Mapo Cha (Mǎpō chá, 马坡茶) ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa kumapiri wa m’chigawo cha Sanli (三里乡) m’boma la Jianshi (建始县) m’chigawo chodziyimira cha Enshi-Tujia-Miao m’chigawo cha Hubei. Dzina linachokera ku phiri la Mapo, lotanthauza “malo otsetsereka a kavalo”: buku la boma limalongosola phirili ngati lofanana ndi kavalo wogona. Dzinali limatetezedwa ndi njira zitatu: chizindikiro chaulimi cha geographical indication (2013), chizindikiro cha certification (2015) ndi udindo wa product with geographical indication malinga ndi chilengezo cha State Intellectual Property Office ya China (CNIPA) No. 640 (2025). Zolemba zimalola mitundu itatu ya tiyi ndipo zimalongosola kununkhira kwa madzi a tiyi ngati nyemba ndi mtedza wokazinga wa chestnut. Dzina lina la komweko ndi “Shizhu Cha” (十株茶), lotanthauza “tiyi wa zitsamba khumi”.
1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi
- Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá). Gululi limakhazikitsidwa ndi zofunikira za chitetezo: m’njira zonse zitatu zopangira, pambuyo pa kuyala, nthawi yomweyo pamabwera kukhazikika (杀青, shāqīng), palibe gawo la oxidation, ndipo madzi a tiyi amafotokozedwa ngati obiriwira.
- Gulu lalikulu: Tiyi wobiriwira wa kumapiri wa chigawo cha Enshi; product with geographical indication. Malinga ndi “Hubei Daily”, tiyi wa Mapo adalandira udindo wa “特色硒产品”, ndipo tiyi wa boma la Jianshi nyuzipepala imawuyika m’gulu la mtundu wa chigawo cha “恩施硒茶”.
- Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Hubei (湖北, Húběi), chigawo chodziyimira cha Enshi-Tujia-Miao (恩施, Ēnshī), boma la Jianshi (建始, Jiànshǐ), chigawo cha Sanli (三里, Sānlǐ).
- Malo otetezedwa: Midzi 26 ya chigawo cha Sanli, mwa ina Dashahe (大沙河), Panlong (蟠龙), Mapo (马坡) ndi Shipai (石牌). Dera lonse limodzi ndi nkhalango, malinga ndi kufotokozera kwa malo, ndi 170.7 km².
- Ma coordinates a geographical: 109°47′–109°56′ E ndi 30°33′–30°39′ N.
2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe
- Mbiri:
- Nthano. “Hubei Daily” (Novembala 2024) imafotokoza nthano ya komweko: m’nthawi ya Qing, wamalonda wa ku Mapo adapempha mbewu khumi ndi ziwiri ku monastry ya Longjing ku Hangzhou, ndipo kunyumba kwawo khumi zidamera, motero “zitsamba khumi”. Mbadwa ya banja la Lü, Lü Tianchao (吕天朝), m’zaka za Daoguang (道光), malinga ndi nthano yomweyi, adapambana mayeso a likulu, adapereka tiyi wa kwawo kwa mfumu, ndipo mfumu idapatsa tiyiyo dzina “马坡茶”. Palibe umboni wa zolembedwa mu magwero omwe tapeza.
- 1983. Buku la “建始县地名志”: phiri la Mapo lili 9.25 km kumwera chakumadzulo chakumadzulo kwa Sanliba (三里坝), kutalika kwake ndi 820 m, dera lake ndi 0.3 km², ndipo tiyi wa kumeneko “ndi wodziwika m’boma lonse”.
- 2013. Unduna wa Zaulimi udalembetsa chizindikiro chaulimi cha geographical indication (nambala AGI01322); buku limalemba kuti kulembetsa kunachitika pa 30 December. Mwini wake ndi Mapo Mingzhu Tea Cooperative (建始县马坡明珠茶业专业合作社).
- 2015. Chizindikiro cha certification “马坡茶” No. 14577026, chilengezo cha kulembetsa chinali 28 October 2015. Wopempha anali Sanli Township Agricultural Technology Service Center.
- Pofika 2023. Malinga ndi atolankhani, boma, litapanga Mapo kukhala dera lalikulu, linakonzanso minda yakale yoposa 3000 mu; minda yopitirira m’midzi khumi ndi ingapo idafika pamtunda woposa 6000 mu.
- 2025. Chilengezo cha CNIPA No. 640 cha 16 July 2025 chinavomereza Mapo Cha kukhala product with geographical indication pamndandanda wamba wa zinthu 1409; wopempha anali Mapo Mingzhu Cooperative.
- Dzina: “Mapo” (马坡) ndi “malo otsetsereka a kavalo”; “Shizhu” (十株) ndi “zitsamba khumi”.
- Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Kufotokozera kwa chizindikiro kumanena za mbiri ya tiyi ku Mapo ya “zaka zoposa mazana atatu”. Malinga ndi “Hubei Daily”, m’mudzimo pali mtengo wa “茶王”, “mfumu ya tiyi”, wokhala ndi chikwangwani choteteza cha 2019 ndi zaka 300, ndipo boma lidalemba mbiri ya “马坡茶志”. Mwa mphoto, nyuzipepala imatchula mphoto yoyamba ya mpikisano wakhumi wa “中茶杯” (2013) kwa tiyi wobiriwira wa Mapo “寒杉天露”. Malinga ndi database ya geographical indications, tiyi wosalala, wa singano ndi hongqing-chaoqing wochokera ku Mapo adalandira mphoto za golide pa mpikisano wa “中茶杯” ndi “鄂茶杯”.
3. Kufotokozera kwa Botanical ndi Zopangira
- Mitundu / Cultivars: Zofunikira za chitetezo zimatchula ndi mawu oti “ndi zina” mitundu isanu: 鄂茶10号 (Èchá 10), 鄂茶1号 (Èchá 1), 福鼎大白 (Fúdǐng dàbái), 龙井43号 (Lóngjǐng 43) ndi 安吉白茶 (Ānjí báichá). Dzina lomalizalo ndi la cultivar yamasamba owala, osati gulu. Kuti ndi mtundu uti womwe ndi waukulu, m’magwero omwe tapeza sikunatchulidwe.
- Zopangira: Bud, “bud limodzi ndi tsamba limodzi” kapena “bud limodzi ndi masamba awiri” kumayambiriro kwa kutambasula.
- Kututa: Ndi manja, pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya “dzanja lokwezeka” (提手采, tíshǒu cǎi), m’madengu a bamboo kapena a neti opumira mpweya. Madeti enieni a kututa m’magwero omwe tapeza palibe.
4. Terroir ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima
- Kutalika kwa kulima: Malinga ndi zofunikira za CNIPA, 600–1200 m; minda ya mudzi wa Mapo, malinga ndi nyuzipepala, makamaka 800–1200 m.
- Dothi: Zofunikira za CNIPA ndi dothi la acidic purple-red lokhala ndi pH pafupifupi 5.5–6.8. Kufotokozera kwa malo a chizindikiro kumatchula dothi la purple sandy ndi yellow loam, ndipo mafotokozedwe a komweko amatchula “dothi lofiira la mchenga” (红沙土壤). Nyuzipepala imanena kuti m’dothimo muli selenium yambiri; manambala palibe.
- Nyengo: Malinga ndi kufotokozera kwa malo, m’boma la Jianshi kuli maola opitirira 1300 a dzuwa pachaka, kutentha kwapakati pachaka ndi 14.2–15.5 °C, nthawi yopanda chisanu ndi yoposa masiku 200, mvula ndi 1300–1400 mm pachaka; m’mudzi wa Mapo, malinga ndi nyuzipepala, kutentha kwapakati pachaka kuli pafupifupi 15 °C, chinyezi ndi 80%.
- Dera: Zambiri zimasiyana: kuposa 15000 mu m’deralo (khadi la database ya geographical indications), kuposa 10000 mu m’chigawo (kufotokozera kwa chizindikiro, 2022). Malinga ndi nyuzipepala, mu 2023 boma linapanga matani 1200 a masamba osaphika a tiyi.
5. Ukadaulo wa Kupanga
Zofunikira za CNIPA zimakhazikitsa njira zitatu. Kutentha ndi nthawi zimaperekedwa ndi kusindikizidwanso kwa lamulo la chizindikiro chaulimi:
- Tiyi wosalala (扁形茶, biǎnxíng chá): kuyala (摊放, tānfàng) wosanjikiza mpaka 5 cm kwa maola 5–8 → kukhazikika (杀青) mu ng’oma kwa masekondi 35–55 → kupanga mawonekedwe (做形, zuòxíng) pa 120–150 °C pafupifupi mphindi 20 → kuyanika pa 90–100 °C mu chowumitsira kapena 80–90 °C pa tebulo lopangira mawonekedwe → kukweza kununkhira (增香, zēngxiāng) pa 100–110 °C pa tebulo kapena 100–120 °C mu makina onunkhira.
- Tiyi wa singano (针形茶, zhēnxíng chá): kuyala → kukhazikika pa 120–140 °C kwa masekondi 35–55 → kupotoza (揉捻, róuniǎn) kwa mphindi 15–35 → kupanga mawonekedwe pa 120–150 °C → kuyanika ndi kukweza kununkhira, monga tiyi wosalala.
- Chaoqing ndi hongqing (炒青、烘青, chǎoqīng, hōngqīng): kuyala → kukhazikika pa 140–160 °C kwa masekondi 90–150 → kupotoza pafupifupi mphindi 45 → kuyanika pang’ono pa 120 °C (烘二青) → kukazinga pa 150–160 °C (炒三青) → kumaliza mu mbiya (辉锅, huīguō) pa 80–180 °C kwa mphindi 90–120.
Malinga ndi nyuzipepala, kupanga tiyi wa Mapo kumaphatikizapo ntchito zoposa khumi, mwa zina kuwongola chingwe (理条, lǐtiáo) ndi kutentha pamoto (焙火, bèihuǒ).
6. Makhalidwe a Organoleptic
- Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Wa singano wa mtundu wapamwamba kwambiri ndi wothina, wochepa, wozungulira ndi wowongoka, wobiriwira ngati emerald, wokhala ndi ubweya wooneka bwino; wa mtundu woyamba ndi pafupifupi wozungulira ndi wowongoka, wobiriwira wonyezimira. Chaoqing ndi hongqing ndi wopota mwamphamvu; wosalala ndi wothina ndi wobiriwira ngati emerald.
- Kununkhira kwa masamba owuma: Palibe kufotokozera kwapadera m’magwero omwe tapeza.
- Kununkhira kwa madzi a tiyi: Koyera ndi kokhalitsa, kokhala ndi kununkhira kwa nyemba ndi mtedza wokazinga wa chestnut (似豆香、熟板栗香); kwa wa singano wa mtundu wapamwamba kwambiri ndi kwakukulu.
- Kukoma: Kokoma pang’ono; kwa wa singano wa mtundu wapamwamba kwambiri ndi kwatsopano ndi kofewa, kwa chaoqing ndi kokwanira komanso kwatsopano (浓醇、鲜).
- Mtundu wa madzi a tiyi: Wobiriwira koyera komanso wowala. Zolemba zimalongosola kutulutsa katatu: m’koyamba madzi a tiyi ndi obiriwira, kukoma kumangoyamba kuoneka; m’kachiŵiri wobiriwira umasanduka wachikasu chotumbululuka, nyemba ndi chestnut zimakula; m’kachitatu madzi a tiyi ndi obiriwira ngati emerald ndi mawonekedwe a buluu (汤碧泛青).
- Masamba otsala pambuyo kuphika: Kwa wa singano wa mtundu wapamwamba kwambiri ndi wosalala, ndi wobiriwira wofewa komanso wowala (嫩绿明亮); kwa chaoqing ndi hongqing ndi wobiriwira komanso wowala (绿且明亮). Kwa wa singano wa mtundu woyamba palibe kufotokozera.
7. Kapangidwe ka Chemical
Miyeso m’zolemba imagwirizana:
| Chizindikiro | Zofunikira za CNIPA | Kufotokozera kwa chizindikiro | Khadi la reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ma amino acid aulere | ≥ 3.5 % | ≥ 3.5 % | palibe |
| Polyphenols | ≥ 16.0 % | ≥ 16.0 % | ≥ 13.0 % |
| Caffeine | ≥ 2.5 % | ≥ 2.5 % | palibe |
| Selenium | ≥ 0.03 mg/kg | ≥ 0.07 mg/kg | palibe |
| Chinyezi | palibe | ≤ 6.5 % | ≤ 5.0 % |
Kufotokozera kwa chizindikiro kumawonjezera extractives ≥ 36.0 %, phulusa ≤ 6.5 % ndi crude fiber ≤ 14.0 %.
8. Kuphika
Njira ya gulu la tiyi wobiriwira. Madzi 80–85 °C, 3 g pa 150 ml, kapu yagalasi kapena gaiwan yoyera. Kutulutsa koyamba pakadutsa masekondi 40–60, kenako kutulutsa kawiri kapena katatu, kusiya gawo la madzi m’chidebe.
9. Kusunga
Njira ya gulu. M’zotengera zotsekedwa bwino, mufiriji pa 0–5 °C, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo; amwe mkati mwa chaka chimodzi.
10. Mtengo ndi Zonama
Mitengo ya malonda m’magwero omwe tapeza palibe. Malinga ndi atolankhani, mu March 2023 kilogalamu imodzi ya masamba atsopano ku Mapo inali mtengo woposa 70 yuan.
- Mlandu wa 2024: Ofesi ya prosecutor ya boma la Jianshi idapeza kuti makampani ena amaika chizindikiro cha “马坡茶” popanda chilolezo, ndipo ena mwa ovomerezeka amasindikiza chizindikiro chakale, ngakhale CNIPA mu 2019 idakhazikitsa chatsopano. Pambuyo pa zomwe adanena, ofesi ya market supervision idayang’ana mabizinesi 18 a m’chigawo ndikuchotsa malonda okhala ndi chizindikiro chosaloledwa.
- Momwe mungapewere zonama:
- Fufuzani chizindikiro chapadera chatsopano ndikuwona wopanga ndi mndandanda wa ovomerezeka: m’mndandanda wa chigawo cha August 2025, Mapo Mingzhu Cooperative yatchulidwa.
- Onani chiyambi, chigawo cha Sanli m’boma la Jianshi.
- Kumbukirani njira yovomerezeka: malinga ndi zofunikira za CNIPA, pempho la wopanga limalandiridwa ndi ofesi ya boma ya intellectual property, kuyang’aniridwa ndi chigawo, kuvomerezedwa ndi CNIPA.
11. Zinthu Zosangalatsa
- “Zitsamba khumi” m’dzina 十株茶 ndi “khumi ndi ziwiri” mu nthano sizitsutsana: mbewu zinali khumi ndi ziwiri, khumi zidamera.
- Mtundu wa 安吉白茶 ndi “woyera” m’dzina lokha, ku Mapo umapangira tiyi wobiriwira.
- Chizindikiro cha tiyi wa Mapo mu 2024 chinatetezedwa ndi ofesi ya prosecutor.
12. Kuyerekeza ndi Tiyi Ina
- Enshi Yulu (恩施玉露): Tiyi wobiriwira wa chigawo cha Enshi wokhala ndi kukhazikika kwa nthunzi.
- Enshi Fuxicha (恩施富硒茶): Dzina la selenium la chigawo ndi chizindikiro chake.
- Xihu Longjing (西湖龙井): Tiyi wosalala wa Hangzhou; malinga ndi nthano, zitsamba zoyamba za Mapo zidakula kuchokera ku mbewu za longjing.
Pomaliza:
Mapo Cha ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa chigawo chimodzi m’mapiri a Enshi wokhala ndi zolemba zatsatanetsatane: minda pa 600–1200 m, mitundu isanu ya cultivars, mawonekedwe atatu ndi madzi a tiyi omwe amasintha kuchokera kubiriwira kupita ku chikasu chotumbululuka ndi wobiriwira ngati emerald, ndi nyemba ndi mtedza wokazinga wa chestnut mu kununkhira. Nthano ya mbewu za longjing imakhalabe nthano.
Magwero
Chizindikiro cha malo
Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero