Měnghǎi Hèsōng chá

I-Menghai Hesong Cha (Měnghǎi Hèsōng chá, 勐海贺松茶) wuphawu lwendawo lwetiye lase villagesini i-Hesong (贺松) esifundeni sase-Bada entshonalanga yesifunda sase-Menghai, i-Xishuangbanna-Dai Autonomous Prefecture, esifundazweni sase-Yunnan. I-Hesong ayidume ngezingadi, kodwa ngehlathi: ehlathini lase-Daheishan (大黑山) eduze kwedolobhana ngo-1961 kwatholakala isihlahla setiye sasendle esiphakeme ngamamitha angu-32.12, esenza yonke indawo yase-Bada yaduma, futhi safa ngo-2012. Idokhumenti yophawu ayisho ukuthi imikhiqizo iyiliphi ikilasi, futhi angizange ngithole izincazelo zetiye lase-Hesong ngokwalo.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Akutholakali: uhlu lwezimpawu alusho ikilasi. Izingadi ezindala zase-Menghai ziwumthombo wempahla yamaqabunga amakhulu ikakhulukazi e-puer, kodwa kusuka kulelo qabunga kwenziwa netiye elibomvu, kanye netiye elimhlophe; ukuthi uphawu lumboza muphi umkhiqizo, akwaziwa.
Isigaba: Uphawu lwasedolobhaneni lwesifunda sase-Menghai. Uhlu alucacisi uhlobo lophawu, kodwa abezindaba babiza izimpawu zesifunda ngezintaba namadolobhana ngokuthi izimpawu zokuqinisekisa (证明商标).
Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Yunnan (云南, Yúnnán), i-Xishuangbanna-Dai Autonomous Prefecture (西双版纳, Xīshuāngbǎnnà), isifunda sase-Menghai (勐海县, Měnghǎi Xiàn), isifunda sase-Bada (巴达, Bādá), idolobhana i-Hesong. Ngokombhalo wephephabhuku i-Puer, kuhlala ama-Aini (僾尼, àiní), okuyigatsha lesizwe sama-Hani.
Indawo evikelwe: Uhlu lubonisa isifunda sase-Menghai njengobunikazi bokuphatha bophawu; umnikazi wophawu ngokwakhe akabiziwe, futhi umngcele wezomthetho wendawo angiwuhlolanga.
Izixhumanisi zendawo: Azikho izixhumanisi eziqondile emithonjeni etholakele.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Umlando:
- 1961–1962 — ukutholakala. Ngokombhalo wephephabhuku i-Puer, ngo-Okthoba 1961 ama-Aini endawo athola isihlahla setiye esikhulu ehlathini elisezintabeni eduze kwase-Hesong. I-Yunnan Tea Institute yathumela abacwaningi kuso kabili — ngo-Okthoba 1961 kanye nangoFebruwari 1962. Ngokombhalo wesango letiye, kusuka e-Menghai baya e-Bada bahamba ngezinyawo izinsuku ezintathu, futhi ubude balikala ngonxantathu phansi, futhi, bengakholelwa emamitheni angaphezu kwamashumi amathathu, babuya bezophinda balikala. Iphephabhuku lebhizinisi i-Jiemian lithi ukutholakala kwenzeka ngo-1962.
- Isihlahla. Ubude — 32.12 m, ububanzi besiqu cishe 1 m, iminyaka ngokwesilinganiso sochwepheshe — ngaphezu kwe-1700. Ngo-1967 umoya waphula isihloko, kwahlala 14.7 m. Ukuzungeza phansi iphephabhuku likubiza ngokuthi 3.2 m, kanti irekhodi lokuhlola lika-1978 ekulandiseni kwesango lithi 2.9 m.
- 1980. Ngokwephephabhuku, kulelo hlathi linye kutholakala isihlahla sasendle esikhudlwana — 34 m ubude no-3.8 m ukuzungeza. Noma kunjalo, “iNkosi” ngomkhuba kwaqhubeka kubizwa esokuqala.
- 2004. Iziphathimandla zesifunda kanye ne-Tea Institute bahlola imithombo yetiye yasendle futhi babala ngaphezu kwe-6000 mu yemiphakathi yezihlahla ezindala. Iphephabhuku lithi le-6000 mu ingeyasehlathini i-Xiaoheishan (小黑山), kanti i-Jiemian ibhala nge-6000 mu yezihlahla ezindala ehlathini i-Daheishan eduze kwase-Hesong.
- 2012 — ukufa. Ngokwe-Jiemian, isihlahla safa ukufa kwemvelo ngo-2012; iphephabhuku i-Puer libhala nokufa ngenxa yokuguga. Izinsalela zesiqu, ngokwephephabhuku, kuthiwa zathathwa zayiswa edolobheni njengombukiso, kanti endaweni yesihlahla kukhona i-gazebo kanye netshe lesikhumbuzo.
- Izimpawu. Uphawu oluyi-umbrella lwe-«勐海茶» lwafakwa ngo-2012 yisikhungo setiye sesifunda futhi lwabhaliswa ngo-2014; ngokwe-«Yunnan Daily» (2022), isifunda sabhalisa izimpawu zokuqinisekisa eziyi-16, kuhlanganise ne-«勐海班章茶» kanye ne-«勐海保塘茶». Ohlwini lwezimpawu ze-GI zase-Yunnan lwango-28 Disemba 2019, i-«勐海贺松茶» imi emgqeni wama-226, phakathi kwezimpawu eziyishumi nanhlanu zezintaba namadolobhana ase-Menghai.
Igama: I-«Menghai» (勐海) yigama lesifunda, i-«Hesong» (贺松) yigama ledolobhana, i-«cha» (茶) itiye. Ukuchazwa kwegama ledolobhana akukho emithonjeni etholakele.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Umbhalo ngomlando wokutholwa esangweni letiye ubeka isihlahla sase-Bada ochungechungeni lwama-«kings of tea» omlando: isihlahla samasiko sase-Nannuoshan, isasendle sase-Bada kanye nesokushintsha sase-Banwei (邦崴). Iphephabhuku i-Puer libhala ukuthi ukutholakala kwenza iBada yaba indawo yokuhambela abathandi betiye, futhi izakhamuzi zase-Hesong zihambisa izivakashi ezihlahleni zasendle ehlathini i-Daheishan.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa

Izinhlobo / Cultivar: Kutiye elingaphansi kophawu akubizwanga emithonjeni etholakele.
Isihlahla- patriarch. Irekhodi lokuhlola lika-1978 ekulandiseni kwesango letiye: iqabunga liyi-elliptic, liluhlaza okotshani, liyacwebezela, linesikhumba; iqabunga elivuthiwe ngokwesilinganiso lingama-14 cm ubude (12–17) no-6 cm ububanzi (5–7), imithambo engama-8–11 ngazimbili; ihlumela liqinile futhi lide, lingenaboya, liphuzi-luhlaza, izembozo zibomvu-ngokubomvana; amahlumela aqala ekuqaleni kukaMashi. Kamuva isihlahla sahlukaniswa njengohlobo lwe-大理茶 (dàlǐ chá). Ngokwamazwi abantu bendawo kulelo rekhodi, ehlathini kukhona ezinye izihlahla eziyisishiyagalolunye zasendle zohlobo olufanayo.
Amahlumela asendle. Iphephabhuku i-Puer libhala ukuthi ezihlahleni zasendle zase-Daheishan ihlumela lide futhi licinene kunelamasiko, futhi aliluhlaza, kodwa liyi-purple-brown.
Izinto zokusetshenziswa, ukuvuna kanye nezinga lokuvuna: Azikho izidingo zophawu, izikhathi kanye nezinga lokuvuna emithonjeni etholakele. Ukubuyekezwa kwezintaba zetiye esangweni letiye kuthi izihlahla zasendle zase-Daheishan zingohlobo lwe-大理茶 futhi kubala ezinye izindawo ezingu-3451 mu zezingadi zasendle ezindala endaweni yase-Bada; akukho data ngokuhlukile ngezingadi zase-Hesong.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala

Isifunda: Isifunda sase-Bada emngceleni neMyanmar. I-Jiemian isibeka entshonalanga yesifunda, omunye umbhalo usibeka eningizimu.
Ukuphakama: Idatha iyaphikisana: irekhodi lika-1978 libeka isihlahla- patriarch ekuphakameni cishe kwama-1500 m, kanti ukubuyekezwa kwezintaba zetiye kubeka ku-1910 m, yonke i-Daheishan massif iku-1760–2000 m. Ukuphakama kwedolobhana ngokwalo kanye nezingadi zalo akukho emithonjeni etholakele.
Isimo sezulu: Irekhodi lika-1978 libiza isimo sezulu eduze kwesihlahla ngokuthi yi-tropical. Eminye imininingwane yesimo sezulu nge-Hesong ayikho emithonjeni etholakele.
Inhlabathi: Eduze kwesihlahla- patriarch — i-red-brown, enongqimba olujiyile kanye nepulangwe elikhulu le-humus (irekhodi lika-1978). Kwi-Bada jikelele omunye umbhalo ubiza inhlabathi ephuzi (黄壤).
Ihlathi: I-Daheishan massif — ngokwerekhodi lika-1978, ihlathi lokuqala lesibili emithambekeni emikhulu; isihlahla sakhula emthambekeni oseningizimu-mpumalanga we-ridge. Ukubuyekezwa kwezintaba zetiye kubiza ihlathi ngokuthi i-monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest, indawo engu-5 km²; i-massif, ngokwalokho kubuyekezwa, imenyezelwe njengendawo yokulondoloza.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Ubucwepheshe betiye elingaphansi kophawu abukho emithonjeni etholakele, ikilasi alibizwanga. Umkhiqizo omkhulu wezingadi ezindala zase-Menghai yi-sheng puer (生普, shēngpǔ); uma uphawu lumboza lokho, uhlelo olujwayelekile lunjena:

Ukuvuna (采摘, cǎizhāi).
Ukupholisa amaqabunga (摊晾, tānliàng).
Ukuqondisa ebhodweni (杀青, shāqīng).
Ukusonta (揉捻, róuniǎn).
Ukomisa elangeni (晒干, shàigān): Kutholakala i-maocha exegayo (晒青毛茶, shàiqīng máochá).
Ukucindezela (紧压, jǐnyā): Akudingekile.

Lolu uhlelo olujwayelekile lwekilasi, hhayi incazelo yobucwepheshe be-Menghai Hesong Cha.

6. Izici Zokuzwa

Azikho izincazelo zetiye lase-Hesong emithonjeni etholakele. Nge-Bada jikelele i-Jiemian ibhala ngephunga eliphakeme, ukunambitheka okugcwele kanye nenothi elimnandi elibonakalayo (香气高扬，滋味浓厚，甜香明显); ukudlulisela lokhu e-Hesong akunakwenzeka.

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Ayikho idatha emithonjeni etholakele.
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho idatha emithonjeni etholakele.
Iphunga lokumnika: Ayikho idatha emithonjeni etholakele.
Ukunambitheka: Ayikho idatha emithonjeni etholakele.
Umbala wokumnika: Ayikho idatha emithonjeni etholakele.
Indawo yekamelo le-tiye (iqabunga eligxishiwe): Ayikho idatha emithonjeni etholakele.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Ayikho idatha ngetiye elingaphansi kophawu. Kukhona kuphela ukuhlaziywa kwamaqabunga amadala esihlahla- patriarch kusuka kurekhodi lika-1978 ekulandiseni kwesango: i-caffeine — 1.14 %, izinto ezincibilikayo emanzini — 21.27 %, ama-polyphenols ancibilikayo emanzini — 6.07 %. Isango liphawula ukuthi lezi zinombolo zehluke kakhulu kudatha yesihlahla samasiko sase-Nannuoshan. Azihlangene netiye elingaphansi kophawu.

8. Ukwenza Itiye

Umkhuba wekilasi. Uphawu alusho ikilasi; imihlahlandlela engezansi ingeye-sheng puer, umkhiqizo omkhulu wezingadi ezindala zase-Menghai.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 95–100 °C.
Inani letiye: 5–8 g ku-110–150 ml.
Imbiza: I-gaiwan noma i-teapot yobumba.
Inqubo:
1. Fudumeza imbiza.
2. Faka itiye; elicindezelwe — likhiphe ngokucophelela, ungalicwi iqabunga.
3. Geza iqabunga kafushane ngamanzi abilayo bese ukhipha.
4. Ukuphisa kokuqala — 10–15 imizuzwana.
5. Thela ngokuphelele.
6. Yengeza isikhathi ngokuphisa ngakunye.

9. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wekilasi. I-sheng puer igcinwa endaweni eyomile, ehlanzekile, enomoya ongenakho ukukhanya nephunga langaphandle, epakishweni eliphefumulayo; ivame ukugcinwa iminyaka.

10. Intengo kanye Nokukhwabanisa

Ayikho idatha ngentengo emithonjeni etholakele.

Ungakugwema kanjani ukukhwabanisa:
- Bheka uphawu lwe-«勐海贺松茶» futhi uhlole ukuthi umkhiqizi uvela esifundeni sase-Menghai.
- Khumbula ukuthi esifundeni sase-Bada kunezinye izimpawu — i-«勐海章朗茶» kanye ne-«勐海巴达曼迈茶»: «itiye lase-Bada» akusho ukuthi «itiye lase-Hesong».
- Ungakholwa kalula «itiye lesihlahla senkosi sase-Bada»: isihlahla esidumile sase-Hesong safa ngo-2012.

11. Amaqiniso Athokozisayo

Ubude besihlahla ngo-1961 balikala ngonxantathu phansi; amamitha angaphezu kwamashumi amathathu abonakala njengephutha, futhi ngoFebhuwari 1962 isihlahla baphinde balikala — konke kwavumelana.
Ngo-1961 indlela kusuka enkabeni yesifunda kuya e-Bada yathatha izinsuku ezintathu ngezinyawo.
Ngo-1980 eduze kwatholakala isihlahla esiphakeme kunesidumile — 34 m, kodwa «inkosi» kwaqhubeka kungesokuqala.
Lapho kwakumi khona isihlahla, manje kukhona i-gazebo enetshe lesikhumbuzo.

12. Ukuqhathanisa Namatiye Angomakhelwane

I-Menghai Zhanglang Cha (勐海章朗茶): Uphawu lwesigodi sama-Bulang sesifunda sase-Bada esifanayo, lapho kukhona izingadi ezindala zamasiko.
I-Menghai Bada Manmai Cha (勐海巴达曼迈茶): Uphawu lwesigodi i-Manmai sesifunda sase-Bada esifanayo.
I-Qianjiazhai ne-Bada (千家寨 · 巴达): Isihloko se-encyclopedia yethu ngezihlahla zasendle- patriarch, kuhlanganise nesihlahla se-Bada esifile.
I-Menghai (勐海): Isihloko sokubuyekezwa kwe-encyclopedia ngesifunda.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Menghai Hesong Cha wuphawu lwesigodi esidunyiswe isihlahla esisodwa: umdondoshiya wasendle ngamamitha angu-32, owatholakala ehlathini lase-Daheishan ngo-1961, wenza iBada yaba indawo yokuhambela futhi wafa ngo-2012. Ngetiye ngokwalo elingaphansi kophawu imibhalo ithule: akukho kilasi, akukho ncazelo, akukho mnikazi. Konke okwaziwayo ngokuqinisekile wumgqa wohlu lwesifundazwe kanye nomlando wehlathi elizungeze isigodi.