I-Menghai Baotang Cha (Měnghǎi Bǎotáng chá, 勐海保塘茶) wuphawu lwendawo lwetiye lase-Baotang (保塘), idolobhana elidala letiye lezintaba zase-Mengsong (勐宋) esifundeni sase-Menghai (勐海县) eSifundazweni Esizimele Sase-Xishuangbanna Dai, esifundazweni sase-Yunnan. I-Baotang iyindawo emibili yokuhlala: endala, yama-Lahu, nentsha, yama-Han; phakathi kwazo kunekhilomitha elilodwa, kanti izingadi zazo ezindala zihlangana zibe yindawo eyodwa engaphezu kwenkulungwane yama-mu. Izincazelo ezidumile zibiza ingadi endala yase-Baotang ngokuthi imele kakhulu e-Mengsong ngobukhulu nangeminyaka yezihlahla; iminyaka yezihlahla kuzo ilinganiselwa ku-200–700 weminyaka. Uphawu lungenela ochungechungeni lwezimpawu eziyishumi nesithupha isifunda ezazithola ezintabeni nasemadolobhaneni aseduze kophawu lwesambulela oluthi «勐海茶». Isigaba somkhiqizo asinqunywanga wuphawu.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Akunqunywanga embhalweni wophawu. Izinto zokusetshenziswa — amaqabunga ezihlahla zetiye ezinamaqabunga amakhulu ezivela ezingadini ezindala. Kuleli qabunga e-Menghai ngokuyinhloko benza izinto zokusetshenziswa ze-pu’er, kodwa benza netiye elibomvu, nelimhlophe; ukuthi yimuphi umkhiqizo ohlanganiswa wuphawu, irejista ayisho.
- Isigaba: Itiye ledolobhana lezingadi ezindala; uphawu lwendawo ohlwini lwesifundazwe sase-Yunnan lwamhla zingama-28 kuZibandlela 2019. Imithombo yezindaba ibiza izimpawu zalolu chungechunge ngokuthi izimpawu zokuqinisekisa.
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Yunnan (云南, Yúnnán), iSifunda Esizimele Sase-Xishuangbanna Dai (西双版纳傣族自治州, Xīshuāngbǎnnà Dǎizú Zìzhìzhōu), isifunda sase-Menghai (勐海县, Měnghǎi Xiàn), ilokishi lase-Mengsong (勐宋乡, Měngsòng Xiāng), idolobhana lase-Baotang (保塘, Bǎotáng).
- Indawo yokuvikelwa: Uhlu lwesifundazwe lukhomba isifunda sase-Menghai njengobunikazi bokuphatha bophawu. Ukuthi indawo yophawu iyafana nezindawo zedolobhana, angikaze ngikuhlole.
- Izixhumanisi zokuma: Ilokishi lase-Mengsong — cishe u-22,06° N kanye no-100,56° E.
2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Izingadi ezindala. Iminyaka yezihlahla zase-Baotang izincazelo ezidumile ziyilinganisela ngezindlela ezahlukene: 200–700 weminyaka, kwezinkulu kakhulu — 500–700 weminyaka noma «hhayi ngaphansi kwe-700». Ngokomunye wemibhalo, lapha kunezihlahla ezingaphezu kweshumi ezinobubanzi besiqu obungaphezu kuka-150 cm. Ababhali balezi zincazelo babheka izingadi ezindala zase-Baotang kanye nentaba engumakhelwane i-Nanuo (南糯山) njengezingadi zesikhathi esicishe sifane; lokhu ukuhlola kwabo, hhayi umphumela wokuqagela kweminyaka.
- Indawo yokuhlala entsha. Ngokwezincazelo zendawo, i-Baotang entsha yasungulwa ngama-Han afika lapha ngeminyaka ye-Guangxu (光绪, 1875–1908) yobukhosi bakwa-Qing; idolobhana lineminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu.
- 2012–2014. Isikhungo sesifunda sobuchwepheshe betiye sifake isicelo sophawu lwesambulela oluthi «勐海茶» ngo-2012; uphawu lwabhaliswa ngo-2014.
- Izimpawu eziyishumi nesithupha. Imithombo yezindaba yango-2022 ibhala ukuthi eduze kophawu lwesambulela isifunda sabhalisa izimpawu eziyishumi nesithupha zezintaba namadolobhana, kanti ezokuqala kuzo zibizwa ngokuthi «勐海班章茶» kanye ne-«勐海保塘茶».
- 2019. I-«勐海保塘茶» isohlwini lwesifundazwe lwezimpawu zendawo zase-Yunnan lwamhla zingama-28 kuZibandlela 2019.
- Izinombolo, umnikazi, unyaka wokubhalisa kanye nemithetho yophawu emithonjeni etholiwe akukho; ukuthi uphawu lusasebenza manje, angikaze ngikuhlole.
- Igama:
- «I-Menghai» (勐海) — igama lesifunda.
- «I-Baotang» (保塘) — igama ledolobhana. Izincazelo zegama emithonjeni etholiwe azikho.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: I-Baotang ingenela «amadolobhana ayisikhombisa ase-Mengsong» (勐宋七寨): i-Baotang endala nentsha, i-Naka (那卡), i-Da’an (大安), i-Nanben (南本), i-Damanlü (大曼吕) kanye ne-Bameng (坝檬). I-Baotang endala imibhalo iyibiza ngokuthi idolobhana lama-Lahu kuphela, entsha — elama-Han.
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa
- Uhlobo / I-cultivar: Itiye elinamaqabunga amakhulu lezingadi ezindala. Uhlobo oluthile noma inani lendawo emithonjeni etholiwe alishiwongo.
- Izinto zokusetshenziswa: Amaqabunga ezihlahla ezindala (古树, gǔshù); ngokwezincazelo, iminyaka yezihlahla — kusuka ku-200 kuya ku-700 weminyaka; izihlahla ezinobukhulu obuphindwe kabili lapha, njengoba kubhaliwe, azivamile.
- Ukuvuna: Izikhathi emithonjeni etholiwe azikho.
- Izinga lokuvuna: Emithonjeni etholiwe alivezwanga.
- Izidingo zezinto zokusetshenziswa: Imithetho yophawu angiyibonanga; izidingo zezinto zokusetshenziswa emithonjeni etholiwe azikho.
4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala
- Isifunda: Izintaba zase-Mengsong enyakatho-mpumalanga yesifunda sase-Menghai. I-Baotang, ngokwezincazelo ezahlukene, ilele emakhilomitheni ayi-7–10 ukusuka enkabeni yelokishi.
- Ukuphakama kokutshala: Izincazelo ziyahlukana. Enye ibiza ukuphakama kwendawo yetiye ye-Baotang endala cishe 1760 m, enye — 1700–1800 m, eyesithathu ibhala ukuthi izingadi ezindala zilele ikakhulu ngaphezu kwe-1800 m.
- Ubukhulu bendawo: Izingadi ezindala ze-Baotang entsha nendala — indawo eyodwa ecishe ibe 1050 mu (cishe amahektha angama-70), ngokwezincazelo. Sekukonke e-Mengsong izingadi ezindala, ngokwemibhalo, zicishe zibe ngu-3800 mu.
- Isimo sezulu: Imininingwane eqondene ne-Baotang emithonjeni etholiwe ayikho.
- Inhlabathi: Imininingwane emithonjeni etholiwe ayikho.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Ubucwepheshe emithonjeni etholiwe abukho, futhi uphawu aluqinisekisi umkhiqizo. Ukubukeka okuvela emibhalweni ngedolobhana kufana nezinto ezisetshenziswayo zelanga ze-sheng pu’er. Kulezi zinto zokusetshenziswa (晒青毛茶, shàiqīng máochá) ukulandelana okuvamile kunje:
- Ukuvutshelwa (摊晾, tānliàng): Iqabunga elisha lilaliswa ngongqimba oluncane.
- Ukuqedwa (杀青, shāqīng): Iqabunga liyashiswa ebhodweni ukuze kumiswe i-oxidation.
- Ukusontwa (揉捻, róuniǎn): Iqabunga liyasontwa ngezandla noma ngomshini.
- Ukomiswa elangeni (晒干, shàigān): Iqabunga elisonyiwe lomiswa elangeni.
Lena indlela ejwayelekile yesigaba, hhayi incazelo yobuchwepheshe betiye lase-Baotang.
6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic
Izincazelo ezingezansi zivela emibhalweni edumile ngetiye ledolobhana, hhayi embhalweni wophawu; isigaba somkhiqizo kuzo asishiwongo.
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Lisontwe ngokuqinile, limnyama linokukhanya okunamafutha, imiqumbe emikhulu, uboya besiliva bubonakala kahle (条索紧结、乌黑油润、芽头肥大，银毫特显).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Incazelo ehlukile emithonjeni etholiwe ayikho.
- Iphunga lokumpompoma: Liphezulu, linomlingiswa onamandla «wezintaba» (山野气强). I-Baotang yaziwa ngefomula ethi «iphunga eliphezulu, amanzi amnandi» (香高水甜).
- Ukunambitheka: Amandla nobumnene kuyalingana, akukho kubaba, ukuqina kulula, ngemva kokugwinya — ukukhiqizwa kwamathe (柔烈适中，不苦稍涩……过后生津).
- Umbala wokumpompoma: Osagolide, osobala futhi okhanyayo (汤色金黄透亮).
- Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga elisetshenzisiwe): Lithambile, lithembekile futhi linamanzi (叶底柔嫩肥硕).
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Imininingwane ye-physico-chemical emithonjeni etholiwe ayikho.
8. Ukuphisa
Umkhuba wesigaba. Isigaba somkhiqizo asinqunywanga wuphawu; ngezansi kukhona izinkombandlela ze-sheng pu’er, okufana nakho okuchaziwe kwezinto zokusetshenziswa.
- Ukushisa kwamanzi: 90–100 °C.
- Ubuningi betiye: 5–7 g ku-100–120 ml.
- Izitsha: I-gaiwan noma i-teapot encane yobumba.
- Inqubo:
- Shisisa izitsha.
- Faka itiye.
- Geza kafushane iqabunga ngamanzi ashisayo bese uwachithe.
- Ukumpompoma kokuqala — imizuzwana eyi-10–20.
- Thela ku-chahai, bese ezinkomishini.
- Ukuthela okuphindwayo ngokwengeza isikhathi kancane kancane; iqabunga lezihlahla ezindala ngokuvamile likwazi ukumelana nokuthelwa okuningi.
9. Ukugcinwa
Umkhuba wesigaba we-sheng pu’er. Endaweni eyomile, ehlanzekile engenakho ukukhanya nephunga langaphandle, ekupakisheni okuqinile kodwa okungavaliwe ngokuphelele, ngaphandle kokushintsha okukhulu komswakama. I-sheng pu’er ivumela ukuvuthwa; uma kungenye isigaba, izimo kufanele zishintshwe ngokusho kwaso.
10. Intengo Kanye Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi
Imininingwane ngentengo emithonjeni etholiwe ayikho.
- Uzivikela kanjani emikhiqizweni yomgunyathi:
- Funa uphawu oluthi «勐海保塘茶».
- Igama ledolobhana elidumile ekupakisheni alisho ukuthi iqabunga livunwe ezingadini zalo: amadolobhana angomakhelwane ase-Mengsong akhiqiza izinto ezifanayo.
- Imibhalo ichaza iqabunga elomile elinemiqumbe emikhulu enoboya; ukuthenga kufanele kuqhathaniswe nalokhu kubukeka, kodwa ukubukeka kukodwa akufakazeli imvelaphi.
11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo
- I-Baotang — amadolobhana amabili ngaphansi kwegama elilodwa: endala yama-Lahu nentsha yama-Han, kubanga lekhilomitha elilodwa.
- Indawo yama-Han, ngokwezincazelo zendawo, yasungulwa ngeminyaka ye-Guangxu (1875–1908).
- Emithonjeni yezindaba ngezimpawu eziyishumi nesithupha zase-Menghai uphawu lwe-Baotang lubizwa ngokuthi lwesibili — ngokushesha ngemva kwe-«勐海班章茶».
- Le Mengsong, yase-Menghai, ese-Xishuangbanna ibizwa ngokuthi «i-Mengsong enkulu»; «i-Mengsong encane» — ikomidi ledolobhana elinegama elifanayo elokishini lase-Menglong edolobheni lase-Jinghong.
12. Ukuqhathaniswa namatiye angomakhelwane
- I-Naka (那卡): Idolobhana lama-Lahu lezintaba ezifanayo zase-Mengsong kanye nelinye «lamadolobhana ayisikhombisa»; itiye elingumakhelwane, kodwa elihlukile.
- I-Huazhuliangzi shengcha (滑竹梁子生茶): I-sheng pu’er evela emgqonyeni ophakeme wase-Mengsong; i-athikili ye-corpus ikhuluma nge-Baotang phakathi kwamadolobhana endawo.
- I-Banzhang (班章): Idolobhana elidume kakhulu lase-Menghai; linophawu lwalo oluthi «勐海班章茶» lochungechunge olufanayo nolwe-Baotang.
- I-Menghai (勐海): Ukubukwa kwesifunda, okuhlanganisa i-Baotang ne-Banzhang.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Menghai Baotang Cha wuphawu lwegama ledolobhana elilodwa: izindawo ezimbili zokuhlala kubanga lekhilomitha elilodwa, lapho izingadi zazo ezindala zihlangana zibe indawo ecise ibe yinkulungwane yama-mu ekuphakameni kwe-1700–1800 m nangaphezulu. Imibhalo ngophawu uqobo incane — akukho nombolo, akukho mnikazi, akukho mithetho emithonjeni evulekile, futhi asisunguli isigaba. Kodwa ngedolobhana kuyabhalwa ngenjabulo: izihlahla ezinikezwa iminyaka efinyelela ku-700, iqabunga elimnyama elinamafutha elinemiqumbe yesiliva, ukumpompoma okusagolide, iphunga eliphezulu namanzi amnandi.