UMa cheng Fu Baiju (Máchéng fúbáijú, 麻城福白菊) — i-chrysanthemum emhlophe yase-Macheng ethiwa yi-«fubai»: izimbali ezomisiwe ze-chrysanthemum ezivela ezintabeni ezisenyakatho ye-Macheng County-level City (麻城市) esifundazweni sase-Hubei, eningizimu ye-Dabie Mountains (大别山). Lokhu akusilo itiye leqabunga lesihlahla setiye, kodwa i-chrysanthemum infusion ephuzwa ngokomkhuba wetiye; imithombo yase-China ichaza i-fubaiju njengento yokusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha, ebuye idliwe futhi iphuzwe (药食兼用). Igama livikelwe e-China kusukela ngo-2008, futhi kusukela ngo-2021 nase-European Union, lapho libekwe eqenjini lamatiye.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: I-floral infusion, i-tea substitute (代用茶, dàiyòng chá); alikho iqabunga le-Camellia sinensis kuyo, ngakho umkhiqizo awunalo isigaba setiye.
- Isigaba e-EU: Incazelo yerejista ye-EU ibeka umkhiqizo «kweminye imikhiqizo ye-Annex I — itiye» futhi ihumusha igama ngokuthi «itiye le-chrysanthemum lase-Macheng». Lesi yisigaba sempahla, hhayi isayensi yezitshalo.
- Isigaba: Umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo ngaphansi kwemibuso emithathu yase-China nase-EU (isigaba 2).
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Hubei (湖北, Húběi), idolobha lase-Huanggang (黄冈, Huánggāng), idolobha lase-Macheng (麻城, Máchéng).
- Indawo evikelwe: Ngokwencazelo ye-EU — amadolobhana amahlanu nemiphakathi enyakatho ye-Macheng enendawo engu-1520.7 km². Isifunda esiyinhloko yidolobhana lase-Futianhe (福田河镇); ukutshalwa okusabalele — i-Huangtugang (黄土岗), i-Chengmagang (乘马岗), i-Sanhekou (三河口) ne-Shunheji (顺河集). Indawo isemngceleni ne-Henan enyakatho ne-Anhui empumalanga.
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: 114°45′–115°20′ empumalanga nobude kanye no-31°20′–31°40′ enyakatho nobubanzi (ngokwencazelo).
2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- I-Song. I-Xinhua kanye nokumelwa kwe-China e-EU kubhala ukuthi i-chrysanthemum e-Macheng belilinywa kusukela enkathini ye-Song.
- 997 CE, ngokwesiko. Indaba yendawo ithi imbali yayikhula endle eqongeni le-Dabie Mountains, futhi ngo-997, amaTaoist ethempelini lase-Chunyang (纯阳寺) e-Futianhe ayitshala ezungeze intaba i-Chunyang.
- I-Ming ne-Qing. Ngokwale ndaba, ngokusekelwa izizalwane zase-Macheng — izikhulu u-Zheng Yiwei (郑以伟), u-Mei Guozhen (梅国桢) no-Mei Zhihuan (梅之焕) — ukutshala kwaphuma emagcekeni kwaya emasimini, futhi izikhulu zendawo zaqala ukuletha i-chrysanthemum njengentela.
- 2008. I-Ministry of Agriculture, ngesimemezelo No. 1054 sango-1 Julayi, yafaka igama kurejista yezinkomba zendawo zemikhiqizo yezolimo — eqenjini lokuqala lemikhiqizo engu-28.
- 2009. Uphawu lokuhweba lwesitifiketi; inyanga imithombo iyisho ngokuhlukile — u-Okthoba noDisemba.
- 2014. Ukuvikelwa njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo, isimemezelo No. 39 se-General Administration of Quality Supervision. Usuku imithombo ilunikeza ngokuhlukile — 8 Ephreli no-5 Meyi; iphephandaba lezimboni ngo-2017 labhala ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwegunya elibekayo umkhiqizo wawudlule kukho ngo-10 Disemba 2013.
- 2021. Isivumelwano se-China ne-EU saqala ukusebenza ngo-1 Mashi; i-fubaiju — ohlwini lokuqala «100+100», kurejista ye-EU njengophawu lwendawo oluvikelwe (idosiye PGI-CN-2746). Ngawo lowo nyaka, kwakhishwa izinga lesifundazwe i-DB42/T 334-2021 «地理标志产品 麻城福白菊» (lishicilelwe 1 Ephreli, lisebenza kusukela 1 Juni).
- Igama: Kunezincazelo ezintathu. I-Xinhua: ngenxa yembali enkulu enamacembe amhlophe qwa. Ukumelwa kwe-China e-EU: ngedolobhana lase-Futianhe. Inguqulo yendawo, eyethulwa ngokuthi «kuthiwa»: olimini lwendawo i-湖北 (Húběi) izwakala njenge-福白 (fúbái), futhi «i-chrysanthemum yase-Hubei» yaba «i-fubai».
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Izinto zendawo zibeka i-fubaiju «kuma-chrysanthemum amathathu amhlophe ase-China» eduze kwe-chrysanthemum emhlophe yase-Hangzhou yase-Zhejiang kanye ne-chrysanthemum emhlophe yase-Yancheng yase-Jiangsu.
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe
- Isitshalo: I-Chrysanthemum morifolium; ezincwadini zelungelo lobunikazi — uphawu lwe-cultivar C. morifolium cv. Fubaiju.
- Uchungechunge: Ilungelo lobunikazi, libhekisela esihlokweni sango-2011 kuphephabhuku i-«湖北农业科学», lihlukanisa uchungechunge olumhlophe (白菊) nolusagolide (金菊); olumhlophe luhlanganisa «inhliziyo ebomvu emhlophe enkulu» (红心大白菊) kanye «nencane emhlophe» (小白菊).
- Amanye amagama: 福田白菊, 湖北菊, 甘菊; emakethe yezinto zokwelapha — «imbali yase-Hubei» (湖北花).
- I-inflorescence: 2–5 cm; amacembe e-ray cishe angu-22–25 mm ubude no-5–7 mm ububanzi (ngokwencazelo ye-EU).
- Izinto ezingavuthiwe: I-inflorescence evulekile kanye nama-bud angakavuleki — «i-chrysanthemum yombungu» (胎菊, tāijú).
4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala
- Isifunda: Izintaba ezisenyakatho ye-Macheng; i-Futianhe isemngceleni wamanzi we-Yangtze ne-Huaihe, emthonjeni woMfula i-Jushui.
- Ukuphakama: Imithombo iyahluka: incazelo ye-EU — 200–800 m, ukuphrintwa kwesimemezelo sika-2014 — 600–1000 m.
- Inhlabathi: I-yellow-brown, ejulile, egcina umswakama; i-organic matter 1.5%, i-pH 6.0–7.5 (incazelo).
- Isimo sezulu: Izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi 13–16 °C, amahora elanga 1634–2249, imvula 1112.2–1688.7 mm, isikhathi esingenasithwathwa 237 izinsuku; isimemezelo sika-2014 sengeza umehluko omkhulu wokushisa phakathi kosuku nobusuku.
- Isilinganiso: Izinombolo ziyahluka: iphephandaba lezimboni ngo-2017 — ngaphezu kuka-100,000 mu, ukumelwa e-EU ngo-2021 — 80,000 mu, i-Xinhua ngo-2023 — cishe amahektha angu-2000.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
- Ukuvuna: Ngokombiko we-«Hubei Daily» (Novemba 2023), ukuvuna okuphezulu kwe-inflorescence nama-bud kungoNovemba; i-inflorescence ihluthunwa ngokubamba isiqu ngobhontshisi nangomunwe wokukhomba.
- Ukucubungula kokuqala (ibid., i-workshop yedolobhana i-Yantouyuan e-Huangtugang):
- Ukuhlunga ngezigaba nokukhipha ukungcola.
- Ukucubungula emgqeni, okubizwa ngokuthi «ukulungisa nokubulala amagciwane» (杀青脱毒).
- Ukomisa kokuqala ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu — komisa ungqimba olungaphandle lwe-inflorescence.
- Ukuphola.
- Ukomisa kwesibili.
- Ukuqeda: Emahlanganisela edolobha, umkhiqizo osaphakathi uyabulawa amagciwane, upakishwe futhi umakwe.
- Indlela endala: Ngokombiko wendawo, ekuqaleni kwezinguquko, imindeni yayishisa izimbali zibe «amaqebelengwane» futhi yomise elangeni; kamuva, ukulungisa nge-microwave nange-steam kwasakazeka.
- Izinga: Ubuchwepheshe buqinisekiswa yizinga lesifundazwe i-DB42/T 334-2021; umbhalo walo awukafundwa, amapharamitha awanikezwanga.
6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic
Incazelo eyisithenjwa iyafana esimemezelweni sika-2014, ku-Xinhua, nasezincazelweni ze-EU.
- Ukubukeka kwezinto ezomile: Alikho iqabunga, umkhiqizo yi-inflorescence: emikhulu futhi enamanzi (朵大肥厚), amacembe amhlophe njenge-jade (花瓣玉白), inhliziyo ephuzi ngokumnyama (花蕊深黄).
- Iphunga lezinto ezomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
- Iphunga le-infusion: Ihlanzekile, ilula (气清香).
- Ukunambitha: Kunoshukela futhi kuthambile (味甘醇美).
- Umbala we-infusion: Obala, osagolide ophuzi ngokuluhlaza (汤液清澈、金黄带绿).
- Izinsalela zetiye (amacembe agxishiwe): Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
| Inkomba | Incazelo ye-EU | Isimemezelo sika-2014 |
|---|---|---|
| I-total flavonoids | 3.0–8.2% | okungenani 5% |
| I-chlorogenic acid | 0.18–0.35% | okungenani 0.25% |
Imikhawulo engezansi yamabanga ingaphansi kobuncane buka-2014; ukuthi lokhu kuhlanganiswe kanjani ezingeni lika-2021, ngaphandle kombhalo walo, akunakunqunywa.
8. Izakhiwo Eziwusizo
Ayikho idatha eqinisekisiwe ngomphumela walo mkhiqizo ngokwawo. Amasu omuthi wesintu («ahlanza ukushisa», «acacise ukubona») awabhalwanga lapha njengoba emisiwe.
9. Ukuphisa
Umkhuba wesigaba — nge-infusion ye-chrysanthemum. 3–5 g we-inflorescence ngamanzi angu-200–250 ml ku-85–95 °C, ingilazi yeglasi noma i-gaiwan, imizuzu engu-2–4 ekuphiseni kokuqala, ukuphisa kabili kuya kane.
10. Ukugcina
Umkhuba wesigaba. Endaweni eyomile, emnyama, esitsheni esivaliwe ngokuqinile, kude namaphunga: izinto ezisetshenziswayo zezimbali zimunca umswakama futhi zilahlekelwa iphunga ngokushesha.
11. Intengo kanye Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi
Ayikho idatha ngezintengo emithonjeni etholakele.
- Ugwema kanjani imikhiqizo yomgunyathi:
- Bheka uphawu lwendawo; ilungelo lalo abakhiqizi bendawo baluthola enhlanganweni yemboni ye-chrysanthemum yase-Macheng.
- Hlola imvelaphi yamadolobhana amahlanu asenyakatho ye-Macheng.
- Qhathanisa ukubukeka nesithenjwa: i-inflorescence enkulu enamanzi, amacembe amhlophe, inhliziyo ephuzi ngokumnyama.
12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo
- Igama elilodwa livikelwa amathuluzi amane: irejista yemikhiqizo yezolimo, uphawu lokuhweba, umbuso wegunya elibekayo, kanye nerejista ye-EU.
- Encazelweni yesiNgisi, umnikazi ubizwa ngokuthi «inhlangano ye-chrysanthemum ebusisekile»: uhlamvu lwe-福 luhunyushwe ngokuthi «isibusiso».
- Ubudala besiko imithombo ibubala ngokuhlukile: «kusukela enkathini ye-Song» kanye «nokucishe kube yiminyaka engu-1500» (kubhala kanjalo i-«Hubei Daily» ngo-2023 kanye ne-«Nongmin Daily» ngo-2024); ngedethi ye-Song, inombolo yesibili ayihambisani.
13. Ukuqhathanisa namanye ama-chrysanthemum namatiye
- I-Chrysanthemum tea (菊花茶): Isihloko sokubuka kwe-corpus nge-chrysanthemum infusion ngokujwayelekile.
- I-Huangshan Gongju (黄山贡菊): I-chrysanthemum yase-Shexian County esifundazweni sase-Anhui, nayo enophawu lwendawo.
- I-Macheng Guishan Lücha (麻城龟山绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza langempela lelo dolobhana elifanayo.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Macheng Fu Baiju iyi-chrysanthemum emhlophe enkulu enenhliziyo ephuzi ngokumnyama evela emadolobhaneni amahlanu asezintabeni enyakatho ye-Macheng. Kunamadokhumenti amaningi ngayo kunamanye amatiye, kodwa ayahluka ekuphakameni kwendawo nasezilinganisweni ze-chlorogenic acid, futhi umkhiqizo ngokwawo awusiwo itiye, kodwa i-chrysanthemum infusion.
Imithombo
Amazinga
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo