Junan Lücha (Jǔnán lǜchá, 莒南绿茶) — itiye eliluhlaza lasesifundeni sase-Junan (莒南县) esifundeni sedolobha i-Linyi eningizimu yesifundazwe sase-Shandong, umkhawulo osenyakatho lapho itiye lakhula khona ngenxa yomkhankaso othi «南茶北引» — «itiye laseningizimu — liya enyakatho». Igama livikelwe kusukela ngo-2010, futhi kusukela ngo-2025 futhi njengomkhiqizo ogcina uphawu lwendawo lwe-CNIPA. Izidingo zophawu zichaza izimo ezintathu zetiye — elisontiwe, eliyisicaba kanye nelinjengenaliti, futhi encazelweni yephunga lazo zontathu kukhulunywa ngethoni ye-castnut (栗香).
1. Ukwahlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá) — isigaba siqanjwe egameni, futhi izidingo zophawu zichaza iqabunga eliluhlaza kanye nokumnika okuluhlaza.
- Isigaba: Igama lesifunda elinophawu lwendawo phezu kwezimo ezintathu zetiye; itiye eliluhlaza lasenyakatho lase-Shandong.
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Shandong (山东, Shāndōng), isifunda sedolobha i-Linyi (临沂, Línyí), isifunda sase-Junan (莒南, Jǔnán).
- Indawo evikelwe: Ngokwezidingo ze-CNIPA — izigodi namalokishi angu-13 esifunda: Zhubian (洙边镇), Zhuanggang, Tuanlin, Zhulu, Fangqian, Wentuan, Pingshan, Laopo, Xianggou, Shizilu, Xiangdi, Tingshui kanye ne-Shilianzi.
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: 118°33′–119°11′ empumalanga, 35°06′–35°24′ enyakatho — ngokwezidingo ezifanayo.
2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- 1950s. Ngokombhalo wasekhaya ka-2021, ngo-1956 izithombo zokuqala eziyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu e-Shandong zafa yiqhwa, ngo-1957 izithombo e-Qingdao aziphumelelanga, kwathi ngo-1959 isifunda sase-Juxian sahlwanyela imbewu ngempumelelo. Umbhalo ka-2026 uthatha u-1956 njengonyaka wokuqalwa kohlelo.
- 1965–1969. Ngokwalowo mbhalo, entwasahlobo ka-1965 isisebenzi sesiteshi sehlathi somphakathi wase-Xianggou saletha izinhlobo ezine zetiye ezivela enstithithini yetiye e-Hangzhou ukuze zitshalwe ngokuhlolwa; ebusika bango-1966 ngokohlelo lwesifunda sase-Linyi isifunda saqala uhlelo lwaso, kwathi ngo-1969 ama-81.3 mu engadi yokuhlola akhula ngokuphelele.
- 1970s. I-Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Tea Institute yahlaziya itiye lendawo ngefomula ethi «叶片厚、耐冲泡、香气高、滋味浓» — «iqabunga eliwugqinsi, limelana nokuthelwa kaningi, iphunga eliphezulu, ukunambitha okugcwele». Incazelo eyireferensi ibeka ukuhlaziywa ngo-1978; umbhalo wasekhaya ka-2021 awunikezi usuku, kodwa ubhala ngokwamukelwa kwetiye lase-Zhubian ngo-1971 kanye nangophakeme lwezingadi ngo-1978 — ama-15,386 mu.
- 2010. Ngo-Ephreli 2 uMnyango Wezolimo wabhalisa uphawu lwendawo lwezolimo lwe-«莒南绿茶» (AGI00276); umnikazi ngokwesifinyezo esiyireferensi — isikhungo sesifunda sokusabalalisa ubuchwepheshe bezithelo kanye nokulinywa kwetiye.
- 2025. I-CNIPA ngesaziso esingu-№ 646 yaqaphela i-«莒南绿茶» njengomkhiqizo ogcina uphawu lwendawo; umfakisicelo — isikhungo sesifunda sokusabalalisa ubuchwepheshe bezolimo. Igama liphinde libe nophawu lwendawo olungu-№ 19854035; umnikazi, ngokwesifinyezo seplatifomu yase-Shandong yezimpawu zendawo, — isikhungo sokucwaninga kwetiye eliluhlaza lase-Zhuxi (莒南洙溪绿茶研究中心).
- Igama: «Junan» (莒南) — igama lesifunda, «lücha» (绿茶) — «itiye eliluhlaza».
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Ngokombhalo ka-2026, isifunda sinesihloko esithi «中国茶叶之乡» — «izwe letiye lase-China»; umbhalo ka-2021 ubeka lesi sihloko sango-1996 elokishini lase-Zhubian. NgoSepthemba 1–2, 2026, esifundeni kwenziwa imicimbi yesifundazwe yokugubha iminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa yomkhankaso othi «南茶北引».
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa
- Izinhlobo / Ama-Cultivar: Ngokwezidingo ze-CNIPA izinhlobo eziyinhloko — i-Fuding Dabai (福鼎大白), i-Qimen Chuyetsi (祁门褚叶齐) kanye nenani lase-Huangshan (黄山群体); eziyisizo — ama-clone e-Longjing Changye (龙井长叶), i-Yingshuang (迎霜), i-Zhenong 139 (浙农139), i-Tieguanyin (铁观音), i-Taicha 7 (台茶7号) kanye nembewu ye-Jiukeng (鸠坑). Umbhalo wasekhaya ka-2021 ubala ezinye izinhlobo, kuhlanganise ne-Zhongcha 108 (中茶108), i-Longjing 43 (龙井43) kanye ne-Huangjin Ya (黄金芽) enamaqabunga aphuzi.
- Izinga lokuvuna: Izidingo ziyala ukuvuna ngokwezinga, ngamaqoqo futhi ngesikhathi, kodwa azisinikezi izinga uqobo.
- Isikhathi sokuvuna: Izidingo zophawu azizibizi izinsuku. Ngokombhalo wasekhaya ka-2021, itiye lasentwasahlobo elivela ezingadini ezivulekile livame ukuphuma cishe ngo-Ephreli 25, futhi ukuvuna kuphela ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba — cishe izinsuku ezingu-150, intwasahlobo, ihlobo nekwindla.
4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokulima
- Isifunda: IMpumalanga yezintaba zase-Yimeng (沂蒙), eduze nolwandle. Ngokwencazelo eyireferensi, izingadi zitholakala ikakhulukazi emagqumeni asempumalanga naseningizimu yesifunda, izisekelo eziyinhloko — i-Zhubian, i-Zhuanggang, i-Tuanlin kanye ne-Zhulu.
- Isimo sezulu: Ngokwencazelo eyireferensi — isimo sezulu se-monsoon sezwekazi esinomswakama ophakathi nendawo eshisayo: 12.7 °C ngokwesilinganiso sonyaka, izinsuku ezingama-198 ezingenasithwathwa, amahora angu-2458.9 elanga kanye nama-856.5 mm emvula.
- Ukuphakama kokutshalwa: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.
- Indawo: Ngokwezidingo — inhlabathi namanzi ahlanzekile, kude nezimboni nezimayini.
- Ukunakekelwa kwengadi ngokwezidingo ze-CNIPA: Ekwindla — ukumba kuze kufinyelele ongqimbeni ophilayo okungenani amasentimitha angu-80; ukuvundisa ngokwesikimu esithi «一基三追多次喷» — okuyisisekelo ekwindla kanye nokuvundisa okuthathu ngesizini; ekuqaleni kobusika — «ukunisela kobusika» (越冬水), emvuleni — ukugeleza kwamanzi: izimpande zesaba ukuma kwamanzi.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Izidingo zophawu azibuchazi ubuchwepheshe: azikho izigaba zokucubungula kuzo.
Isikimu esijwayelekile setiye eliluhlaza, hhayi incazelo eqondile ye-Junan Lücha: ukunwetshwa kweqabunga elisha (摊放, tānfàng), ukulungiswa ngokushisa (杀青, shāqīng), ukusonteka noma ukwakheka (揉捻, róuniǎn) kanye nokomiswa (干燥, gānzào).
6. Izici Zokunambitha
Izidingo ze-CNIPA zichaza izimo ezintathu ngokuhlukana.
- Isimo seqabunga elomile: Elisontiwe — amajika aqinile alinganayo, kusuka ku-emerald kuya kokuluhlaza okumnyama, ngaphandle kweqabunga eliphuzi neliphukile. Eliyisicaba — libushelelezi, liyisicaba futhi liqonde, kusuka kokuluhlaza okuncane kuya kokuluhlaza okuphuzi. Elinjengenaliti — liyisicaba futhi liqonde, liluhlaza futhi licwebezela, lilingana.
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
- Iphunga lokumnika: Elisontiwe — liphezulu, kusuka kwephunga le-castnut elincane kuya kokuhlanzekile. Eliyisicaba — iphunga le-castnut eligcwele. Elinjengenaliti — iphunga le-castnut eliphezulu nelihlala isikhathi eside.
- Ukunambitha: Elisontiwe — kugcwele futhi kuthambile (浓醇). Eliyisicaba — kuthambile futhi kugcwele (醇厚). Elinjengenaliti — kusha, kuthambile, kuqabulayo (鲜醇爽口). Akufanele kube khona ukunambitheka okungajwayelekile.
- Umbala wokumnika: Kusuka kokuluhlaza okuncane okukhanyayo kuya kokuluhlaza okuphuzi okukhanyayo, ngaphandle kokufiphaliswa; kwelunjengenaliti — kuluhlaza okuncane futhi kusobala.
- Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga eliphisiwe): Kusuka kokuluhlaza okuncane okukhanyayo kuya kokuluhlaza okuphuzi okukhanyayo, kwelesicaba — kuya kokuphuzi okukhanyayo; kwelunjengenaliti — kuluhlaza okuncane, kukhanya futhi kulingana.
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Izidingo ze-CNIPA zibeka izilinganiso ze-physicochemical (ngesisindo):
| Isilinganiso | Inani elijwayelekile |
|---|---|
| Umswakama | kungabi ngaphezu kuka-7.0 % |
| Umlotha ophelele | kungabi ngaphezu kuka-7.5 % |
| Imvuthuluka nothuli | kungabi ngaphezu kuka-6.0 % |
| Izinto ezincibilikayo emanzini | kungabi ngaphansi kuka-34.0 % |
| I-fiber eluhlaza | kungabi ngaphezu kuka-16.0 % |
| Umlotha ongancibiliki ku-acid | kungabi ngaphezu kuka-1.0 % |
| Umlotha oncibilikayo emanzini emlotsheni ophelele | kungabi ngaphansi kuka-45.0 % |
Izidingo zophawu azibeki zilinganiso zama-polyphenol, ama-amino acid kanye ne-caffeine. Isizindalwazi esiyireferensi sinikeza izinombolo «zokuhlaziywa kwe-biochemical» ngaphandle kosuku, indlela kanye nomthombo wokuqala; angizidluliseli.
8. Ukuphisa
Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
- Inani letiye: 3 g nge-150 ml.
- Isitsha: Ingilazi engilazi noma i-gaiwan.
- Inqubo:
- Fudumeza isitsha, beka itiye bese uthela amanzi ngasodongeni.
- Ukumnika kokuqala — emva kwemizuzwana engama-40–60.
- Phuza, ushiya ingxenye yokumnika, bese uthela amanzi: izincazelo zigcizelela ukuthi iqabunga eliwugqinsi limelana nokuthelwa kaningi (耐冲泡).
9. Ukugcinwa
Umkhuba wesigaba. Ephaketheni elivalekile, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama kanye namaphunga; kungcono ukuphuzwa phakathi nonyaka.
10. Intengo kanye Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi
Ayikho imininingwane ngezintengo emithonjeni etholakele. Izibalo zemboni ziyahlukana: umbhalo wasekhaya ka-2021 ubala cishe ama-80,000 mu wezingadi, amathani angu-2000 etiye ngonyaka kanye nama-yuan ayizigidi ezingama-400, umbhalo ka-2026 ngama-80,000 mu afanayo — amathani angu-4000 kanye nama-yuan ayizigidi eziyinkulungwane.
- Ukwazi ukugwema imikhiqizo yomgunyathi:
- Funa uphawu olukhethekile lwendawo: ngokwezidingo ze-CNIPA, lusetshenziswa kuphela abakhiqizi abavunyelwe abavela endaweni evikelwe.
- Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi uvela kwesinye sezigodi namalokishi angu-13 esifunda sase-Junan.
- Qhathanisa isimo nezidingo: ngaphandle kweqabunga eliphuzi neliphukile, ukumnika ngaphandle kokufiphaliswa, iphunga — kusuka kwephunga le-castnut kuya kokuhlanzekile.
- Khumbula ukuthi ngaphansi kwegama kunezimo ezintathu, futhi itiye eliyisicaba akulona umgunyathi welisontiwe.
11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo
- Inani lemiklomelo liyahlukana: incazelo eyireferensi ibala imiklomelo engu-116 yezinga lesifunda nangaphezulu (engu-20 kazwelonke, engu-50 yesifundazwe), umbhalo wasekhaya ka-2021 — engu-262 (engu-55 kazwelonke, engu-98 yesifundazwe).
- Ngokombhalo ka-2026, ngoMashi walowo nyaka isifunda sasayina isivumelwano sohlaka lokusebenzisana embonini yetiye nesifunda sedolobha i-Fuding (福鼎) esifundazweni sase-Fujian; uhlobo lwe-Fuding Dabai luyinhloko ezidingweni zophawu.
12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye aluhlaza ase-Shandong
- Yimeng Yu Ya (沂蒙玉芽): Itiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba lesifunda esifanayo. I-Junan Lücha ibanzi: igama livikela izimo ezintathu, futhi elesicaba — lingelinye lazo. Ngaye kunesisho esithi «南有杭州龙井，北有沂蒙玉芽» — «eningizimu kukhona i-Longjing yase-Hangzhou, enyakatho i-Yimeng Yu Ya».
- Yishui Lücha (沂水绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda sase-Yishui esifundeni esifanayo sase-Linyi ngaphansi kwegama elihlukile; indawo yaso isenyakatho, cishe 35°36′–36°03′ enyakatho, futhi ayihlangani nendawo yase-Junan.
- Rizhao Lü Cha (日照绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lase-Rizhao elingumakhelwane osogwini, nalo liwumphumela womkhankaso othi «南茶北引».
- Laoshan Lü Cha (崂山绿茶) kanye ne-Jiaonan Lücha (胶南绿茶): Amatiye aluhlaza asogwini ngaphansi kwe-Qingdao.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Junan Lücha — itiye eliluhlaza lasenyakatho, elakhula ngenxa yokubekezela: ngemva kokuhluleka kokutshala kweminyaka yawo-1950, isifunda ekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1960s ekugcineni salima izingadi zaso futhi ngo-1978 sazifinyelela ezinkulungwaneni eziyishumi nanhlanu zama-mu. Izidingo zophawu zichaza izimo ezintathu, futhi kuzo zonke iphunga kuthiwa le-castnut, kanti ukuhlaziywa kwakudala kwenstithithi yetiye — iqabunga eliwugqinsi elimalana nokuthelwa kaningi.
Imithombo
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo