Huángshān gòngjú · thetea.app

I-Huangshan Gongju (Huángshān gòngjú, 黄山贡菊) iyichrysanthemum yase-Huangshan “yet tribute”: izimbali ezomisiwe zechrysanthemum emhlophe emincane yase-Shexian County (歙县) ngaphansi kwe-Huangshan City esifundazweni sase-Anhui. Lokhu akulona itiye elenziwe ngeqabunga lesihlahla setiye, kodwa ukumnika kwechrysanthemum: inhlangano yesifunda ibiza le mbali ngezindlela ezimbili, njengento yokwelapha yangempela kanye “nesiphuzo esihle”, kanti i-”Anhui Great Dictionary” ithi iphuzwa “kufakwa ichrysanthemum esikhundleni setiye” (以菊代茗). Kusukela ngo-2004 igama livikelwe njengomkhiqizo onesibonakaliso sendawo, kusukela ngo-2006 kusebenza indinganiso kazwelonke i-GB/T 20359-2006, futhi ubuchwepheshe bokusebenza kusukela ngo-2014 busohlwini lwesifundazwe lwamagugu angaphatheki.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa Nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Ukumnika kwezimbali, indawo yetiye; alikho iqabunga le-Camellia sinensis kulo, umkhiqizo awunalo isigaba setiye. Indinganiso kazwelonke ibekwe ngaphansi kwesigaba sezemithi, hhayi itiye.
Isigaba: Umkhiqizo onesibonakaliso sendawo (ngaphambilini “umkhiqizo nokuvikelwa kwendawo yemvelaphi”, 原产地域保护); enye “yamachrysanthemum amane adumile ase-China”.
Amanye amagama: I-Huizhou tribute chrysanthemum (徽州贡菊), “gongju” (贡菊), igama lomlando “Huizhou chrysanthemum” (徽菊).
Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Anhui (安徽, Ānhuī), i-Huangshan City (黄山, Huángshān), i-Shexian County (歙县, Shèxiàn).
Indawo evikelwe: Yonke indawo ye-Shexian County ngaphakathi kwemingcele yayo yamanje yokuphatha.
Indawo yokuzalwa yohlobo: Idolobhana lase-Jinzhu (金竹村) e-Beian Town (北岸镇) kanye nezindawo ezizungezile zase-Jinzhuling (金竹岭).

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Umlando:
- I-Song. Inhlangano yesifunda ithi ichrysanthemum e-Shexian yayitshalwa kakade ngesikhathi se-Song, eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-700 edlule; ngokwesitatimende sayo embikweni ka-2023, imbali yalethwa kusuka e-Deqing County esifundazweni sase-Zhejiang. Umbiko ka-2025 uthi “iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu ayisishiyagalombili”.
- 1502. “I-Huizhou Prefectural Chronicle” (ngokwenhlangano): u-Wang Zifa wase-She wadweba izinhlobo zamachrysanthemum ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalombili nanye ngesikhathi se-Song.
- Ukuphela kwe-Qing ukuya ekuqaleni kwe-Republic. Ichrysanthemum itshalwa kabanzi eduze kwase-Jinzhuling.
- Igama “gongju”, ngokwesiko. Ngezikhathi zika-Guangxu, kuthiwa kwakunesifo samehlo e-Forbidden City; undunankulu wase-Huizhou wathumela ichrysanthemum eyomile enkantolo, futhi abagulayo balulama. Ngakho ichrysanthemum yase-Huizhou yaba “i-tribute”. Lokhu kuyisiko elivela ezincwadini, hhayi idokhumenti.
- Imithamo yekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Ngokwenhlangano, ngaphambi kuka-1922 kwakungengaphezu kwama-33 t ngonyaka, ngo-1935 cishe i-99 t; ngemva kuka-1949 ukutshala kwadlulela ngale kwe-Jinzhuling kwafinyelela e-Beian, Chengcunjiang, Xiakeng nakwezinye izindawo, sekukonke izigodi ezingaphezu kweshumi.
- 1997. Isiteshi sesibili sikamabonakude esimaphakathi sakhombisa isikhangiso sokusiza izindawo ezimpofu ngaphansi kophawu “黄山贡菊” kusukela lapho, ngokusho kwenhlangano, leli gama lakhula.
- 1998. Indondo yegolide embukisweni wesibili wamazwe omhlaba “One Village One Product” (ngokohlu lwezindondo lwenhlangano).
- 2004. Ngesimemezelo sika-2004 No. 105, isikhungo sokulawula sathatha umkhiqizo ngaphansi kokuvikelwa njengomkhiqizo onesibonakaliso sendawo. Usuku luhlukile emithonjeni: i-Baidu encyclopedia ithi ngo-Okthoba 2004, uhlu lwe-Wikipedia yase-China luthi ngo-9 Agasti.
- 2006. Indinganiso kazwelonke i-GB/T 20359-2006 yakhishwa ngo-25 Meyi futhi yaqala ukusebenza ngo-1 Okthoba.
- 2014. NgoMeyi ubuchwepheshe bokusebenza “黄山贡菊（徽州贡菊）制作技艺” bangeniswa ohlwini lwesifundazwe lwamagugu angaphatheki.
- 2023. Isifunda sanikezwa imvume yokwakha indawo yesifundazwe eyisibonelo yokuvikela isibonakaliso sendawo.
Igama: 黄山 yigama lesifunda kanye nentaba, 贡 (gòng) kusho “i-tribute”, 菊 (jú) kusho “ichrysanthemum”.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Umbhalo wesifunda wango-1937 uthi: “ichrysanthemum emhlophe, imbali incane, umnyombo uluhlaza, izakhamuzi zesifunda ziyitshala emibhedeni, isusa ukufudumala futhi iphuzwa esikhundleni setiye”.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe

Isitshalo: I-Chrysanthemum morifolium; ngokwenhlangano, uhlobo lwamacembe aphansi anezimbali ezincane zechrysanthemum emhlophe (白菊中的平瓣小菊).
Imigqa: Ukuhlaziywa komkhakha kuka-2019 (iphephabhuku “现代农业科技”) kubiza imigqa emine kusukela ekuqaleni, emaphakathi, sekwephuzile, kanye “nechrysanthemum yokwelapha” (药菊); okuyinhloko yimigqa ephakathi, umugqa ophuzile uqhakaza emavikini ama-2 kuya kwangama-3 kamuva. Ngokusebenza kwamathishu kutholwe umugqa oqhakaza kabili ngonyaka ngoJulayi nango-Okthoba.
Ukusabalalisa: Ngokusikwa kuphela: cishe ngesikhathi se-Qingming, kuthathwa amahlumela asezimpandeni ezitshalweni ezidlulise ubusika.
Ukukhetha: Ngokombiko we-agency yase-China News Service ka-2025, uhlobo oludala luyehluleka, futhi i-Shuangrui Chrysanthemum Research Institute (霜蕊菊花研究所) yase-Shexian County yathumela imbewu ye-gongju emkhathini ngesathelayithi i-”Shijian-19” (ngoSepthemba 2024).
Izinto ezingavuthiwe: Izimbali eziqhakazile.

4. I-Terroir Nezici Zokutshala

Isifunda: Izintaba eziseningizimu ye-Anhui phakathi kwezintaba zase-Huangshan ne-Tianmu, eduze nomfula i-Xin’an; indawo ephakeme kakhulu yesifunda yi-Qingliangfeng Peak (1787.4 m).
Ukuphakama kokutshala: Ikakhulukazi emithambekeni ephakathi kwama-200 kuya ku-800 m (inhlangano).
Inhlabathi: Kulezi zindawo eziphakeme kunenhlabathi ephuzi-ensundu, ephuzi-bomvu kanye nephuzi elinesihlabathi, ejulile, ecebile nge-humus, igcina umswakama nomquba kahle.
Isimo sezulu: I-monsoon enomswakama emaphethelweni ezindawo ezishisayo: ebusika ngaphandle kwesithwathwa esinamandla, ehlobo ngaphandle kokushisa okukhulu, isomiso lasehlobo-ekwindla livamile.
Isilinganiso: Izinombolo ziyahlukahluka: inhlangano ithi kungaphezu kwama-2300 ha kanye ne-1500 t ngonyaka; ukuhlaziywa kuka-2019 kuthi ngo-2017 indawo yehlile yafinyelela ku-2700 ha; usihlalo wenhlangano yesifunda ngo-2023 wabiza ama-60,000 mu e-gongju ku-Huangshan City yonke.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Ngokwezincazelo zobuchwepheshe bokusebenza:

Ukuvuna (采摘): Ngesikhathi selanga, lapho amazolo esephelile.
Ukubeka: Izimbali ezikhiwe zibekwa ngokushesha ngongqimba oluncane ukuze zingaboli (焖花).
Ukomisa (烘干): Esikhungweni sokomisa esinezitezi eziningi; ukushisa kuqala kuqinile bese kuba buthaka, futhi izinga lokushisa lilawulwa ngokuhambisa izimbali phakathi kwezitezi.
Ukuphendula: Kanjalo nangokucophelela, ngaphandle kwalokho izimbali ziyavutha futhi zibe bomvu (红变).

Izimbali zomiswa zintsha, ngakho zihlala ziphelele futhi zihlukene; i-Hangzhou white chrysanthemum, ngokwezincazelo, iyaphekwa ngomusi kuqala. Amazinga okushisa aqondile awakho emithonjeni ethembekile. Indinganiso i-GB/T 20359-2006 ihlanganisa ukukhiqizwa, izigaba ezinamasampula ayisithenjwa, kanye nezindlela zokuhlola; umbhalo wayo awufundwanga.

6. Izici Zokuzwa

Ifomula yenhlangano eyisithenjwa: “umbala umhlophe, indeleko iluhlaza, umnyombo umncane, imbali ithambile, iphunga elimnandi, lilingana futhi alihlakazeki; uma lithululelwa ngamanzi abilayo, ukumnika kumsulwa, ukunambitheka kumnandi”.

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Alikho iqabunga, umkhiqizo uyizimbali: ziyindilinga eziphansi noma ezingavamile, ezingama-1.5 kuya ku-2.5 cm; amacembe olimi amhlophe noma asongwayo, aphakanyiswe ngokutshekile, anezihloko ezigobile; amacembe amaningi amancane, indeleko iluhlaza (蒂绿).
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Lifudumele futhi lijule (干茶香暖郁) ngokwencazelo edumile.
Iphunga lokumnika: Lilula futhi lingokwemvelo.
Ukunambitheka: Kumnandi, kuthambile, nokunambitheka okumnandi okulula ngemva.
Umbala wokumnika: Kucacile, kuphuzi kancane.
Izindiza zetiye (iqabunga elidliwe): Ngokwencazelo edumile, izimbali ezidliwe zikhanya futhi zicwebezele, zithambile futhi zinamanzi, ngemva kokuphindaphinda kaningi ziba nsundu kancane.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Ayikho idatha yezinombolo etholakala emithonjeni etholakalayo: izidingo ze-physicochemical ze-GB/T 20359-2006 azifundwanga.

8. Izakhiwo Eziwusizo

Ayikho idatha eqinisekisiwe ngomphumela walo mkhiqizo ngqo. Imibhalo yesethenjwa inikeza amafomula emithi yendabuko (“isusa umoya nokushisa”, “icacisa amehlo”); lapha awalandiswa njengoba esunguliwe.

9. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba wokumnika kwechrysanthemum. Ama-3-5 g ezimbali ku-200-250 ml wamanzi angama-85-95 °C, ingilazi yengilazi noma i-gaiwan, imizuzu emi-2-4 ekumnikeni kokuqala, iziphuzo ezimbili kuya kwezine.

10. Ukugcina

Umkhuba wesigaba. Endaweni eyomile, emnyama, esitsheni esivalwe ngokuqinile, kude nephunga: izinto ezingavuthiwe zezimbali zidonsa umswakama, zilahlekelwa iphunga ngokushesha futhi zihlushwa izinambuzane.

11. Intengo Nama-Fake

Ayikho idatha yezintengo emithonjeni etholakalayo.

Ukwazi ukugwema ama-fake:
- Bheka uphawu lomkhiqizo onesibonakaliso sendawo kanye nemvelaphi evela e-Shexian County.
- Qhathanisa ukubukeka: imbali emhlophe emincane ephansi engama-1.5 kuya ku-2.5 cm, indeleko eluhlaza, umnyombo omncane, izimbali eziphelele ezingahlakazekanga.
- Ungadideki ne-Hangzhou white chrysanthemum: leyo inomnyombo omkhulu omnyama, futhi izimbali ziyahlangana ngemuva kokuphekwa ngomusi.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

Ohlotsheni lomndeni wakwa-Hu (《金川胡氏宗谱》, 1932), ngokwedatha yenhlangano, kunomugqa othi: “tshala kancane i-mulberry ne-hemp, tshala ichrysanthemum inzuzo yayo iphindwe kabili”.
Igama elithi “Huangshan Gongju” lakhula ngenxa yesikhangiso sikamabonakude sango-1997.
Imbewu ye-gongju yandiza ngesathelayithi i-”Shijian-19”.

13. Ukuqhathaniswa Namanye Amachrysanthemum Namatiye

Itiye lechrysanthemum (菊花茶): Isihloko sokuhlaziya ngokumnika kwechrysanthemum.
I-Macheng Fubaiju (麻城福白菊): Ichrysanthemum emhlophe yase-Hubei enokuvikelwa e-China nase-EU; imbali inkulu ngama-2-5 cm ngokumelene nama-1.5-2.5 cm e-gongju.
I-Hangzhou white chrysanthemum (杭白菊): Ichrysanthemum emhlophe yase-Zhejiang ephakathi “kwabadumile abane”; iphekwa ngomusi, futhi izimbali ziyahlangana.
I-Huangshan Maofeng (黄山毛峰): Itiye eliluhlaza langempela lomkhiqizo ofanayo we-Huangshan City.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Huangshan Gongju iyichrysanthemum emhlophe emincane ephansi enendeleko eluhlaza evela e-Shexian County, eyomiswa intsha futhi idayiswa njengezimbali eziphelele ezihlukene. Inokuvikelwa kusukela ngo-2004, indinganiso kazwelonke kusukela ngo-2006, kanye namagugu esifundazwe kusukela ngo-2014, kodwa akulona itiye, kodwa ukumnika kwechrysanthemum, osekuyisikhathi eside kuphuzwa lapha esikhundleni setiye.

Imithombo

Amazinga

GB/T 20359-2006

Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo