Ēnshī xīchá · thetea.app

I-Enshi Xicha (Ēnshī xīchá, 恩施硒茶) — igama eliyisambulela letiye le-Enshi Tujia kanye ne-Miao Autonomous Prefecture (恩施土家族苗族自治州) entshonalanga yesifundazwe sase-Hubei. Uhlamvu 硒 (xī) lusho ukuthi “i-selenium”: igama alisho ukuthi hlobo luni lwetiye noma uhlobo luni lwesihlahla setiye, kodwa lisho uphawu lwendawo — inhlabathi enomthamo wemvelo ophezulu we-selenium. Ngaphansi kwalesi sambulela isifunda siqoqe izinhlobo zetiye zaso zamakilasi ahlukahlukene, futhi ezimbili zazo zibe yizinsika: i-Enshi Yulu eluhlaza kanye ne-Lichuan Hong ebomvu, ukuhlangana kwesifunda “一红一绿” — “okubomvu okukodwa nokuluhlaza okukodwa”. Igama livikelwe wuphawu lokuhlola indawo kusukela ngo-2019, kwathi ngo-2022 indawo yophawu yanwetshwa kuso sonke isifunda.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nomdabu

Uhlobo: Alikho ikilasi elilodwa. Ikolishi letiye le-selenium e-Hubei Enshi Institute (湖北恩施学院) libala ngaphansi kwesambulela itiye eliluhlaza, elibomvu, i-oolong (青茶, qīngchá), itiye elimnyama kanye nelimhlophe, kanye namatiye “akhethekile”. Ukunikeza isambulela ikilasi eliluhlaza ngesizathu sokuthi itiye elidume kakhulu lase-Enshi liluhlaza kungaba ukufaka esikhundleni.
Isigaba: Ibhrendi yomphakathi yesifunda kanye nophawu lokuhlola indawo; ngaphakathi kukhona izinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili (isigaba 2).
Umdabu: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Hubei (湖北, Húběi), i-Enshi Tujia kanye ne-Miao Autonomous Prefecture (恩施, Ēnshī).
Indawo yophawu: Ngokombiko wokudluliswa kophawu ngo-2022, indawo yokukhiqiza yanwetshwa yafinyelela ezifundeni ezingama-91, amadolobhana, izindawo zasedolobheni, indawo yokuthuthukisa kanye nendawo yezindawo ezinhle kuzo zonke izifunda eziyisithupha kanye nezifunda zamadolobha amabili zesifunda. Ohlwini lwesifundazwe lwango-2020 umnikazi wophawu kwakuyinhlangano yetiye yesifunda sedolobha i-Enshi, futhi irejista ka-2026 isalokhu ikhomba isifunda sedolobha i-Enshi — lokhu kungukuhlobana kokuphatha komnikazi, hhayi umngcele osemthethweni wendawo; lokhu angikuhlolanga.
Izixhumanisi zendawo: Isifunda sedolobha i-Enshi — cishe u-30.3° N no-109.5° E.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Umlando:
- Itiye ngaphambi kwesambulela. Ngokusho kweKolishi letiye le-selenium, umlando obhaliwe wokutshala itiye esifundeni uneminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili; i-Enshi Yulu yadalwa ngeminyaka ye-Kangxi (康熙) yobukhosi bakwa-Qing, i-Wujiatai Gongcha (伍家台贡茶) inomlando ongaphezu kweminyaka engamakhulu amathathu, kanti i-Lichuan gongfu hongcha inomlando wokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ongaphezu kweminyaka eyikhulu namashumi ayisithupha.
- 2015–2019 — ukubhaliswa kophawu. Amaphepha ophawu athunyelwa ngo-August 2015. Ngokombiko wehhovisi lesifunda lokuqondisa izimakethe, kusukela ngo-2012 iziphathimandla zikahulumeni zezimpawu zokuthengisa zazingabhalisi izimpawu zemikhiqizo ene-selenium — zase ziningi kakhulu — futhi nge-“恩施硒茶” ekupheleni kuka-2017 zenza okuhlukile. Ngo-November 2019 isifunda sabika ngokubhaliswa: lolu kwakuwuphawu lwaso lwamashumi amathathu nane lwendawo. Ngokohlu lwesifundazwe, uphawu № 17754772 (ikilasi 30, umkhiqizo — itiye, ingxenye yesiNgisi “ENSHI SE-TEA”) lisebenza kusukela ngo-28 July 2019 kuze kube ngu-27 July 2029.
- 2022 — uphawu luba olwesifunda. Ngo-20 January iziphathimandla zikahulumende zezimpawu zokuthengisa zagunyaza ukudluliswa kwezimpawu ezintathu zokuhlola indawo — 恩施硒茶, 恩施玉露 kanye ne-利川红 — enhlanganweni yetiye yesifunda, nokunwetshwa kwendawo kuso sonke isifunda. Ukuphathwa kungaphansi “kobunye obuhlanu”: ibhrendi, uphawu lokumaka, izinga lekhwalithi, ukupakishwa kanye nezindlela zokukhangisa — zonke ziyafana.
- Imiklomelo. Kanye ne-Lichuan Hong ne-Enshi Yulu igama lathola umklomelo wegolide womncintiswano wamabhrendi ezindawo zase-Hubei (umbiko we-Hubei Intellectual Property Administration, 2022).
- 2023. Ekukalweni kwesithunzi kwamabhrendi ezindawo ayikhulu emikhiqizweni yezolimo enezimpawu zendawo i-Enshi Xicha ingu-89 ohlwini olujwayelekile no-32 phakathi kwamatiye; i-Enshi Yulu ingu-50 no-21.
Izinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili ngaphansi kwesambulela (ngokohlu lweKolishi letiye le-selenium): 恩施玉露, 伍家台贡茶, 唐崖茶, 利川工夫红茶, 鹤峰茶, 炜丰茶, 金果茶 kanye ne-武陵龙凤 (金祈藤茶). I-“藤茶” e-Enshi yigama lesiphuzo esivela emvinini Ampelopsis grossedentata (显齿蛇葡萄) — yile ndlela umkhiqizo ovikelwe 来凤藤茶 wesifunda sase-Laifeng esifundeni esifanayo ochazwa ngayo; uma uhlobo lokugcina luvela esitshalweni esifanayo, isambulela sihlanganisa nokungeyona itiye. Ukwakhiwa kwayo angikuhlolanga.
Igama: 恩施 — igama lesifunda nesifunda sedolobha, 硒 — i-selenium, 茶 — itiye. Engxenyeni yesiNgisi yophawu i-selenium ibhalwe ngophawu lwamakhemikhali: “SE-TEA”.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Ngokoshicilelo loSuku Lwetiye Lomhlaba lwango-2022, esifundeni kuhlala abantu base-Tujia, ama-Miao, ama-Dong kanye nabanye — ingqikithi yezizwe ezingama-28 eziyidlanzana; phakathi kwamasiko etiye kubalwa “itiye lembiza” (罐罐茶), “itiye leziphakamiso eziyisithupha” (六道茶), “isobho letiye elinamafutha” (油茶汤) kanye nengoma ethi “六口茶”. Ubuchwepheshe be-Enshi Yulu busohlwini lukahulumeni lwamagugu angaphatheki, i-Wujiatai Gongcha isohlwini lwesibili lwesivumelwano se-China ne-European Union ngezimpawu zendawo.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe

Uhlobo / I-cultivar: Asikho isihlahla esisodwa esisetshenziswayo esambuleleni; emithonjeni etholakele izinhlobo zezihlahla azibaliwe. Izinto zohlobo ngalunye zichazwe ezihlokweni zalo.
Izinto ezingavuthiwe kanye nokuvuna: Iqabunga elivela endaweni yophawu; izinga lokuvuna lohlobo ngalunye lehlukile, ngesambulela ayikho imininingwane.

4. Indawo kanye Nezici Zokutshala

Isifunda: Intshonalanga yesifundazwe sase-Hubei.
Inhlabathi: Uphawu oluyinhloko lwendawo — umthamo wemvelo ophezulu we-selenium. Izinombolo zenhlabathi emithonjeni etholakele azikho; izinombolo zetiye zisesigabeni 7.
Ububanzi bezingadi: Imininingwane iyahluka. Ushicilelo lwe-“Hubei Daily” loSuku Lwetiye Lomhlaba lwango-2022 lubala ama-mu ayizigidi ezingu-1.812 ezingadi, kuyo ama-mu ayizigidi ezingu-1.437 athelayo, kanye nama-mu angu-722.7 ezinkulungwane ezisekelweni “eziluhlaza” neziphilayo zikahulumeni. Ikhasi leKolishi letiye le-selenium libala izigidi ezingu-1.3 zama-mu kanye nendawo yesihlanu phakathi kwezindawo zetiye zezwe ezingeni lesifunda sedolobha; unyaka wemininingwane ikhasi aliwubali.
Ukuphakama nesimo sezulu: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Abukho ubuchwepheshe obufanayo besambulela: bunqunywa ikilasi nohlobo. I-Enshi Yulu — itiye eliluhlaza elilungiswa ngesitimu (蒸青, zhēngqīng), i-Lichuan Hong — itiye elibomvu eline-oxidation ephelele; imininingwane isezihlokweni zekhophasi ezimayelana nazo.

Izifinyezo ze-encyclopedia zikhuluma ngezinga leqembu le-“恩施硒茶” lango-2019. Umbhalo wezinga angiwubonanga, ngakho izidingo zawo angizibali.

6. Izici Zokunambitha

Ngaphansi kwegama elilodwa kukhona amatiye amakilasi ahlukahlukene, ngakho-ke ayikho incazelo ejwayelekile.

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo zesambulela emithonjeni etholakele.
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo zesambulela emithonjeni etholakele.
Iphunga lokuphisa: Azikho izincazelo zesambulela emithonjeni etholakele.
Ukunambitheka: Azikho izincazelo zesambulela emithonjeni etholakele.
Umbala wokuphisa: Azikho izincazelo zesambulela emithonjeni etholakele.
Izinsalela zetiye (iqabunga eliphisiwe): Azikho izincazelo zesambulela emithonjeni etholakele.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Ikolishi letiye le-selenium libala lezi zinombolo zomthamo we-selenium ku-“恩施硒茶”:

Inkomba	Umthamo we-selenium
Isilinganiso	0.21 mg/kg
Isilinganiso ezindaweni ezine-selenium ephezulu	6.42 mg/kg
Ubuningi obukhulu	66.66 mg/kg

Indlela, unyaka kanye nesampula umthombo awubali; ukuthi ubuningi obukhulu bubhekisela kanjani, umbhalo awucacisi ngokungangabazi. Lesi isikhombi esinesichasiso, hhayi inkomba. Imibono yezempilo ngivela kulezi zinombolo angiyenzi.

8. Ukuphisa

Isenzo sekilasi — imingcele incike ekutheni iliphi itiye elisesandleni ngaphansi kwesambulela.

Okuluhlaza (isib. i-Enshi Yulu): 80–85 °C, 3 g ku-150 ml, ukuphisa kokuqala imizuzwana engama-40–60, ingilazi noma i-gaiwan, ukuphisa kabili noma kathathu.
Okubomvu (isib. i-Lichuan Hong): 90–95 °C, 3 g ku-150 ml, ukuphisa kokuqala cishe umzuzu owodwa, i-gaiwan noma imbiza yobumba, ukuphisa kaninginingi ngokwelula isikhathi.

9. Ukugcina

Isenzo sekilasi. Itiye eliluhlaza — ephaketheni elivaliwe, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama nephunga, liphuzwe phakathi nonyaka. Okubomvu — endaweni eyomile emnyama ekamelweni lokushisa, ephaketheni eliqinile, kude namaphunga.

10. Intengo kanye Nemikhohlisi

Ayikho imininingwane ngezintengo emithonjeni etholakele; uhlobo ngalunye lunentengo yalo.

Indlela yokugwema imikhohlisi:
- Bheka uphawu lokuhlola indawo “恩施硒茶” (№ 17754772) kanye nokumaka okufanayo kwebhrendi yesifunda.
- Qinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizi uvela e-Enshi Tujia kanye ne-Miao Autonomous Prefecture.
- Ungaphambanisi nophawu oluhlukile “恩施富硒茶” (№ 4150055): lelo elinye igama.
- I-selenium egameni aliqinisekisi lutho: inombolo inganikezwa kuphela umbiko wokuhlola.

11. Amaqiniso Athokozisayo

Izimpawu ezine-selenium egameni iziphathimandla kusukela ngo-2012 zazingazibhalisi; i-“恩施硒茶” yadlula njengokuhlukile. Ngokombiko wesifunda, indlela eya ophawini yathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwemihlanu, nakuba ngokuvamile kuthatha kusukela ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kuya onyakeni.
Kurejista kukhona amagama amabili e-selenium esifunda — 恩施硒茶 kanye ne-恩施富硒茶 endala; ukuthi ahlobana kanjani ngokomthetho, ngemithombo etholakele akunakunqunywa.
Uphawu olubhaliswe ngo-2019 ngenhlangano yesifunda sedolobha esisodwa, ngo-January 2022 lwaba olwesifunda — kanye ne-恩施玉露 ne-利川红.
Ekukalweni kwango-2023 isambulela siphansi kunohlobo lwaso lwe-Enshi Yulu uqobo.

12. Ukuqhathaniswa Namanye Amatiye

I-Enshi Yulu (恩施玉露): Itiye eliluhlaza elilungiswa ngesitimu, enye yezinhlobo ezimbili eziyizinsika ngaphansi kwesambulela.
I-Lichuan Hong (利川红): Itiye elibomvu lesifunda sedolobha i-Lichuan, uhlobo lwesibili oluyinsika.
I-Wujiatai Gong Cha (伍家台贡茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda sase-Xuan’en, enye yezinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili zesambulela.
I-Hefeng Cha (鹤峰茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda sase-Hefeng esifundeni esifanayo, futhi luhlobo ngaphansi kwesambulela.
I-Kaiyang Fu Xi Cha (开阳富硒茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lase-Guizhou, futhi eline-selenium egameni.

Ukuphetha:

I-Enshi Xicha — akulona itiye, kodwa isambulela phezu kwamatiye: uphawu lwesifunda, oluqoqe ngaphansi kwegama le-selenium i-Enshi Yulu eluhlaza, i-Lichuan Hong ebomvu kanye nezinye izinhlobo eziyisithupha zamakilasi ahlukahlukene. Amaphepha ayo achaza ukuphathwa kwebhrendi — ukubhaliswa kwango-2019, ukudluliswa kunhlangano yesifunda ngo-2022, ukumaka okufanayo — hhayi ukubukeka kwetiye. Ngesinambitheka umuntu kufanele aye ohlotsheni oluthile, kanti nge-selenium — embikweni wokuhlola.