Wuhe Chaye (Wǔhé cháyè, 五合茶叶) ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa m’tauni ya Yangtan (杨滩镇) m’boma la Guangde (广德市) m’chigawo cha Xuancheng kum’mwera chakum’mawa kwa chigawo cha Anhui. Dzinali limachokera ku mudzi wa Wuhe (五合村), ndipo mawu oti “chaye” (茶叶) amangotanthauza “tsamba la tiyi”. Gulu silimachokera ku dzina, koma ku ndondomeko ya chitetezo: kukhazikika, kugubuduza, ndi kuyanika ndi mpweya wotentha, popanda okosijeni. Chikalatacho chimalongosola tiyi “wooneka ngati lilime la mpheta” (形似雀舌), wokhala ndi tsitsi loyera lochepa ndi madzi obiriwira ngati emerald. Dzinali linalandira chitetezo kawiri: mu 2020 monga chizindikiro chaulimi chokhudza dera, ndipo mu 2025 monga malonda omwe ali ndi chizindikiro chokhudza dera.
1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi
- Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá). Chikalata cha chitetezo cha 2025 chimalemba ndondomeko yopanda okosijeni, ndipo gawo la kupanga mawonekedwe limalembedwa ndi mawu oti “hongqing” (hōngqīng) — umu ndi mmene amatchulira tiyi wobiriwira woumitsidwa ndi mpweya wotentha. Kuchokera ku dzina gulu silimachokera: 五合 ndi dzina la malo, 茶叶 ndi “tsamba la tiyi”.
- Gulu: Malonda omwe ali ndi chizindikiro chokhudza dera (地理标志产品, dìlǐ biāozhì chǎnpǐn), 2025; kuyambira 2020 — chizindikiro chaulimi chokhudza dera (农产品地理标志).
- Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Anhui (安徽, Ānhuī), mzinda wa Xuancheng (宣城, Xuānchéng), boma la Guangde (广德, Guǎngdé), tauni ya Yangtan (杨滩, Yángtān).
- Dera la chitetezo: Midzi inayi ya tauni ya Yangtan — Wuhe (五合村), Baima (白马村), Liaolin (燎琳村) ndi Jiufang (九房村). Mizere malinga ndi chilengezo cha 2025: 119°03′01″–119°13′58″ kum’mawa, 30°35′02″–30°52′29″ kumpoto.
- Kusiyana kwa mizere: M’mafotokozedwe a 2020, mndandanda wa midzi ndi omwewo, koma mizere ndi yosiyana: 119°03′55″–119°13′30″ kum’mawa, 30°38′30″–30°52′28″ kumpoto. Chikalata sichikuwonetsa kuti malire ati ndi olondola.
2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe
- Zikalata za chitetezo:
- 14 April 2020. Ofesi yoyang’anira ubwino wa zokolola zaulimi m’chigawo cha Anhui inalengeza patsamba la bungwe laulimi la chigawo za kulandira pempho la chizindikiro chaulimi chokhudza dera; wopemphayo anasankhidwa kukhala ofesi yoyang’anira ubwino wa zokolola zaulimi ku Guangde.
- 25 December 2020. Mwa chilengezo cha Unduna wa Zaulimi nambala 378, malonda 178 analandira chitetezo. Malinga ndi zomwe bungwe la tiyi linalemba, pakati pa tiyi khumi ndi asanu ndi awiri pa mndandandawu panali 五合茶叶, pafupi ndi 洞庭碧螺春, 信阳毛尖 ndi 福鼎白茶.
- 2025. Mwa chilengezo cha National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA) nambala 632 cha 9 June (chofalitsidwa 27 June), malonda 224 adavomerezedwa kukhala malonda omwe ali ndi chizindikiro chokhudza dera; 五合茶叶 ndi nambala 103. Wopempha ndi gulu laukadaulo loyang’anira malamulo a zaulimi ku Guangde.
- Nthano ndi mbiri yakomweko. Zomwe zili m’munsi ndi zochokera munkhani ya mbiri yakomweko ya 2023 yolembedwa ndi ofufuza a mbiri ndi chikhalidwe cha Xuancheng. Zolemba zakale zomwe nkhaniyo imatengera sizikupezeka.
- Western Jin (西晋). Potengera “Mbiri ya dera la Guangde” (《广德州志》), nkhaniyo imalemba kuti kale panthawiyo mitengo ya tiyi inkabzalidwa pafupi ndi akachisi ndipo tiyi ankapangidwa.
- Ming ndi Qing. Malinga ndi nkhaniyo, tiyi ankaperekedwa ngati msonkho kwa mafumu a mibado yonse iwiri, ndipo m’zaka za Jiajing (嘉靖) analandira dzina loti “御茶” — “tiyi wa mfumu”. Mudzi wa Shengzikou (升子口) unali wotchuka kwambiri, pomwe panali munda wa msonkho wokwana pafupifupi mahekitala 6.7. Dzina lake lakale Shenzhikou (圣旨口, “pakamwa pa lamulo”) nkhaniyo imalongosola kuti pano akuluakulu ankalengeza lamulo la mfumu, ndipo dzina lamasiku ano, malinga ndi nkhaniyo, mudziwo unalandira pakati pa zaka za zana la makumi awiri. Uku ndi kutanthauzira kwa komweko kwa dzina la malo, osati chikalata.
- 1915. Pansi pa dzina “广德云雾茶” (“tiyi wa mtambo ndi chifunga wa Guangde”), malinga ndi nkhaniyo, tiyiyu analandira mphoto ya golide pa Chiwonetsero cha Mayiko ku Panama.
- 1967–1976. Zokolola za gulu mu 1967 zinali zosakwana matani pafupifupi 20 (担), ndipo mu 1970 pafupifupi matani 20. Kenako mothandizidwa ndi mafakitale, anayika mzere wamagetsi wa 4.5 km, anamanga malo atatu ogwirira ntchito ndikuika makina okhazikika, ogubuduza ndi owumitsa; pofika 1976 zokolola zidakula mpaka pafupifupi matani 50.
- 1988. Dzina la tiyi wotchuka wa chigawo cha Anhui.
- Cholowa. Malinga ndi nkhaniyo, luso lopanga tiyi linalembedwa pamndandanda wa cholowa cha chikhalidwe chosagwirika cha boma la Guangde, ndipo nyumba yosungiramo tiyi inatsegulidwa m’mudzimo.
- Dzina: “Wuhe” (五合) ndi dzina la mudzi, “chaye” (茶叶) ndi “tsamba la tiyi”.
3. Kufotokozera za Zomera ndi Zopangira
- Mtundu / Cultivar: Chikalata cha chitetezo chimatchula “本地传统云雾茶品种” — mtundu wamba wakomweko wa tiyi wa “mtambo ndi chifunga” (云雾茶, yúnwù chá). Mayina a mitundu ina palibe.
- Zopangira: Kuchokera ku mphukira imodzi mpaka ku mphukira yokhala ndi masamba awiri; mphukira yodzaza ndi tsamba lakuthwa lomwe limakhalabe lofewa kwa nthawi yayitali (芽壮，叶厚，持嫩性好).
- Nthawi yokolola: Kuyambira pakati pa March mpaka kumapeto kwa April. Ndizoletsedwa kutola tsamba lokhala ndi tizilombo ndi matenda, lofiirira, la “nsomba” (鱼叶) ndi lofiira.
- Minda: Osapitirira zomera 60 000 pa hekitala, osachepera matani 15 a manyowa owola pa hekitala pachaka.
4. Malo ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima
- Dera: Kum’mwera chakum’mawa kwa Anhui. Malinga ndi nkhaniyo, dera lamapiri la Wuhe lili pamphambano ya mapiri a Tianmushan (天目山) ndi Huangshan (黄山).
- Kutalika kwa kulima: 300–800 m — malinga ndi chikalata cha chitetezo.
- Dothi: Chikalatacho chimatchula dothi labwino kukhala “青砂土” ndi “麻骨土” lokhala ndi pH 4.0–5.5. Nkhaniyo imalemba za dothi lofiira ndi lachikasu lokhala ndi pH 5.0–5.5 ndi zolimbitsa za pafupifupi 2.5 %.
- Nyengo: Malinga ndi nkhaniyo, kutentha kwapachaka ndi 15.4 °C, mvula ndi 1300 mm, ndipo mitengo imaphimba kuposa 90 %. Momwemonso amati m’masika pafupi ndi minda maluwa amtchire a orchid, chitumbuwa ndi pichesi amamera.
- Malo: Malinga ndi zomwe zinalembedwa mu 2020, dera la chitetezo ndi mahekitala 6860, minda yokhazikika ndi mahekitala 3000, zokolola pachaka ndi matani 225.
5. Ukadaulo wa Kupanga
Njira malinga ndi chikalata cha chitetezo cha 2025:
- Kuyala (摊放, tānfàng): Osapitirira 5 cm, maola 5–8, kutembenuza pakadutsa maola 2–3, mpaka chinyezi 70–75 %.
- Kukhazikika (杀青, shāqīng): 120–170 °C, chinyezi pambuyo pa kukhazikika 58–60 %, kenako kuziziritsa nthawi yomweyo.
- Kugubuduza (揉捻, róuniǎn): Mphindi 15–35, mpaka masamba akhale olimba; kuchuluka kwa ogubuduzidwa kuposa 90 %.
- Kuwumitsa koyamba (初干, chūgān): Ndi mpweya wotentha kapena m’potulo pa 110–130 °C mpaka chinyezi 45–55 %, kenako kupumitsa.
- Kupanga mawonekedwe ndikuwonetsa tsitsi (整形提毫, zhěngxíng tíháo): 80–90 °C, kusinthanitsa njira zowongola ndi kugubuduza masamba mpaka chinyezi 15–20 %.
- Kuwumitsa komaliza (足干, zúgān): 60–80 °C, mphindi 30–45, mpaka chinyezi 6–7 %.
- Kukweza fungo (提香, tíxiāng): 90–100 °C, mphindi 3–5, mpaka chinyezi chosachepera 6 %.
6. Makhalidwe a Kumva
Kufotokozera kwa chikalata cha chitetezo; pamene nkhaniyo ikusiyana, yalembedwanso.
- Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Ngati lilime la mpheta (形似雀舌), ndi tsitsi loyera lochepa, lobiriwira ngati emerald (翠绿). Nkhaniyo imalongosola masamba mosiyana — owongoka, “ooneka ngati lupanga la kupeta” (绣剪形), okulirapo ndi ofanana.
- Fungo la masamba owuma: Palibe kufotokozera kwake m’zolemba zomwe zapezeka.
- Fungo la madzi: Lokhuthala ndi lodzaza (香气醇厚). Malinga ndi nkhaniyo — loyera, lokhala ndi fungo la maluwa.
- Kukoma: Ndi kukoma kokhalira m’kamwa, kotsitsimula; tiyi amapirira kutsukidwa kambiri (回味甘甜，爽口耐冲泡).
- Mtundu wa madzi: Wobiriwira ngati emerald (汤色翠绿). Malinga ndi nkhaniyo — wobiriwira wopepuka ndi wowala.
- Masamba pansi (masamba otsukidwa): Chikalatacho sichikulongosola. Malinga ndi nkhaniyo — ofewa, ofanana, obiriwira ndi owala (嫩匀绿亮).
7. Zomwe Zili M’kati
Zofunikira za chikalata cha chitetezo cha 2025:
| Chizindikiro | Chofunikira |
|---|---|
| Chinyezi | osapitirira 6.0 % |
| Zosungunuka m’madzi | 42.5–53.5 % |
| Phulusa lonse | 4.5–5.9 % |
| Fiber yosaphika | 7.5–12.8 % |
| Polyphenols a tiyi | osachepera 18 % |
Izi ndi zofunikira za malonda omwe ali pansi pa dzina lotetezedwa, osati miyeso ya magulu enieni.
8. Kutsuka
Njira ya gulu la tiyi wobiriwira.
- Kutentha kwa madzi: 80–85 °C.
- Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml.
- Zida: Kapu yagalasi kapena gaiwan yoyera.
- Njira: Tenthetsa zida, tsanulira madzi m’mbali, kutsuka koyamba pakadutsa masekondi 40–60, kusiya gawo la madzi ndikuwonjezera; kutsuka kawiri kapena katatu.
9. Kusunga
Njira ya gulu. M’zotentha zotsekedwa, mufiriji pa 0–5 °C, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo. Ndi bwino kumwa mkati mwa chaka.
10. Mtengo ndi Zonamizira
Palibe deta ya mitengo m’zolemba zomwe zapezeka.
- Momwe mungapewere zonamizira:
- Fufuzani chizindikiro chapadera cha chizindikiro chokhudza dera: ufulu wake umaperekedwa kwa opanga ochokera m’dera la chitetezo pamodzi ndi pempho kudzera ku ofesi ya nzeru za katundu ku Guangde, ndi kuvomerezedwa ndi CNIPA.
- Onetsetsani kuti wopanga ndi wa m’midzi inayi ya tauni ya Yangtan.
- Malinga ndi chikalata: masamba ngati lilime la mpheta, ndi tsitsi loyera, lobiriwira ngati emerald; madzi obiriwira ngati emerald.
11. Zinthu Zosangalatsa
- Dera la chitetezo ndi midzi inayi yokha ya tauni imodzi.
- Dzinali limatetezedwa ndi kaundula awiri, ndipo opempha m’menemo ndi osiyana.
- Malinga ndi nkhaniyo, pakhomo la chigwa cha Shengzikou pali mwala wolembedwa “贡茶升子口” — “tiyi wa msonkho wa Shengzikou”.
- Malinga ndi nkhaniyo, atasinthira ku kupanga ndi makina, zokolola za gulu zidakula kuchokera pa matani pafupifupi 20 mu 1970 kufika pafupifupi matani 50 mu 1976.
12. Kuyerekeza ndi tiyi ena a Xuancheng
- Guangde Huangjin Ya (广德黄金芽): Tiyi wobiriwira wa boma lomwelo la Guangde, koma wochokera ku mitundu ya masamba achikasu.
- Jingting Lü Xue (敬亭绿雪): Tiyi wobiriwira wa mbiri yakale wa chigawo cha Xuancheng, wokhudzananso ndi msonkho wa mibado ya Ming ndi Qing.
- Yashan Ruicaokui (鸦山瑞草魁): Tiyi wobiriwira wa boma la Langxi m’chigawo chomwecho, wokhalanso ndi chitetezo cha 2025.
- Huangshan Yun Wu (黄山云雾茶): Tiyi wobiriwira wa “mtambo ndi chifunga” wa Huangshan, kumapiri kwake komwe olemba mbiri yakomweko amagwirizanitsa ndi mapiri a Wuhe.
Pomaliza:
Wuhe Chaye ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa midzi inayi ya tauni ya Yangtan, amene dzina lake limanena za malo osati za gulu. Chikalata cha chitetezo chimalongosola mwatsatanetsatane: mtundu wamba wa tiyi wa “mtambo ndi chifunga”, minda pa 300–800 m, kukhazikika pa 120–170 °C, kuwumitsa ndi mpweya wotentha, masamba ngati lilime la mpheta ndi madzi obiriwira ngati emerald. Ulemerero wa msonkho wa nthawi ya Ming ndi golide wa 1915 ndi nkhani ya olemba mbiri yakomweko, osati chikalata chakale.
Magwero
Chizindikiro cha malo
Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero