I-Mapo Cha (Mǎpō chá, 马坡茶) itiye eliluhlaza lasentabeni lasesigodini sase-Sanli (三里乡) esifundeni sase-Jianshi (建始县) e-Enshi-Tujia-Miao Autonomous Prefecture esifundazweni sase-Hubei. Igama linikezwe intaba i-Mapo — “umthambeka wehhashi”: incwadi yesifunda iyichaza njengentaba efana nehhashi elele phansi. Igama livikelwa izindlela ezintathu: uphawu lwendawo yezolimo (2013), uphawu lokuqinisekisa (2015) kanye nesimo somkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo ngokwesimemezelo se-China National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA) No. 640 (2025). Imibhalo ivumela izinhlobo ezintathu zetiye futhi ichaza umbala womhluzi onamathoni kabhontshisi ne-kastani ebhakiwe. Igama lesibili lendawo — “i-Shizhu Cha” (十株茶), “itiye lezihlahla eziyishumi”.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Isigaba sinqunywa izidingo zokuvikela: kuzo zonke izindlela ezintathu zokucubungula, ukulungiswa ngokushesha kulandela ukunwetshwa (杀青, shāqīng), asikho isigaba se-oxidation, umhluzi uchazwa njengoluhlaza.
- Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza lasentabeni lesifunda sase-Enshi; umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo. Ngokwe-”Hubei Daily”, itiye lase-Mapo lithole isicoco “特色硒产品”, kanti itiye lesifunda sase-Jianshi leli phephandaba lilisendeleni lebhrendi yesifunda “恩施硒茶”.
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Hubei (湖北, Húběi), i-Enshi-Tujia-Miao Autonomous Prefecture (恩施, Ēnshī), isifunda sase-Jianshi (建始, Jiànshǐ), isigodi sase-Sanli (三里, Sānlǐ).
- Indawo evikelwe: Imizana engama-26 yesigodi sase-Sanli, phakathi kwazo i-Dashahe (大沙河), i-Panlong (蟠龙), i-Mapo (马坡) ne-Shipai (石牌). Ububanzi bendawo kanye namahlathi, ngokwencazelo yereferensi yendawo, — 170,7 km².
- Izixhumanisi zokuma: 109°47′–109°56′ empumalanga nobude kanye no-30°33′–30°39′ enyakatho nobubanzi.
2. Umlando nokubaluleka kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Inganekwane. I-”Hubei Daily” (Novemba 2024) ilandisa inganekwane yendawo: ngesikhathi se-Qing, umhwebi wase-Mapo wacela imbewu eyishumi nambili e-monastery yase-Hangzhou i-Longjing, kwathi ekhaya kwahluma eziyishumi — kusukela lapho “izihlahla eziyishumi”. Inzalo yomndeni wakwa-Lu — u-Lu Tianchao (吕天朝) — ngeminyaka ye-Daoguang (道光), ngokusho kwenganekwane efanayo, waphumelela ukuhlolwa kwenhloko-dolobha, wanikeza umbusi itiye lakubo, futhi umbusi waqamba itiye “马坡茶”. Abukho ubufakazi obubhaliwe obutholakala emithonjeni etholakele.
- 1983. Incwadi yereferensi “建始县地名志”: intaba i-Mapo isendaweni engama-9,25 km eningizimu-eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Sanliba (三里坝), ukuphakama — 820 m, indawo — 0,3 km², kanti itiye lalapha “laziwa kuso sonke isifunda”.
- 2013. UMnyango Wezolimo wabhalisa uphawu lwendawo yezolimo (irekhodi AGI01322); incwadi yereferensi ibeka ukubhaliswa ngomhla ka-30 Disemba. Umnikazi — i-Mapo Mingzhu Tea Cooperative (建始县马坡明珠茶业专业合作社).
- 2015. Uphawu lokuqinisekisa “马坡茶” No. 14577026, isimemezelo sokubhaliswa — 28 Okthoba 2015. Umfakisicelo — isikhungo senkonzo yezolimo nobuchwepheshe yesigodi sase-Sanli.
- Ngo-2023. Ngokusho kwabezindaba, isifunda, senza i-Mapo indawo eyinhloko, savuselela ngaphezu kwe-3000 mu yezingadi ezindala; izingadi eziqhubekayo emizaneni engaphezu kweshumi zathatha ngaphezu kwe-6000 mu.
- 2025. Isimemezelo se-CNIPA No. 640 sango-16 Julayi 2025 saqaphela i-Mapo Cha njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo ohlwini olujwayelekile lwemikhiqizo eyi-1409; umfakisicelo — i-Mapo Mingzhu Cooperative.
- Igama: “Mapo” (马坡) — “umthambeka wehhashi”; “Shizhu” (十株) — “izihlahla eziyishumi”.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Incazelo yophawu ikhuluma ngomlando wetiye “ongaphezu kweminyaka engamakhulu amathathu” e-Mapo. Ngokwe-”Hubei Daily”, endaweni kukhona isihlahla “茶王” — “inkosi yetiye” — elinophawu lokuvikela lwango-2019 neminyaka engama-300, kanti isifunda sakhiwe umlando “马坡茶志”. Phakathi kwemiklomelo, leli phephandaba libiza umklomelo wokuqala womncintiswano weshumi we-”中茶杯” (2013) wetiye eliluhlaza lase-Mapo “寒杉天露”. Ngokwesizindalwazi sezimpawu zendawo, itiye eliyisicaba, elinjengenaliti kanye ne-hongqing-chaoqing evela e-Mapo zithole izindondo zegolide emincintiswaneni ye-”中茶杯” ne-”鄂茶杯”.
3. Incazelo yezitshalo kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa
- Izinhlobo / Ama-cultivar: Izidingo zokuvikela zibiza ngencwadi ethi “nezinye” izinhlobo ezinhlanu: 鄂茶10号 (Èchá 10), 鄂茶1号 (Èchá 1), 福鼎大白 (Fúdǐng dàbái), 龙井43号 (Lóngjǐng 43) kanye ne-安吉白茶 (Ānjí báichá). Igama lokugcina liyigama lohlobo olunamaqabunga akhanyayo, hhayi isigaba. Ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo oluyinhloko, akushiwongo emithonjeni etholakele.
- Izinto zokusetshenziswa: Ihlumela, “ihlumela elilodwa — iqabunga elilodwa” noma “ihlumela elilodwa — amaqabunga amabili” ekuqaleni kokuvuleka.
- Ukuvuna: Ngesandla, ngendlela “yesandla esiphakanyisiwe” (提手采, tíshǒu cǎi), kubhasikidi bomoya noma anetha. Azikho izikhathi eziqondile zokuvuna emithonjeni etholakele.
4. I-Terroir kanye nezici zokutshala
- Ukuphakama kokukhula: Ngokwezidingo ze-CNIPA — 600–1200 m; izingadi zomzana wase-Mapo uqobo, ngokwephephandaba, — ikakhulukazi 800–1200 m.
- Umhlabathi: Izidingo ze-CNIPA — umhlabathi ocishe ube ne-asidi onsomi-obomvu one-pH cishe 5,5–6,8. Incazelo yendawo yophawu ibiza ama-sandy loams ansomi nama-loam aphuzi, izincazelo zendawo — “umhlabathi wesihlabathi obomvu” (红沙土壤). Leli phephandaba liphawula okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-selenium emhlabathini; azikho izinombolo.
- Isimo sezulu: Ngokwencazelo yereferensi, esifundeni sase-Jianshi kukhona amahora elanga angaphezu kwe-1300 ngonyaka, izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi nendawo 14,2–15,5 °C, isikhathi esingenasithwathwa singaphezu kwezinsuku ezingama-200, imvula ingu-1300–1400 mm ngonyaka; emzaneni wase-Mapo, ngokwephephandaba, izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi nendawo cishe 15 °C, umswakama — 80 %.
- Indawo: Imininingwane iyahluka: ngaphezu kwe-15 000 mu endaweni (ikhadi lesizindalwazi sezimpawu zendawo), ngaphezu kwe-10 000 mu esigodini (incazelo yophawu, 2022). Ngokwephephandaba, ngo-2023 isifunda sakhiqiza amatani angu-1200 amaqabunga etiye aluhlaza.
5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza
Izidingo ze-CNIPA zibeka izindlela ezintathu. Amazinga okushisa nesikhathi alethwa ukushicilelwa kabusha komthetho wophawu lwezolimo:
- Itiye eliyisicaba (扁形茶, biǎnxíng chá): ukunwetshwa (摊放, tānfàng) ungqimba oluya ku-5 cm amahora angu-5–8 → ukulungiswa ngokushesha (杀青) emgqonyeni imizuzwana engu-35–55 → ukwakheka (做形, zuòxíng) ku-120–150 °C cishe imizuzu engu-20 → ukomiswa ku-90–100 °C emshinini wokomisa noma ku-80–90 °C etafuleni lokwakha → ukuphakamisa iphunga (增香, zēngxiāng) ku-100–110 °C etafuleni noma ku-100–120 °C emshinini wephunga.
- Itiye elinjengenaliti (针形茶, zhēnxíng chá): ukunwetshwa → ukulungiswa ngokushesha ku-120–140 °C imizuzwana engu-35–55 → ukusongwa (揉捻, róuniǎn) imizuzu engu-15–35 → ukwakheka ku-120–150 °C → ukomiswa nokuphakamisa iphunga, njengasetiyeni eliyisicaba.
- I-Chaoqing ne-hongqing (炒青、烘青, chǎoqīng, hōngqīng): ukunwetshwa → ukulungiswa ngokushesha ku-140–160 °C imizuzwana engu-90–150 → ukusongwa cishe imizuzu engu-45 → ukomiswa kancane ku-120 °C (烘二青) → ukugazingwa ku-150–160 °C (炒三青) → ukuqedwa ebhodweni (辉锅, huīguō) ku-80–180 °C imizuzu engu-90–120.
Ngokwephephandaba, ukukhiqizwa kwetiye lase-Mapo kunemisebenzi engaphezu kweshumi, phakathi kwazo ukuqondisa intambo (理条, lǐtiáo) nokufudumala ngomlilo (焙火, bèihuǒ).
6. Izici ze-Organoleptic
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Itiye elinjengenaliti lesigaba esiphezulu — eliminyene, elincane, eliyindilinga neliqondile, eliluhlaza okwesimaragidu, elinoboya obubonakalayo; lesigaba sokuqala — elicishe libe yindilinga neliqondile, eliluhlaza elikhenyezayo. I-Chaoqing ne-hongqing — elisongwe ngokuqinile; eliyisicaba — elincane neliluhlaza okwesimaragidu.
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho incazelo ehlukile emithonjeni etholakele.
- Iphunga lomhluzi: Elihlanzekile nelihlala isikhathi eside, elinamathoni kabhontshisi ne-kastani ebhakiwe (似豆香、熟板栗香); kwetiye elinjengenaliti lesigaba esiphezulu — eliphakeme.
- Ukunambitheka: Okunoshukela; kwetiye elinjengenaliti lesigaba esiphezulu okusha nokuthambile, kwe-chaoqing okugcwele nokusha (浓醇、鲜).
- Umbala womhluzi: Oluhlaza okotshani ohlanzekile nokhanyayo. Imibhalo ichaza ukuthululwa kathathu: kweyokuqala umhluzi uluhlaza, ubumnandi busaqala ukubonakala; kweyesibili ukuluhlaza kuphenduka okuphuzi okukhanyayo, ubhontshisi ne-kastani kuyajiya; kweyesithathu umhluzi uluhlaza okwesimaragidu onombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (汤碧泛青).
- Igqabi letiye eliphansi (iqabunga eliphisiwe): Kwetiye elinjengenaliti lesigaba esiphezulu nakwetiye eliyisicaba — eliluhlaza okotshani futhi elikhanyayo (嫩绿明亮); kwe-chaoqing ne-hongqing — eliluhlaza futhi elikhanyayo (绿且明亮). Kwetiye elinjengenaliti lesigaba sokuqala ayikho incazelo.
7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali
Imikhawulo emibhalweni ayifani:
| Inkomba | Izidingo ze-CNIPA | Incazelo yophawu | Ikhadi lereferensi |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ama-amino acid akhululekile | ≥ 3,5 % | ≥ 3,5 % | akukho |
| Ama-polyphenol | ≥ 16,0 % | ≥ 16,0 % | ≥ 13,0 % |
| I-caffeine | ≥ 2,5 % | ≥ 2,5 % | akukho |
| I-Selenium | ≥ 0,03 mg/kg | ≥ 0,07 mg/kg | akukho |
| Umswakama | akukho | ≤ 6,5 % | ≤ 5,0 % |
Incazelo yophawu yengeza izinto ezikhiphekayo ≥ 36,0 %, umlotha ≤ 6,5 % kanye ne-crude fiber ≤ 14,0 %.
8. Ukwenziwa kwetiye
Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza. Amanzi 80–85 °C, 3 g nge-150 ml, ingilazi yengilazi noma i-gaiwan emhlophe. Ukuthulula kokuqala — ngemva kwemizuzwana engu-40–60, bese kuba ukuthululwa kabili noma kathathu, kushiya ingxenye yomhluzi esitsheni.
9. Ukugcinwa
Umkhuba wesigaba. Emaphaketheni avaliwe, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga; kuphuzwa phakathi nonyaka.
10. Intengo nama-fake
Awekho amanani okudayisa emithonjeni etholakele. Ngokusho kwabezindaba, ngo-Mashi 2023, ikhilogremu yamaqabunga amasha e-Mapo yayibiza ngaphezu kuka-70 yuan.
- Icala lango-2024: Uphenyo lwesifunda sase-Jianshi lwathola ukuthi ezinye izinkampani zifaka uphawu “马坡茶” ngaphandle kwemvume, kanti ezinye ezigunyaziwe ziphrinta uphawu oludala, nakuba i-CNIPA ngo-2019 yethula olusha. Ngemva kokwethulwa kwalo, uphiko lokulawula imakethe lwahlola izinkampani eziyi-18 zesigodi futhi lwasusa ekudayiseni imikhiqizo enophawu olungagunyaziwe.
- Ukwagwema ama-fake:
- Funa uphawu olukhethekile lwesampula entsha futhi uqinisekise umkhiqizi ngohlu lwabagunyaziwe: ohlwini lwesifundazwe lwango-Agasti 2025 kubizwa i-Mapo Mingzhu Cooperative.
- Hlola imvelaphi — isigodi sase-Sanli sesifunda sase-Jianshi.
- Khumbula uhlelo lokugunyaza: ngokwezidingo ze-CNIPA, isicelo somkhiqizi samukelwa isikhungo sesifunda sempahla yobuhlakani, sihlolwa yisifundazwe, sigunyazwe yi-CNIPA.
11. Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- “Izihlahla eziyishumi” egameni 十株茶 kanye “neshumi nambili” enganekwaneni akuphikisani: imbewu yayiyishumi nambili, kwahluma eziyishumi.
- Uhlobo 安吉白茶 “lumhlophe” kuphela ngegama — e-Mapo lwenza itiye eliluhlaza.
- Uphawu lwetiye lase-Mapo ngo-2024 lwavikelwa uphenyo.
12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye
- I-Enshi Yulu (恩施玉露): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda sase-Enshi elilungiswa nge-steam.
- I-Enshi Fuxicha (恩施富硒茶): Igama le-selenium lesifunda elinophawu lwalo.
- I-Xihu Longjing (西湖龙井): Itiye eliyisicaba lase-Hangzhou; ngokwenganekwane, izihlahla zokuqala zase-Mapo zahluma embewini ye-longjing.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Mapo Cha itiye eliluhlaza lesigodi esisodwa ezintabeni zase-Enshi elinemibhalo eningiliziwe: izingadi eziku-600–1200 m, izinhlobo ezinhlanu, izimo ezintathu kanye nomhluzi othi ngokuthululwa ngakunye ushintshe kusukela kokuluhlaza ukuya kokuphuzi okukhanyayo nokuluhlaza okwesimaragidu, ngamabhonnishisi ne-kastani ebhakiwe ephunga. Inganekwane ngembewu ye-longjing ihlala iyinganekwane.
Imithombo
Inkomba yendawo
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