xinhua, ntchito yokhudza kulima theka-m’thengo ndi kukonza inadutsa kafukufuku; malinga ndi nyuzipepala ya chigawo “Hubei Daily”, panthawiyo anavomereza mtundu wa “凤鸣藤茶”.
- 2004. Local standard ya Hubei DB42/T 289-2004 “Laifeng Tengcha” inatulutsidwa (kuchokera pa 1 October 2004; inathetsedwa pa 11 April 2024). Xinhua imayika chaka cha 2004 monga chaka cha chitetezo cha chinthu, zomwe zikusemphana ndi chilengezo cha chitetezo cha 2013.
- 2008. Malinga ndi Xinhua, anasintha luso lobzala, “Hubei Daily” ikunena za kusintha kupita ku cuttings: m’mbuyomu kuchokera kubzala mpaka kukolola kunkatenga zaka zitatu, tsopano kukolola kuli kotheka chaka chomwecho, ndipo ndalama zolima zatsika ndi 80%.
- 2013. General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (质检总局) ndi chilengezo No. 41 cha 15 March 2013 inateteza Laifeng Tengcha monga chinthu chokhala ndi geographical indication.
- Pambuyo pake. M’masamba a miyezo pali zolembedwa za DB42/T 289-2014 ndi DB42/T 289-2025 “地理标志产品 来凤藤茶” ndi industry standard NY/T 3562-2020 “藤茶生产技术规程”; malemba awo sakupezeka m’magwero omwe apezeka. Reference database ya geographical indications imalemba certification mark No. 25031830; malinga ndi atolankhani a m’makampani, inalembetsedwa mu 2018.
- 2021–2025. Tengcha anaperekedwa ngati chakumwa cholandirira pa “ambassadors’ dinner” ya 4th China International Tea Exhibition (2021). Pa 1st International Tengcha Congress (2023), boma linalandira udindo wa “中国藤茶之乡”, ndipo pa 3rd Congress (2025) “世界藤茶之乡”.
- Dzina: “Laifeng” (来凤) ndi dzina la boma; “teng” (藤) ndi “mpesa”; “cha” (茶) ndi tiyi m’lingaliro lalikulu.
- Kufunika kwa chikhalidwe: Kwa Laifeng, tengcha ndi ntchito ya m’mapiri; magwero amatchula maekala osiyana, kuchokera 72,000 mu (2022) mpaka 102,000 mu (2025).
3. Kufotokoza kwa Botanical ndi Zopangira
- Chomera: 显齿蛇葡萄 (xiǎnchǐ shépútáo, Ampelopsis grossedentata (Hand.-Mazz.) W. T. Wang), banja la mphesa (葡萄科). Malinga ndi Xinhua, m’chilengedwe imakwawa pamiyala ndi mitsinje yamiyala ndipo ndi yotsika kwambiri kuposa chomera cha tiyi.
- Mtundu: “凤鸣藤茶” (Fèngmíng téngchá), wovomerezedwa mu 2003; malongosoledwe a mtunduwo sakupezeka m’magwero omwe apezeka.
- Muyezo wa kukolola: Malinga ndi zofunikira za chinthu, gulu lapamwamba kwambiri ndi “一须二芽” (ndevu ndi masamba awiri), loyamba ndi kuyambira bud ndi tsamba limodzi mpaka bud ndi awiri, lachiwiri ndi bud ndi masamba awiri. Kuthyola ndi dzanja m’mwamba (提手采), popanda kung’amba, mosiyanitsa magulu (分级采摘).
- Nthawi yokolola: Kuchokera April mpaka September.
- “Ndevu za chinjoka”: Nsomba zapamwamba kwambiri (龙须, lóngxū) ndi gulu lapamwamba kwambiri la zopangira, zina zonse ndi “tsamba wamba” (普叶, pǔyè). Malinga ndi lipoti la 2023, “ndevu” za dera limodzi zinkakololedwa kanayi pa nyengo.
4. Terroir ndi Zinthu Zolima
- Kutalika ndi dothi: Malinga ndi zofunikira, 400–800 m, malo otsetsereka osapitirira 45°, dothi la sandy loam lokhala ndi pH 5.5–6.5 ndi organic matter 1.5–2.0%.
- Nyengo: Malinga ndi lipoti la Chinanews, pafupifupi 1400 mm mvula pachaka, nkhalango 56.5%.
- Ulimi malinga ndi zofunikira: Cuttings kuchokera ku mapesi a zaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri, makulidwe 0.2–0.4 cm; 1000–1100 zomera pa mu; kupalira masiku 30 aliwonse mpaka pakati pa July, mu October osachepera 2000 kg manyowa pa mu. Mzati umayikidwa pamene kutalika kuli 30–50 cm, nsonga imadulidwa masiku khumi aliwonse.
5. Ukadaulo Wopanga
Zofunikira za chinthu chotetezedwa zimayika ndondomeko yofanana ndi tiyi wobiriwira, koma ndi kusungidwa mu mulu:
- Kufalitsa tsamba (摊青, tānqīng): Mzere wosapitirira 5 cm, kutaya chinyezi 15–20%.
- Fixation (杀青, shāqīng): 180–200 °C, kwa mphindi 20 mpaka ola limodzi.
- Kugudubuza (揉捻, róuniǎn).
- Kusungidwa mu mulu (自然堆放, zìrán duīfàng): Pansi pa filimu, maola 6–12.
- Kuyanika ndi kuyanikanso (烘干、复干, hōnggān, fùgān).
- Kusankha, sterilization (灭菌, mièjūn) ndi kulongedza.
Chinthucho chimakhala m’mitundu isanu: “ndevu” (须, xū), “buds ndi tsamba” (芽叶, yáyè), “ngale” (珠, zhū) mipira 1.5–2 mm, “kupindika” (曲, qū) monga spindle ndi “mame” (露, lù) tsamba lopindika.
6. Malingaliro a Organoleptic
Kufotokoza kumachokera ku zofunikira za chinthu chotetezedwa; pa mitundu yonse isanu kumakhala kofanana kupatula maonekedwe.
- Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: “Ndevu” ndi zidutswa zotuwa zokhala ndi duwa loyera; “buds ndi tsamba” ndi “mame” ndi zotuwa-zoyera zokhala ndi zobiriwira; “ngale” ndi yachikasu-zobiriwira; “kupindika” ndi kobiriwira kwakuda. Ministry of Agriculture imalemba za “chisanu” chotuwa-choyera (灰白披霜).
- Fungo la tsamba louma: Zofunikira zimatcha fungo “loyera” (气清香), osatchula ngati la tsamba louma kapena la infusion.
- Fungo la infusion: Loyera, latsopano (清香).
- Kukoma: Choyamba kuwawa pang’ono, kenako kutsekemera (微苦回甜); Ministry of Agriculture imawonjezera kuti kutsekemera kwakubwerera kumakhala kokhazikika (回甘持久).
- Mtundu wa infusion: Wachikasu-zobiriwira (黄绿).
- Tsamba lotsalira: Palibe malongosoledwe m’magwero omwe apezeka.
Mu kafukufuku wa 2023, zitsanzo khumi ndi ziwiri zochokera ku maboma ndi matauni asanu ndi limodzi zinalandira kuchokera 85.42 mpaka 92.59 mfundo kwa oyesa kukoma.
7. Zomwe Zili M’magulu a Chemical
Zofunikira za chinthu chotetezedwa:
| Chizindikiro | Chofunikira |
|---|---|
| Zinthu zosungunuka m’madzi | osachepera 28.0% |
| Ma flavonoid onse (monga dihydromyricetin) | osachepera 20.0% |
| Selenium | 5–100 µg pa 100 g |
Flavonoid wamkulu ndi dihydromyricetin (二氢杨梅素): mu kafukufuku wa Academy, kuchuluka kwa mfundo za oyesa kukoma kunkakwera pamodzi naye ndipo kunkatsika ndi mdima wa infusion. Nkhaniyo ikuti caffeine ndi theophylline kulibe mu tengcha, zomwe ndi zoyembekezeka kwa chomera osati cha mtundu wa camellia.
8. Ubwino Wathanzi
Palibe umboni wotsimikizika wokhudza zotsatira za chinthu chenichenicho. Zotsatira za ma flavonoid zomwe nkhani ya Academy imatchula zachokera ku ndemanga ya ntchito za ena ndipo si malangizo a zachipatala.
9. Kupanga Tea
Mchitidwe wa kalasi. Njira za Laifeng Tengcha sizinaperekedwe ndi zofunikira za chinthu kapena atolankhani; pansipa pali magawo wamba a infusions za zitsamba kuchokera ku tsamba lopindika.
- Kutentha kwa madzi: 90–100 °C.
- Kuchuluka: 2–3 g pa 150–200 ml.
- Zida: Kapu yagalasi, gaiwan kapena teapot ya porcelain.
- Ndondomeko: Tenthetsa chida, infusion yoyamba ndi mphindi 2–3, kenako kuthira kangapo ndi kuwonjezera nthawi.
10. Kusunga
Mchitidwe wa kalasi. Mu kulongedza kolimba, pamalo owuma, amdima, kutali ndi fungo. Duwa loyera ndi chikhalidwe cha zopangira, osati nkhungu.
11. Mtengo ndi Zonyenga
Mitengo ya ogulitsa siikupezeka m’magwero omwe apezeka. Malinga ndi lipoti la 2023, wokolola anapereka ku fakitale ya m’mudzi 5 kg za “ndevu za chinjoka” zatsopano kwa 220 yuan.
- Momwe mungapewere zonyenga:
- Yang’anani chizindikiro cha geographical indication kapena certification mark “来凤藤茶”.
- Onetsetsani kuti wopanga ndi wochokera ku maboma ndi matauni asanu ndi awiri a dera. Chakumwa chochokera ku mpesa womwewo chimapangidwanso kwina, mwachitsanzo, ku Zhangjiajie ndi chizindikiro chake “张家界莓茶”.
- Tsamba la mtundu umodzi mwa asanu, lokhala ndi duwa loyera-lotuwa; infusion ndi yachikasu-zobiriwira, kuwawa kumasintha mofulumira kukhala kutsekemera.
12. Zochititsa Chidwi
- Duwa limafotokozedwa mosiyanasiyana: tsamba la agri.cn limati ndi makhiristo a dihydromyricetin, Xinhua imati “fermentation”. Palibe kufotokozera kotsimikizika kwa maganizo achiwiri m’magwero omwe apezeka; kusungidwa mu mulu m’malamulo a kupanga kulikodi.
- Chiwerengero chachikulu cha ubwino m’zofunikira si fungo, koma ma flavonoid: osachepera 20%.
13. Kuyerekeza ndi Infusions Zina Zosachokera ku Tea Bush
- Xupu Yaocha (溆浦瑶茶): “Tiyi wotsekemera” wa Hunan wochokera ku masamba a mtengo 木姜叶柯 wa banja la beech, nayenso chinthu chokhala ndi geographical indication.
- Kuding (苦丁茶): Infusion yowawa yochokera ku masamba a zomera zobiriwira nthawi zonse; mu tengcha kuwawa kumasintha nthawi yomweyo kukhala kutsekemera.
- Zhangjiajie Cha (张家界茶): Tiyi weniweni wa dera la Zhangjiajie; palimodzi naye pali chizindikiro cholembetsedwa cha chakumwa chochokera ku mpesa womwewo.
- Enshi Xicha (恩施硒茶): Chizindikiro cha umbrella cha dera lomwelo la Enshi; m’ndandanda wake wa ma brand pali dzina lokhala ndi mawu “藤茶”, zomwe zili m’menemo sizinayesedwe.
Pomaliza:
Laifeng Tengcha ndi infusion yochokera ku mapesi ndi masamba a mpesa wa banja la mphesa, yomwe inakula m’mapiri a Wulingshan kuchokera ku kusonkhanitsa kutchire kukhala ntchito ya boma: mtundu kuyambira 2003, chitetezo kuyambira 2013, malamulo ake okolola, fixation ndi kusungidwa mu mulu. “Chisanu” chotuwa-choyera pamasamba, infusion yachikasu-zobiriwira ndi kuwawa pang’ono komwe kumasintha mofulumira kukhala kutsekemera kwautali, ndizo zizindikiro zake. Iyi ndi “tiyi” m’lingaliro la anthu wamba la mawu, ndipo muyeso wa ubwino wake ndi ma flavonoid, osati tsamba la tiyi.
Magwero
Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero