Yíméng Yù Yá

I-Yíméng Yù Yá (沂蒙玉芽, Yíméng yù yá) — “Ingquza yeJade ye[zintaba] Yimeng” — itiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba elivela esifundeni sase-Jǔnán (莒南县, Jǔnán Xiàn) edolobheni lase-Línyí (临沂市, Línyí Shì) esifundazweni sase-Shāndōng (山东省), elimela “igagasi lesibili” lomnyakazo wase-Shāndōng othi “Itiye Laseningizimu Liya Enyakatho” (南茶北引, Nánchá Běiyǐn). Leli tiye liqanjwe ngezintaba zase-Yíméng (沂蒙山, Yíméng Shān) — isifunda esidumile “esibomvu” esaduma phakathi neMpi Yokulwa NamaJapane kanye Nombango Wasekhaya njenge “sisekelo” se-CCP. Isici esiyiveza ngokukhethekile— iphunga elinothile lomkhiqizo we-castanea (栗香浓郁持久), elidalwa umehluko we-amplitude yokushisa emini nobusuku “obusezansi” kanye nokukhula okuhamba kancane kwamahlumela. Owayengumqondisi we-China Tea Research Institute we-Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences u-Chéng Qǐkūn (程启坤) wanikeza ukuhlaziya okuphezulu kakhulu: “Eningizimu kukhona i-Lóngjǐng yase-Hángzhōu, enyakatho kukhona i-Yíméng Yù Yá” (南有杭州龙井，北有沂蒙玉芽). Isazi setiye sase-Japan u-Matsushita Satoshi (松下智), ongusihlalo we-Japan Tea Association, washiya umbhalo we-calligraphy othi: “Imvelo engashintshile — itiye le-Yùyá” (无为自然玉芽名茶).

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye neMvelaphi

• Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá), elingavuthwanga. Isimo esiyisisekelo — isicaba (扁平形, biǎnpíng xíng), esigobile kancane, nobuso obulinganayo. Eminye imigqa eyengeziwe: “Amapayini” e-sōngzhēn (松针, sōngzhēn, “inalithi yomphayini”), i-spiral i-Bìluóchūn (碧螺春, Bìluóchūn), “eliwubuhlalo” i-Tuányuán Chūn (团圆春, Tuányuán Chūn, “Intwasahlobo Yokuhlangana”).

• Isigaba: Umkhiqizo ogunyazwe ngokomhlaba we-People’s Republic of China (中国农产品地理标志产品, 2010). Indondo yegolide eMbonisweni Wesibili Kazwelonke Wezolimo (第二届中国农业博览会金奖, 1995). Isitifiketi “somkhiqizo oluhlaza” (绿色食品, 2003). Isimo “Sezwe Letiye lase-China” (中国茶叶之乡) senkathi yesifunda sase-Jǔnán. Sekukonke — imiklomelo engaphezu kuka-116 ezingeni ledolobha, lesifundazwe, kanye nezwe, eminyakeni engamashumi amabili engaphansi kwezinga likazwelonke.

• Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Shāndōng (山东省), idolobha lase-Línyí (临沂市, Línyí Shì), isifunda sase-Jǔnán (莒南县, Jǔnán Xiàn). Umgogodla wokukhiqiza — ilokishi lase-Zhūbiān (洙边镇, Zhūbiān Zhèn) nezindawo ezizungezile. Indawo egunyazwe ngokomhlaba ihlanganisa izifunda eziyishumi nantathu (乡镇): Zhūbiān, Zhuānggǎng (壮岗镇), Tuánlín (团林镇), Zhūlú (朱芦镇), Fāngqián (坊前镇), Wéntuān (文疃镇), Píngshàng (坪上镇), Làopō (涝坡镇), Xiānggōu (相沟乡), Shízìlù (十字路镇), Xiāngdǐ (相邸镇), Tīngshuǐ (汀水镇), Shíliánzǐ (石莲子镇).

• Ukuma kwezulu: Cishe 35°20′ N, 118°50′ E.

2. Umlando kanye Nenani Lamasiko

• Umlando:

“Itiye Laseningizimu — Liya Enyakatho” (1966). Ngaphansi kohlelo lukazwelonke “南茶北引” (Nánchá Běiyǐn), olwaqala ngeminyaka ye-1950 ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukutshalwa kwetiye ezifundazweni ezisenyakatho, e-Línyí kwangeniswa izithombo ezivela ezindaweni eziseningizimu — e-Fújiàn, Ānhuī, Zhèjiāng. Emathafeni agqagqeneyo ezintaba zase-Yíméng, lapho kwakunezisekelo zabadlali bezombangazwe, lapho kwakungekho ukungcola kwezimboni, izithombo zaqala ukuphila ngokuphumelelayo, zaseka isisekelo sokutshalwa kwetiye e-Shāndōng. Amasimu okuqala okuhlolwa atshalwa ngo-1966 — okungenani amashumi amabili eminyaka ngemva kwe-Rìzhào (日照), eyabe iyingqalabutho yomnyakazo eShāndōng esenyakatho.

Ukusungulwa Kophawu (1994). Inkampani i-Línyí Yùyá Cháyè (临沂市玉芽茶业有限公司, Línyí Shì Yùyá Cháyè Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī) yakha itiye elaqala ukudayisa ngegama elithi “Jǔnán Lǜchá” (莒南绿茶, “Itiye Eliluhlaza lesifunda sase-Jǔnán”). Kamuva igama lashintshwa laba “Yíméng Yù Yá” — “Ingquza yeJade ye[zintaba] Yimeng”, okugcizelela ukuxhumana nentaba edumile kanye nokungavamile kwehlumela letiye elisengcupheni “lasezansi”.

Ukuhlonishwa (1995–2010). Ngo-1995 leli tiye lathola indondo yegolide eMbonisweni Wesibili Kazwelonke Wezolimo (第二届中国农业博览会). Ngo-2001 izinhlobo “Yùyá” kanye “Bìyá Chūn” (碧芽春) zanikezwa isimo “semikhiqizo edumile” (名牌产品) eMbonisweni Wamazwe Ngamazwe Wezolimo Wase-China. Ngo-2003 kwatholakala isitifiketi “somkhiqizo oluhlaza” (绿色食品). Ngo-2010 uMnyango Wezolimo we-PRC wagunyaza ukuthi indawo ethile yase “Jǔnán Lǜchá” ingaphawu lokuhlonza. Ngo-2022 inani lophawu lweqa izigidi ezingu-6 zama-yuan.

Ingadi Yokuboniswa (沂蒙玉芽茶叶科技示范园). Umgogodla wokukhiqiza — “Yíméng Yùyá Cháyè Kējì Shìfàn Yuán” (沂蒙玉芽茶叶科技示范园, “Ipaki Yokuboniswa Yesayensi Nobuchwepheshe Letiye i-Yíméng Yùyá”) enesilinganiso se-520 mu (~34.7 hectare) elokishini lase-Zhūbiān. Leli paki lihlanganisa imisebenzi yokutshala, iziko lokuhlola, kanye nendawo yezivakashi.

• Igama:

  • “Yíméng” (沂蒙, Yíméng) — izintaba zase-Yíméng, igama elakhiwe ngemifula emibili: Yí (沂, Yí) no Měng (蒙, Méng), egeleza phakathi kwentaba. Lesi sifunda singenye yezimpawu eziyinhloko zomlando “obomvu” (革命) wase-China.
  • “Yù Yá” (玉芽, Yù Yá) — “Ingquza yeJade” — isisho esimele ubumnene, ubumsulwa, kanye nobungako bengquza yasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. I-jade (玉) emasikweni ase-China iwuphawu lobuhle nokuphelela.

• Inani lamasiko: Izintaba zase-Yíméng zingenye yezimpawu eziyinhloko zomlando ombi wase-PRC. Ngesikhathi seMpi Yokulwa NamaJapane (1937–1945) kanye Nombango Wasekhaya (1946–1949) lapha kwakunezisekelo zokuma (根据地, gēnjùdì) ze-CCP. Ngendlela exhumanisa, ukungabibikho kwentuthuko yezimboni phakathi nezikhathi zempi kanye namashumi eminyaka alandela kwagcina ubumsulwa bemvelo yalesi sifunda. Itiye i-Yíméng Yù Yá liphethe izincazelo ezimbili: umlando — ozalwa “emhlabeni obomvu”, lapho kwenziwa khona amaqhawe, — kanye nemvelo — okukhuliswe endaweni engangcoliwe yezisekelo zangaphambili. “Izintaba ezibomvu zizalela ijade eliluhlaza” (红色的山生出绿色的玉) — lo ngumfanekiso wezinkondlo oqinile wophawu. Uhambo lwabaholi abaphezulu be-PRC (uNobhala Jikelele Hu Jintao, uNdunankulu Zhu Rongji, ilungu le-Permanent Committee of the Politburo Wu Guanzheng, nabanye) emasimini etiye ase-Jǔnán kugcizelele ukubaluleka kwamasu kokutshalwa kwetiye endaweni.

3. Incazelo Yesayensi Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa

• Izinhlobo / I-cultivar: Eyinhloko — Fúdǐng Dàbái Chá (福鼎大白茶, Fúdǐng Dàbái Chá), Camellia sinensis var. sinensis, i-asexual clone (无性系良种, wúxìngxì liángzhǒng), isabelo — cishe amaphesenti angama-70 okutshalwa. I-Fúdǐng Dàbái yiyona leyo cultivar okukhishwa kuyo e-Fújiàn itiye elimhlophe i-Báiháo Yínzhēn (白毫银针); enkabazwe engu-35° e-Shāndōng ithola isimo esihluke ngokuphelele — iphunga lomkhiqizo we-castanea kanye nokunambitheka okuqinile kwetiye eliluhlaza “lasezansi”. Ezinye ezisetshenziswayo: Ānhuī Huángshān Zhǒng (安徽黄山种, Ānhuī Huángshān Zhǒng) — uhlobo olunabantu abaningi lwase-Ānhuī, kanye Zhèjiāng Jiūkēng Zhǒng (浙江鸠坑种, Zhèjiāng Jiūkēng Zhǒng) — olunye lwezinhlobo ezindala kakhulu zase-Zhèjiāng. Ngokocwaningo lwezitho zomzimba, izihlahla zetiye zase-Jǔnán zinezingqimba eziwugqinsi ze-epidermal cuticle kanye nezendlala ezintathu ze-palisade tissue (ngokumelene nezimbili ezihlahleni zetiye eziseningizimu), okuyisibonakaliso sokumelana nokucindezeleka okuphakeme okutholwe ngesikhathi “sokuzivumelanisa nokuhlala enyakatho”.

• Ukuvuna: Ebusika, kusukela ekupheleni kuka-March kuya ku-April. Ibanga eliphakeme (特级, tèjí) — ingquza eyodwa (单芽, dānyá). Ibanga lokuqala (一级, yījí) — ingquza eyodwa + iqabunga elilodwa esigabeni sokuqala sokuvuleka (一芽一叶初展, yī yá yī yè chūzhǎn). Itiye lasekwindla alikhiqizwa.

• Iwindi lezinto zokusetshenziswa:

  • Ibanga eliphakeme (特级): Ingquza eyodwa, isicaba, sigobile kancane, sinombala omnene ophuzi-oluhlaza, noboya obuningi. Ukuhlukehlukana — okungenani amaphesenti angama-95.
  • Ibanga lokuqala (一级): Ingquza eyodwa + iqabunga elilodwa. Isimo esicaba, oluhlaza noboya.
  • Ibanga lesibili (二级): Ingquza eyodwa + amaqabunga amabili. Kuvunyelwe ukungafani okuncane.

4. Itanothi kanye Nezici Zokutshala

• Isimo sezulu: Isimo sezulu esipholile esomile sesimo sezulu sasendle (暖温带湿润季风气候, nuǎn wēndài shīrùn jìfēng qìhòu). Isilinganiso somoya sonyaka — 14.1°C. Imvula ephakathi yonyaka — 865 mm, igxile enkathini yehlobo. Umswakamo ohambisanayo — 72%. Isikhathi esingenamanzonzo — 216 izinsuku. Isici esibalulekile — umehluko omkhulu wokushisa emini nobusuku: amathuba aphezulu emini ngesikhathi sentwasahlobo afinyelela ku-18–22°C kuyilapho amathuba aphansi ebusuku engu-4–8°C. Leli amplitude linciphisa isivinini sokukhula kwamahlumela futhi likhuthaza ukuqoqwa kwama-amino acid nama-compounds anephunga — lapho kuvela iphunga elinothile lomkhiqizo we-castanea, elingekho emi-methonjini “yaseningizimu” ekhula ngokushesha.

• Ukukhuphuka: Indawo enamagquma (丘陵, qiūlíng), ukuphakama okujwayelekile kwamasimu — 200–400 m. Indawo ephakeme kakhulu yalesi sifunda — intaba i-Mǎqí (马鬐山, Mǎqí Shān), 662.2 m. Amasimu etiye atholakala kakhulu emiqcamelweni osempumalanga naseningizimu-mpumalanga — ezindundumeni eziyisisekelo zangaphambili zombhalo we-Láoshān–Wǔlián (崂山—五莲山脉).

• Inhlabathi: Inhlabathi enombala o-brown (棕壤土, zōng rǎng tǔ), engaphezu kwegranite noma i-gneiss. i-pH engu-5.5–6.8 — i-acid encane, efanele izihlahla zetiye. Ungqimba lwenhlabathi olujulile (>60 cm), ukwakheka okuthambile, ukugqabula kwamanzi nomoya okuhle. Umthamo wezinto eziphilayo — ngokwesilinganiso u-1.1%. I-nitrogen etholakalayo — 116.75 mg/kg, i-phosphorus etholakalayo — 47.4 mg/kg, i-potassium etholakalayo — 85.4 mg/kg.

• Imithombo yamanzi: Lesi sifunda sitholakala emgodini we-Huái Hé, kunemifula engama-323 enobude obungu-1708 km. Amasimu etiye — endaweni yokongiwa kwamanzi ohlelweni lwamanzi asogwini (滨海水系). Ukumbozwa kwehlathi — amaphesenti angu-55 endaweni engumgogodla wokukhiqiza.

• Imvelo: Ukuvinjwa okuphelele komanyolo wamakhemikhali kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane endaweni engumgogodla. Uhlelo lwendalo oluvalekile “ingulube → i-biogas → itiye” (猪—沼—茶, zhū—zhǎo—chá): izibi zezifuyo ziyabiliswa emakhemelweni e-biogas, bese umgquba otholiwe usetshenziswa njengomanyolo wezinto eziphilayo. Ukumbozwa kwezitshalo phakathi kwemigqa (行间覆草, hángjiān fùcǎo) kuvimbela ukuguguleka futhi kugcina umswakamo.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Ukukhiqizwa “okuhlanzekile” okuqhutshwa ngokuphelele ngomshini (全程机械化清洁生产, quánchéng jīxièhuà qīngjié shēngchǎn). Ubuchwepheshe obuyinhloko: ukulungiswa kokuluhlaza ngomoya oshisayo (热风杀青), ukomiswa nge-microwave (微波干燥), ukupakishwa nge-vacuum (真空包装), ukugcinwa ezingeni eliphansi lokushisa.

• Ukwenaba (摊放, tānfàng): Amahora ama-2–4 emthunzini ezingeni lokushisa lasekamelweni. Inhloso — ukunciphisa umthamo wamanzi eqabungeni kusuka ku-~78% kuya ku-~68%, ukuqala inqubo yokuqala yokwakheka kwephunga. Amahlumela enwetshwa ngongqimba oluncane (~3 cm) emathreyini o bamboo.

• “Ukubulawa kokuluhlaza” (杀青, shāqīng): Kwenziwa emshinini wokudlidliza wokwelula imigqa (振动理条机, zhèndòng lǐtiáo jī) ku-130–140°C. Ukudlidliza kuhamba kancane futhi kuqala ukwakhiwa kwesimo esicaba seqabunga letiye. Ngemva kokuqinisa — ukwabiwa okuncane ngamahora angu-30 ukuze kungeniswe umoya nokususwa kwamanzi angeqiwe ebusweni.

• Ukwakhiwa (整形, zhěngxíng): Izinga lokushisa elingu-90–100°C. Iqabunga licindezelwa phakathi kwama-plate ashisayo, lenze isimo esicaba, esigobile kancane esiyinkomba (略扁挺直). Le nqubo inika iqabunga letiye ubuso obushelelayo kanye nesithombe esihle.

• Ukoma kokugcina (足干, zúgān): Izinga lokushisa elingu-90°C emshinini wokomisa kuze kube yilapho umthamo wamanzi uba ≤5%. Ngalesi sigaba iphunga lomkhiqizo we-castanea liyaqiniswa — ukuhlangana kwe-Maillard phakathi kwama-amino acid noshukela ezingeni lokushisa elilawulwayo kwakha izinhlanganisela ze-pyrazine eziyinkomba.

6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic

• Isimo seqabunga elomile: Izicaba, zigobile kancane, amaqabunga etiye acijile (略扁挺直, lüè biǎn tǐng zhí). Umbala — uphuzi-oluhlaza omnene (嫩黄绿, nèn huáng lǜ) nokukhanya okuluhlaza okuncane. Ebangeni eliphezulu — uboya obumhlophe obuningi (白毫显露). Usayizi wamaqabunga etiye uyalingana, awekho amaqabunga aphukile.

• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Iphunga lomkhiqizo we-castanea (栗香, lìxiāng) elibonakalayo — elifudumele, eliyindilinga, namathoni wamakhasteni athosiwe nobumnandi obuncane. Lihlanzekile futhi liqinile (清香持久).

• Iphunga lencithakalo: Iphunga lomkhiqizo we-castanea livela ngamandla, lengezwe amanothi utshani obusanda ukugaywa kanye nethoni emnene yebhontshisi. Ukunotha nokuqina — kungaphezulu kunetiye eliningi eliluhlaza lasezansi lezigaba ezifanayo.

• Ukunambitheka: Okusha futhi kumnene (鲜醇, xiān chún), kuhle emlonyeni (爽口, shuǎng kǒu). Umzimba — ophakathi nendawo, nokuzwakala “okunamafutha”. Ubukrakra buncane. Ukubuyiswa kobumnandi (回甘, huígān) — kubonakalayo, nokwandayo “okunoshukela” (生甜, shēng tián). Ukunambitheka ngemva — okude, okunomfutho we-castanea.

• Umbala wencithakalo: Uphuzi, okhanyayo futhi okhanyayo (黄亮清澈, huáng liàng qīng chè). Okungaguquki. Ebangeni eliphezulu — kukhona ukukhanya okuluhlaza okuncane.

• Iphansi letiye (iqabunga elidaliwe): Liluhlaza ngobumnene, liyalingana, “liyaphila”. Ebangeni eliphezulu izingquza zime ziqonde (芽尖直立, yá jiān zhí lì) — isibonakaliso sezinto ezingenakonakala nokusebenza ngokucophelela.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

• Ama-polyphenol (茶多酚): Ngokwabakhiqizi — angaphezu kwama-30% avareji yetiye eliluhlaza. I-thanothi “elisenyakatho” enobusuku obupholile inciphisa ukuguqulwa kwama-catechin, iwagcine esimweni esingaguquki, esibabayo kancane. I-Fúdǐng Dàbái Chá njenge-cultivar ibonakala ngephrofayili elinganiselayo lama-polyphenol — “兼具浓强、鲜爽、醇厚” (ukufana, ukusha, nokugcwala kanyekanye).

• Ama-amino acid (氨基酸): Umthamo ophakeme — cishe amaphesenti ama-4–5 wezinto ezinomswakama (lapho avareji yetiye eliluhlaza ingu-~2–4%). I-latitude ephakeme (35° N) kanye nokwehluka okukhulu kwesilinganiso somoya emini nobusuku kukhuthaza ukuqoqwa kwe-L-theanine (L-茶氨酸) — owona oyinhloko “wama-umami” kanye nesithako somsebenzi wokubambisana “wokugxila okungaxakile” ne-caffeine. Izinga lokushisa eliphansi ebusuku licindezela ukuwohloka kwe-theanine ibe ama-catechin, linikeze isilinganiso esiphezulu sama-amino acid kuma-polyphenol (酚氨比, fēn’ān bǐ) — isibonakaliso esiyinhloko sephrofayili yokunambitheka “okusha” nokumnene.

• I-Caffeine (咖啡碱): Ephakathi, cishe u-3.0–4.0% — izinga elijwayelekile letiye eliluhlaza elisekelwe ku-Fúdǐng Dàbái Chá. Uma kuhlanganiswa nomthamo ophakeme we-theanine kunikeza “ukugqama okumnene” ngaphandle kokuhlangana.

• Ama-vitamin: C (i-ascorbic acid — etiyeni eliluhlaza ugcinwa kangcono kunezinhlobo ezivuthiwe), B₁ (thiamine), B₂ (riboflavin), E (ama-tocopherol), K.

• Amaminerali: I-Potassium (K), i-magnesium (Mg), i-zinc (Zn), i-manganese (Mn), i-fluoride (F). Inhlabathi enombala o-brown yase-Jǔnán inikeza umthamo ophakeme we-potassium etholakalayo.

• Izinhlanganisela ezinuka kamnandi: Iphunga lomkhiqizo we-castanea lakhiwa ama-pyrazine nama-pyrrole — imikhiqizo ye-Maillard reaction ngesikhathi sokubulawa kokuluhlaza kanye nokoma. Ukukhula okuhamba kancane kwamahlumela kwandisa ukugcwala kwezandulela zephunga (ama-amino acid + ushukela ocwengekile) ezintweni zokusetshenziswa.

8. Izakhiwo Eziwusizo

• Umsebenzi wokulwa nokugqwala: Umthamo ophakeme wama-polyphenol (ama-catechin, i-EGCG iyinhloko) unikeza ukuncishiswa kwama-radicals ahamba kancane kanye nokunciphisa ingcindezi yokugqwala.

• Umthelela wokuvuselela ngephrofayili emnene: Ukuhlangana kwe-caffeine ne-L-theanine — “ukuhlaba ngaphandle kokukhathazeka”. I-theanine ikhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwamaza e-α ebuchosheni, ithanda isimo “sokugxila okungaxakile”.

• Ukwesekwa kwemisebenzi yokuqonda: I-L-theanine ithuthukisa inkumbulo nokunaka, isiza ukuvikela amangqamuzana. Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi uma kuhlangene ne-caffeine umphumela uyakhuliswa.

• Ukwesekwa kokuphathwa kwamafutha: Ama-catechin, ikakhulukazi i-EGCG, akhuthaza ukushiswa kwamafutha kanye nokunciphisa izinga lama-cholesterol “amabi” (LDL).

• Ukwesekwa kohlelo lwenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi: Ama-polyphenol athuthukisa ukunwebeka kwemithambo yegazi futhi asiza ekubuyiseleni umfutho wegazi esimweni esejwayelekile.

• Ukuqiniswa kotshani lwamazinyo: I-fluoride etholakala eqabungeni letiye inomthelela wokuvimbela ukubola kwamazinyo.

• Ukwesekwa kwamasosha omzimba: I-Vitamin C nama-catechin anikeza umphumela wokulawula amasosha omzimba kanye nokunciphisa ukuvuvuka.

9. Ukuphekwa

• Izinga lokushisa kwamanzi: 85–90°C. Ebangeni eliphezulu (单芽) — umkhawulo ongaphansi (85°C), ukuze kungashiswa izingquza ezinde.

• Ubuningi betiye: 3 g ku-150 ml (isilinganiso 1:50).

• Izitsha:

  • Ikomishi lengilazi (玻璃杯, bōli bēi) — efanele ukubukela “umdanso wamahlumela”. Indlela ekhethwayo ebangeni eliphezulu.

  • I-gàiwǎn (盖碗, gàiwǎn) — yokupheka okulawulwa kakhulu ngezikhathi ezimfishane zokuthulula.

• Inqubo (ikomishi lengilazi):

  1. Fudumeza ikomishi ngamanzi abilayo, uwalahle.
  2. Thela amanzi angu-7/10 omthamo (85–90°C).
  3. Thela u-3 g wetiye (“enkulu” indlela yokuthelela — 上投法, shàng tóu fǎ).
  4. Buka ukuthi izingquza zehla kancane, zivuleka ziqonde.
  5. Lala imizuzu emi-2-3. Phuza ekupheleleni kuka-2/3 wekomishi — yengeza amanzi.
  6. Kukhona ukungezelelwa okungu-3-4.

• Inqubo (i-gàiwǎn):

  1. Fudumeza i-gàiwǎn ne-chá hǎi ngamanzi abilayo.
  2. Thela u-3 g wetiye. Ukuhlambulula — imizuzwana engu-5, walahle.
  3. Isikhathi sokuqala — imizuzwana engu-15–20.
  4. Okulandelayo ngakunye — +5 imizuzwana.
  5. Kukhona ukuthululwa okungu-6-8.

10. Ukugcinwa

• Izimo: Ukupakishwa okuvalekile, efrijini 0–5°C. Okuhle kakhulu — ukupakishwa nge-vacuum emaphaketheni e-aluminium.
• Itiye elisha: “Ukuphumula” (退火, tuìhuǒ) izinsuku eziyishumi nanhlanu ngemva kokukhiqiza — ukuze kuzinzwe iphunga nokunciphisa ukunambitheka “okuhlatshwa umlilo”.
• Ngemva kokuvula: Umkhiqizi uncoma ukusebenzisa phakathi kwamahora angu-72 — iphunga lomkhiqizo we-castanea liphuma kakhulu futhi liphuma ngokushesha uma lihlangana nomoya. Lesi ngesinye sezibonakaliso ezinzima kakhulu phakathi kwetiye eliluhlaza lase-China.
• Izitha zetiye: Umswakamo, iphunga elingaphandle, ukukhanya kwelanga okuqondile, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Ungaligcini eduze kwemikhiqizo enamaphunga anamandla.
• Usuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi: Emaphaketheni e-vacuum avaliwe ku-0–5°C — kuze kube yizinyanga eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili. Ngemva kokuvula — ukusetshenziswa ngokushesha okukhulu.

11. Intengo kanye Namalingiso

• Izinga lentengo eliyisisekelo:

  • Ibanga eliphezulu (特级, ingquza eyodwa) — kusuka ku-600 yuan nge-500 g (~1200 yuan/kg).
  • Ibanga lokuqala (一级, ingquza eyodwa + iqabunga elilodwa) — 300–500 yuan nge-500 g.
  • Ibanga lesibili (二级) — lesibalo, intengo ekhona.

• Uzogwema kanjani amalingiso:

  • Thenga itiye elinophawu lokuhlonza indawo oluthi “莒南绿茶” (Jǔnán Lǜchá) — uphawu olusemthethweni lokuvikela.
  • Naka isimo: i-Yíméng Yù Yá yangempela — iyisicaba, igobile kancane, ihle, inombala omnene ophuzi-oluhlaza. Amaqabunga etiye awokwakheka, aluhlaza okotshani, noma agoqiwe kakhulu — uphawu lokungenisa.
  • Hlola iphunga: iphunga le-castanea langempela — linothile, liqinile, alinawo amanothi ahluphayo “otshani” noma amanzi.
  • Hlola incithakalo: kufanele ibe phuzi, ikhanye, icwebe. Incithakalo enamanzi noma eluhlaza okotshani ekhombisa izinto ezingafanele noma ukucutshungulwa.
  • Intengo ephansi ngokusolisayo: ibanga eliphezulu alikwazi ukubiza ngaphansi kuka-600 yuan/500 g.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

• “Izintaba ezibomvu — ijade eliluhlaza”. Izintaba zase-Yíméng zingenye yezimpawu eziyinhloko zomlando ombi we-PRC. Ngesikhathi seMpi Yokulwa NamaJapane kanye Nombango Wasekhaya lapha kwakunezisekelo zokuma ze-CCP, kanti umphakathi wanikeza ukwesekwa okukhulu embuthweni. Manje lezi zintaba “ezibomvu” zizalela “ijade eliluhlaza” — i-Yíméng Yù Yá, futhi itiye seliyithuluzi lokuvuselelwa komnotho kwalesi sifunda.

• I-cultivar eyodwa — amatiye amabili. I-cultivar eyinhloko — i-Fúdǐng Dàbái Chá, yiyona leyo nhlobo ekhiqizwa ngayo e-Fújiàn enkabazweni engu-27° N itiye elimhlophe i-Báiháo Yínzhēn. Uma idluliselwa enkabazweni engu-35° N e-Shāndōng, iphenduka itiye eliluhlaza elinephunga lomkhiqizo we-castanea — isibonelo esihle sokusetshenziswa “kwe-cultivar ngaphesheya kwesifunda”, lapho i-thanothi iguqula ngokuphelele isimo somkhiqizo.

• Amahora angu-72 ngemva kokuvula. Umkhiqizi uncoma ukusetshenziswa kwetiye phakathi kwamahora angu-72 ngemva kokuvula iphakethe — iphunga lomkhiqizo we-castanea liphuma ngesivinini esikhulu. Lesi ngesinye sezingqinamba eziqinile kakhulu phakathi kwetiye lonke eliluhlaza lase-China futhi siyisibonakaliso sokuntengantenga “kwebhokisi” lasezansi.

• Izendlala ezintathu ze-palisade tissue. Ucwaningo lwezitho zomzimba ezihlahleni zetiye zase-Shāndōng lwakhombisa ukuthi ngesikhathi sokuzivumelanisa nokuhlala enyakatho zathuthukisa ungqimba olugqinsi lwe-cuticle kanye nezendlala ezintathu ze-palisade tissue (kunokuba zibe mbili ezihlahleni zetiye eziseningizimu) — ukuzivumelanisa nomkhathi onzima, okwandisa ukumelana nokucindezeleka.

• “I-Lóngjǐng yaseningizimu — i-Yùyá yasenyakatho”. Inkulumo ka-Chéng Qǐkūn (程启坤), owayengumqondisi we-China Tea Research Institute, ethi — “南有杭州龙井，北有沂蒙玉芽” — yaba isiqubulo esingekho emthethweni sophawu, ebeka i-Yíméng Yù Yá “njengempendulo yasenyakatho” ku-Lóngjǐng edumile yase-Hángzhōu.

• Ipaki yokuboniswa ye-520 mu. Ipaki yokuboniswa yesayensi nobuchwepheshe e-Zhūbiān — ngesinye sezindawo ezinkulu zokuhlola itiye e-Shāndōng, ehlanganisa isizu sokutshala, ukukhiqiza, kanye nokuvakasha kwetiye.

13. Ukuqhathanisa namanye amatiye aluhlaza

• Xī Hú Lóng Jǐng (西湖龙井, Xīhú Lóngjǐng): Itiye eliyisicaba eliluhlaza elisezingeni eliphezulu lase-Hángzhōu (Zhèjiāng). Iphunga — “libhontshisi” (豆香), ukunambitheka — “kumnandi-okusha”. I-Yíméng Yù Yá — incazelo “yasezansi” yesimo esicaba: iphunga lomkhiqizo we-castanea esikhundleni sebhonisi, umzimba oqinile, “ukusha kwe-umami” okungaqhakambanga kakhulu.

• Rìzhào Lǜchá (日照绿茶, Rìzhào Lǜchá): “Umakhelwane” oseduze wase-Shāndōng (idolobha i-Rìzhào). Futhi itiye eliluhlaza “lasezansi” elinephunga lomkhiqizo we-castanea, kepha isimo — akusicaba, kodwa “sinjengamashiya” (眉形). I-Rìzhào — “iyiqalabutho” yomnyakazo “南茶北引” e-Shāndōng (kusukela ngeminyaka ye-1950), i-Yíméng Yù Yá — “igagasi lesibili” (kusukela ngeminyaka ye-1960). I-Rìzhào itholakala eduze nolwandle futhi inesimo sezulu esipholile esogwini.

• Zhūchéng Lǜchá (诸城绿茶, Zhūchéng Lǜchá): Elinye itiye eliluhlaza lase-Shāndōng elinophawu lokuhlonza indawo (lase-Wèifāng). Iphrofayili efanayo yomkhiqizo we-castanea “yasezansi”, izimo zenhlabathi nezulu ezifanayo (棕壤, pH 5.5–6.8). Alaziwa kakhulu ezingeni likazwelonke kune-Yíméng Yù Yá.

• Láoshān Lǜchá (崂山绿茶, Láoshān Lǜchá): Itiye eliluhlaza “lasezansi” elivela eduze kwe-Qīngdǎo (Shāndōng). Likhuliswa emiqcamelweni yentaba yase-Láoshān (崂山, efinyelela ku-1133 m), endaweni enomthelela wolwandle. Iphunga — i-castanea namathoni “olwandle”. I-thanothi ephakeme nokuphola kolwandle kunikeza inani elengeziwe leminerali, i-Yíméng Yù Yá ayinakho.

• Tàipíng Hóu Kuí (太平猴魁, Tàipíng Hóu Kuí): Itiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba lase-Ānhuī — ukuqhathanisa “isimo esicaba”. Likhulu kakhulu (iqabunga lifika ku-15 cm), linephunga le-orchid (兰香). Ubuchwepheshe ne-thanothi kuhluke ngokuphelele; isici esifanayo — isimo esicaba seqabunga letiye.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Yíméng Yù Yá — “Ingquza yeJade” “yezintaba ezibomvu” — itiye elizalwe emhlabeni onomlando, lapho kwakungekho zimboni — izintaba kuphela, amahlathi, nemifula ehlanzekile. Amaqabunga etiye ayisicaba anombala ophuzi-oluhlaza omnene anephunga elinothile lomkhiqizo we-castanea — umphumela we-thanothi “yasezansi” endaweni engu-35°, lapho umehluko wokushisa emini nobusuku kanye nokukhula okuhamba kancane kwamahlumela kwenza itiye eliqinile nelinuka kamnandi kunamanye avela “ezansi”. I-Fúdǐng Dàbái Chá efanayo, okukhiqizwa ngayo e-Fújiàn itiye elimhlophe elintekenteke kakhulu, lapha ithola izwi elihluke ngokuphelele — elifudumele, le-castanea, nokubuyiswa kobumnandi “okunoshukela”.

I-Yíméng Yù Yá — eyalabo abazisa amatiye aluhlaza ayisicaba, kepha abafuna enye indlela ehlukile ku-Lóngjǐng: eqinile, efudumele, enomlando kuwo wonke ama-sips. Futhi khumbula: amahora angu-72 ngemva kokuvula — iphunga lomkhiqizo we-castanea ngeke lilinde.