I-Shui Lücha (Yíshuǐ lǜchá, 沂水绿茶) itiye eliluhlaza lase-Yishui County (沂水县) ngaphansi kukahulumeni wedolobha i-Linyi eningizimu yesifundazwe sase-Shandong, emaphethelweni asenyakatho okulinywa kwetiye laseChina. Itiye lalethwa lapha lisuka eningizimu ngawo-1950–1960 ngaphansi komkhankaso othi «南茶北引» — «itiye laseningizimu — liya enyakatho»; isifunda esiyinhloko idolobhana i-Yuandongtou (院东头镇). Igama livikelwa kabili: njengophawu lwezolimo lwendawo (AGI00273, 2010) nanjengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo ngokwesimemezelo se-CNIPA № 646 (2025). Izidingo zokuvikelwa zichaza izimo ezimbili — ezisongekile neziphansi.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá) — ngokwegama nangokobuchwepheshe bezidingo zokuvikelwa, ngaphandle kokuxhuma nomoya nokufakwa emanzini.
- Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza lasenyakatho; izindlela ezimbili zokuvikelwa.
- Izimo: Ezisongekile neziphansi (扁形). Embhalweni we-CNIPA itiye elisongekile libizwa ngokuthi «老曲形茶», kanti eliphansi lichazwa ngokuthi «光扇平直»; ngokomqondo wencazelo (条索卷曲 — «imichilo esongekile») lokhu, ngokusobala, kungamaphutha okubhala esikhundleni sika-卷曲形 no-光扁平直.
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Shandong (山东, Shāndōng), uhulumeni wedolobha i-Linyi (临沂, Línyí), i-Yishui County (沂水, Yíshuǐ). Ngokwe-Shandong Geographical Indications Association (2020), enyakatho yesifunda kune-Yishan Mountain (沂山), entshonalanga kune-Mengshan (蒙山), empumalanga kune-Rizhao.
- Umfakisicelo: I-Yishui County High-Mountain Tea Professional Cooperative (沂水县高山茶业专业合作社).
- Indawo yokuvikelwa ye-CNIPA: Amadolobhana angu-18, izigodi kanye namakomidi emigwaqo esifunda: i-Yuandongtou, i-Gaozhuang, i-Xiawei, i-Quanzhuang, i-Cuijiayu, i-Huangshanpu, i-Xujiahu, i-Sishilipu, i-Longjiaquan, i-Zhuge, i-Yicheng, i-Daotuo, i-Gaoqiao, i-Shagou, i-Quanli, i-Mazhan, i-Yangzhuang kanye ne-Fuguanzhuang.
- Indawo yophawu lwe-AGI00273: Ngokwesimemezelo soMnyango Wezolimo № 1366 (2010) — izigodi namadolobhana angu-19 esifunda ngokwehlukaniswa kwangaleso sikhathi, ngamakhodineti afanayo; ngokwenhlangano, indawo yawo yonke icishe ibe ngu-2434.8 km². Kulolu hlu kukhona idolobhana i-Yaodianzi (姚店子镇), elingekho ohlwini lwe-CNIPA.
- Amakhodineti ezwe: 118°13′–119°03′ empumalanga, 35°36′–36°03′ enyakatho.
2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Itiye enyakatho. I-Shandong iyisifundazwe esisenyakatho impela sokulinywa kwetiye e-China; itiye lafika lapha sekwephuzile.
- 1950–1960s. Ngokwezincwadi ezikhuluma ngetiye (2024), izihlahla zaseningizimu ezakhula ezintabeni zakule ndawo, emashumini eminyaka, zathola isimo «sokuhlala endle» (半野生性). Ngokwenhlangano, e-Yuandongtou, isifunda esikhulu setiye esifundeni, kukhula izingadi ezingaphezu kuka-2000 mu zaleso sikhathi; izincazelo zika-2020 zibiza leli dolobhana ngokuthi liyisifunda sokuqala sokutshala esifundeni ngaphansi komkhankaso we-«南茶北引».
- 2009–2010. Ngokwenhlangano, ngo-2009 i-Yishui Lücha yadlula ekuhlolweni kwe-Ministry of Agriculture Agricultural Products Quality and Safety Center; ukubhaliswa kwaqinisekiswa yisimemezelo sikahulumeni № 1366 (esasayinwa mhla zi-2 ku-April 2010), inombolo — i-AGI2010-03-00273, umfakisicelo — yileyo nhlangano yokubambisana yasezintabeni eziphakeme.
- 2025. Isimemezelo se-CNIPA № 646 esinezidingo zokuvikelwa, umugqa 159 ohlwini. Irejista ka-2026 iphawula uphawu njengolusanda kuqinisekiswa.
- Izindondo: Isiqu esithi «山东名牌» nomkhiqizo owaziwayo wesifundazwe, ngokwencazelo ka-2020, kungokophawu lokuhweba oluthi «蒙山龙雾» lwenkampani emele inhlangano yokubambisana engumfakisicelo, hhayi uphawu ngokwalo. I-Yishui Lücha ngokwayo incazelo ka-2020 iyibiza ngokuthi umkhiqizo wezolimo owaziwayo wase-Shandong.
- Igama: I-Yishui (沂水) — igama lesifunda, i-绿茶 — «itiye eliluhlaza»: indawo nesigaba, ngaphandle kohlobo nokuma.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Izincazelo zikwethula njenge «high-mountain green tea of inland Shandong» (山东内陆高山绿茶), olwenziwa ngesandla.
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe
- Uhlobo / Imbewu: Izidingo zibiza izinhlobo ezinoboya obuningi nehlumela elisindayo (多毫芽重型品种), uhlobo lwendawo lwase-Huangshan (黄山群体种) kanye nezinhlobo zochungechunge lwe-Fuding (福鼎系列). Ohlwini olufanayo kukhona o-«高山茶» no-«久抗»; ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo lezi, akucaci embhalweni.
- Indawo: Izindawo eziphakathi kwezintaba ezinokwehla okungaphansi kuka-15° kanye nemithambeka emincane enongqimba lomhlabathi olungaphezu kwe-1 m.
- Izindlela zokulima: Ukulima okujulile ehlobo, umquba omningi oyisisekelo, ukuchelela nokukhipha amanzi; ukutshala emiseleni ephansi kusukela ku-Qiufen (秋分) kuya ku-Lidong (立冬) noma kusukela ku-Yushui (雨水) kuya ku-Chunfen (春分); ukuthena kwakha indawo yokuvuna enkulu (低定短放，夏剪秋养).
- Ukuvuna: Kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-April kuze kube cishe ngesikhathi sika-Guyu (谷雨) — ngeqabunga elithambile, elinamahlumela agcwele aqinile (芽苞肥壮). Ukuthi mangaki amaqabunga okufanele athathwe nehlumela, akushiwongo.
4. I-Terroir Nezici Zokulinywa
- Isifunda: INingizimu ye-Shandong, izintaba eziphakathi kwe-Yishan ne-Mengshan. Itiye lapha likhula emngceleni wokubekezelela ubusika balo mkhakha.
- Isimo sezulu: Ngokwenhlangano — indawo yezintaba engaphakathi cishe ku-36° enyakatho, lapho umehluko wokushisa kobusuku nemini kanye nokukhanya kuphakeme kunakwezinye izindawo zetiye zesifundazwe. I-Yuandongtou izungezwe izintaba nehlathi, isithwathwa sasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo asihlaseli kakhulu, izingadi zisezindaweni ezinelanga; ngokwenhlangano efanayo, ukuvuna kwentwasahlobo lapha kuqala cishe isigamu senyanga ngaphambi kunezinye izindawo zase-Shandong.
- Ukuphakama kokukhula: Azikho izinombolo eziqondile; izincazelo zikhuluma nje ngezingadi «ezisezintabeni eziphakeme».
- Umhlabathi: Ngokwezidingo zokuvikelwa — umhlabathi ojulile osagolide-ophuzi (金黄壤), i-pH 4.5–6.5.
- Isilinganiso: Ngokwenhlangano (2020), amahektha ayi-1000 wezingadi namathani angama-400 etiye ngonyaka; unyaka wedatha awushiwongo.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Izidingo zokuvikelwa zibeka uchungechunge oluthi «ukucutshungulwa kweqabunga elisha → ukumisa ukuxhuma komoya → ukuqondisa → ukubumba → ukomisa ebhodweni elicwebezelayo → ukuqeda ngesandla».
- Ukucutshungulwa kweqabunga elisha (鲜叶处理, xiānyè chǔlǐ): Ukuphola nomswakama ophezulu, ungqimba oluncane nokubekwa isikhathi eside — kuze kube yilapho iqabunga lithamba futhi liba mnyama.
- Ukumisa ukuxhuma komoya (杀青, shāqīng): Ukushisa okuphezulu nokushiswa ngokushesha, kuze kungene kuwo wonke amazinga futhi ngokulinganayo. Ngemva kwalokho iqabunga liphola ngongqimba luka-2–4 cm imizuzu engu-15–20.
- Ukuqondisa (理条, lǐtiáo): Ngokushesha, ngenkathi iqabunga lipholile futhi lithambile; ukushisa okungaguquki cishe ku-40 °C nokucindezelwa kancane, ukwehla kwesisindo — 40–50 %.
- Ukubumba (整形, zhěngxíng): Cishe imizuzu engu-20 ebhodweni elinomsele (槽锅), kuze kube yilapho izihloko zamahlumela ziqina futhi zizwakala lapho zithintwa; ukwehla kwesisindo — 60 %.
- Ukomisa ebhodweni elicwebezelayo (辉锅干燥, huīguō gānzào): Ukuqedela ukomisa kuze kuphele futhi kuvuleke iphunga. Ukuphelela — iqabunga ligayeka phakathi kweminwe libe yimpuphu, umswakama — ungabi ngaphezu kuka-6.5 %.
- Ukuqeda ngesandla (手工精制, shǒugōng jīngzhì): Ngomoya ovunguzayo noma ngesisefo soqalo kususwe izingcwecwe nezinto eziphukile, kuhlungwe uthuli, kupakishwe.
Uchungechunge lunye kuzimo zombili; ukuthi kuhluke kanjani ukucutshungulwa kwazo, akushiwongo.
6. Izici Zokunambitheka
Ngokwezidingo zokuvikelwa; isimo ngasinye sinochungechunge lwaso, kusukela ezinhlotsheni eziphezulu kuye kweziphansi.
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Elisongekile — imichilo esongekile, eminyene, elinganayo; umbala kusukela ku-emerald (翠绿) kuya koluhlaza okotshani omnyama (墨绿), ngaphandle kwamaqabunga aphuzile noma aphukile. Eliphansi — libushelelezi, liyisicaba futhi liqondile; umbala kusukela koluhlaza othambile kuya koluhlaza ophuzi, olinganayo futhi ohlanzekile.
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo ezitholakalayo emithonjeni.
- Iphunga lotshwala: Elisongekile — eliphakeme, kusukela ekastanjeni othambile (嫩栗香) kuya kokuhlanzekile. Eliphansi — iphunga le-kastani eligcwele (栗香浓郁), kusukela kokuthambile kuya kokuhlanzekile.
- Ukunambitheka: Elisongekile — eligcwele futhi lithambile (浓醇); eliphansi — lithambile futhi liminyene (醇厚); kokubili ngaphandle kokunambitheka okungafanele.
- Umbala wotshwala: Kokubili — kusukela koluhlaza othambile okhanyayo kuya koluhlaza ophuzi okhanyayo, ngaphandle kokudideka.
- Izinsalela zetiye (iqabunga eliselishisiwe): Elisongekile — kusukela koluhlaza othambile okhanyayo kuya koluhlaza ophuzi okhanyayo; eliphansi — kusukela koluhlaza othambile okhanyayo kuya kokuphuzi okhanyayo.
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Izidingo zokuvikelwa zomzimba namakhemikhali:
| Isinkomba | Isidingo |
|---|---|
| Ama-amino acid | angabi ngaphansi kuka-8 % |
| I-caffeine | angabi ngaphansi kuka-3.0 % |
| Ama-polyphenol etiye | angabi ngaphansi kuka-25 % |
| Izinto ezincibilika emanzini ezikhishwayo | angabi ngaphansi kuka-36 % |
| Umswakama wetiye eliphelele (ngobuchwepheshe) | ungabi ngaphezu kuka-6.5 % |
Ama-polyphenol embhalweni we-CNIPA abhalwe ngephutha — «茶多酸» esikhundleni sika-茶多酚. Izinombolo zithathwe kusendlalelo sombhalo sesithasiselo, hhayi ekuhunyushweni kweskeni; kodwa izinga lama-amino acid liphezulu ngendlela engavamile, futhi angikwazanga ukulihlola nedokhumenti yesibili.
8. Ukuphisa
Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
- Inani letiye: 3 g ku-150 ml.
- Izitsha: Ngetiye eliphansi — ingilazi; ngelisondekile — ingilazi noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
- Inqubo:
- Shisisa isitsha.
- Faka itiye bese uthela amanzi ngasodongeni.
- Ukuchithwa kokuqala — ngemva kwemizuzwana engu-40–60.
- Phuza, ushiye ingxenye yotshwala.
- Thela amanzi futhi.
- Ukuthela kabili noma kathathu okuphindaphindiwe.
9. Ukugcinwa
Umkhuba wesigaba. Ephaketheni elivalekile, efrijini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga; kungcono ukuphuzwa phakathi nonyaka.
10. Intengo Kanye Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi
Akukho datha ngentengo emithonjeni etholakalayo.
- Ukwazi ukugwema imikhiqizo yomgunyathi:
- Funa uphawu olukhethekile lwendawo: lunikezwa yi-CNIPA ngemva kokuhlola isicelo ngabaphathi besifundazwe sase-Shandong.
- Hlola inombolo yophawu lwezolimo i-AGI00273.
- Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi uvela e-Yishui County.
- Itiye elisongekile — imichilo eminyene elinganayo; eliphansi — libushelelezi futhi liqondile; utshwala bungenakudideka.
11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo
- Uhlu lwezindawo zezindlela ezimbili zokuvikelwa aluhambisani: esimemezelweni sika-2010 — izigodi namadolobhana angu-19, ku-CNIPA ngo-2025 — angu-18, futhi idolobhana i-Yaodianzi alikho ohlwini olusha.
- Umsebenzi wokugcina ngokwezidingo ukuqeda ngesandla; ukuphelela ngemva kokomiswa kuhlolwa ngeminwe: iqabunga kufanele ligayeke libe yimpuphu.
- Ukutshala itiye izidingo zikuvumela kabili ngonyaka: ekwindla, kusukela ku-Qiufen kuya ku-Lidong, nasekupheleni kobusika, kusukela ku-Yushui kuya ku-Chunfen.
12. Ukuqhathaniswa Namanye Amatiye Aluhlaza Ase-Shandong
- Junan Lücha (莒南绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lesinye isifunda se-Linyi, nalo elingumphumela womkhankaso we-«南茶北引».
- Yimeng Yu Ya (沂蒙玉芽): Itiye eliphansi lesifunda sase-Junan; ku-Yishui Lücha isimo esiphansi singesinye sezimbili kuphela.
- Rizhao Lü Cha (日照绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza elingasogwini le-Rizhao elingumakhelwane; i-Yishui Lücha ingeyasezintabeni neyangaphakathi.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Yishui Lücha itiye eliluhlaza lezintaba zangaphakathi zase-Shandong, elikhule ezihlahleni ezalethwa zisuka eningizimu ngawo-1950–1960s. Izidingo zokuvikelwa zalo zinemininingwane: umhlabathi osagolide-ophuzi, ukuvuna kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-April, ukuqondisa ku-40 °C, «ibhodwe elicwebezelayo» nokuqeda ngesandla, izimo ezimbili ezinuka i-kastani notshwala obusuka koluhlaza othambile kuya koluhlaza ophuzi.
Imithombo
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo